Objective:To determine the overall and pooled prevalence of Leishmania(L.)infantum in sandfly vectors in Iran.Methods:The present research conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched regional database...Objective:To determine the overall and pooled prevalence of Leishmania(L.)infantum in sandfly vectors in Iran.Methods:The present research conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched regional databases such as PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science(WoS),Embase,PAHO Iris,LILACS,WHO Iris,and local databases named:SID,Magiran,Civilica,and also grey literatures.The current research included studies that were conducted in Iran and examined L.infantum in different sandfly vectors.The studies’quality assessment/risk of bias assessment was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for prevalence data studies,and the data were analyzed by Stata 14 software.In addition,we examined 22 primary studies to estimate the overall prevalence of L.infantum among various vectors of visceral leishmaniasis.Results:According to the meta-analysis,the pooled prevalence of Phlebotomus(Ph.)tobbi,Ph.alexandri,Ph.kandelaki,Ph.perfiliewi,Ph.major,Ph.keshishiani were 5.34%,4.36%,2.23%,1.79%,4.37%and 1.18%.Ph.tobbi has the highest infection rate(25.00%)of L.infantum among the sandfly vectors.Conclusions:Visceral leishmaniasis is widespread in Fars,Ardebil,and East-Azerbaijan provinces,which are the most important endemic regions in Iran.展开更多
This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to s...This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.展开更多
Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indo...Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indoors.All female sandflies were dissected and identified. Results:During January 2009 to July 2009,528 phlebotomine specimens were collected including 329 males(62.3%) and 199 females(37.7%),approximately 238(45%) of them were captured from indoor and 290(55%) from outdoor resting places.Five species belonging to the genera Phlebotomus(8%) and Sergentomyia(92%) were recorded.Conclusions:Public health measures such as case detection and treatment,the control of sandflies,the conjunction elimination of infected stray dogs and health education can be effective in controlling the disease.展开更多
We previously isolated a new species of the genus Phlebovirus from wild sandflies collected from Wuxiang County in central China,which named the Wuxiang virus(WUXV).In this study,we re-isolated the WUXV from wild sand...We previously isolated a new species of the genus Phlebovirus from wild sandflies collected from Wuxiang County in central China,which named the Wuxiang virus(WUXV).In this study,we re-isolated the WUXV from wild sandflies collected from two villages in Yangquan County,China in 2019.Four virus isolates that caused cytopathic effects in BHK-21 cells were successfully isolated from sandfly specimens collected from chicken pens and sheep pens.Phylogenetic analyses of the L,M and S gene segments of the viruses revealed that the four virus strains represented the previously isolated WUXV.The minimum infection rate(MIR)of the virus isolated from the sheep pen was 3.21,and the MIR of the virus isolated from the chicken pen was 3.45.The positive rates of Wuxiang virus neutralizing antibodies in serum samples of local healthy people and domestic chickens were 8.7%(4/46)and 100%(4/4),respectively,suggesting that Wuxiang virus can infect human and animal.In view of the fact that Wuxiang virus is infectious to humans and animals and has a relatively wide geographical distribution in China,it is of great public health significance to strengthen the investigation and study on the infection status of Wuxiang virus in humans and animals.展开更多
Ohjective:To assess molecular characterization,distribution,seasonal activities of sandfly species and Leishmania parasites infecting them for this zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus.Methods:The collections were c...Ohjective:To assess molecular characterization,distribution,seasonal activities of sandfly species and Leishmania parasites infecting them for this zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus.Methods:The collections were carried out in 2009-2011 using CDC traps,Sticky Papers and manual aspirator in and around the villages in Abarkouh district.Individual sandflies were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.Leishmania parasite infections within sandflies were performed by targeting Cyt b,ITS-rDNA,k-DNA and microsatellite genes.Results:The PCR assays detected only Leishmania major(L.major).All infections(30)were found in the abundant and widespread vector Phlebolomus papalasi(P.papatasi).Small numbers of other sandfly species were also screened for infections,but none was found.Sergentomyia sinloni and P.papalasi were the predominant members in all locations of this district and in all habitats throughout the trapping season.Only five other sandfly species were found,namely Phlebolomus ansari,Phlebotomus caucasicus,Phlebotomus sergenti,Sergentomyia dentata and Sergentomyia merviney.Conclusions:In the current survey,the only infections detected are of L.major in females of P.papatasi(30 out of190).The rates of infection of P.papalasi by L.major are not significantly different in compare with other locations in Iran with no diversity of parasite strains.Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis may have emerged only recently in Abarkouh district,and the reason may well be the instability of the transmission cycles there.展开更多
Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.Th...Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2020.展开更多
Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam distr...Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam districts of Kerala,India using mechanical aspirators,light and sticky traps,both indoor and outdoor habitats,for a period of one year.Deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding of samples was performed targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I(COI)gene and sequence generated was subjected to phylogenetic analysis.Results:Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii,a new sandfly species is recorded and described in this communication.A single row of 10-12 pointed teeth in the cibarium with 4-6 small denticles or fore-teeth are the key characteristics that is distinctive from other members of the subgenus Neophlebotomus.Mitochondrial COI barcode followed by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence confirms that specimens of the species belong to the same taxonomic group while the genetic distance(14.2%)with the congeners established it to be a different species.Conclusions:The Western Ghats'being an important biodiversity hotspot and has dearth of systematic entomological surveys on sandflies.The current study tried to fill the void and also report a new sandfly species.展开更多
We evaluated some eco-epidemiological characteristics of the sand fly fauna in an ecotourism area in the Atlantic Forest located in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. During a period of one year, sandflies were coll...We evaluated some eco-epidemiological characteristics of the sand fly fauna in an ecotourism area in the Atlantic Forest located in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. During a period of one year, sandflies were collected in three different locations, where the sampled residences were located, respectively, one inside the forest, the other two, respectively at the edge of the forest and the other in a more urbanized area. These three types of ecotopes were evaluated: home, peridomicile and kennel. Four hundred and fifty-six sandflies were collected and six species belonging to five genera were identified: Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Nyssomyia intermedia, Evandromyia sallesi, Evandromyia edwardsi and Brumptomyia wedge. The two most abundant species collected were M. migonei and L. longipalpis, contributing 70% and 18% respectively, totaling 88% of the individuals collected. The results suggested that modifications of the natural environment due to anthropic action probably resulted in changes in the composition of the sand fly population. At point (3), where spraying occurred irregularly, even representing a degraded environment, only one species was captured, M. migonei. Differently at points (1) and (2), areas located respectively in the interior and on the edge of the Atlantic Forest, a greater number of sand fly species was observed. However, after a few years, anthropic actions ceased, followed by the implementation of reforestation projects and currently the landscape is very different, showing considerable forest recovery. For this reason, ecotourism activities are increasing in the area, creating potentially dangerous conditions caused by the exposure of greater numbers of people and dogs to insect vectors. Therefore, the implementation of environmental education projects is essential. However, we suggest that the use of warning signs to be placed at the entrances to the main traffic routes, alerting tourists to the risk of infection and indicating protective measures, would be very useful.展开更多
Originally discovered in 1965 in Maharashtra,India,the Chandipura virus has become a serious hazard to public health,especially in rural areas.Acute encephalitis syndrome,which mostly affects children and has a high d...Originally discovered in 1965 in Maharashtra,India,the Chandipura virus has become a serious hazard to public health,especially in rural areas.Acute encephalitis syndrome,which mostly affects children and has a high death rate,has been associated with Chandipura virus,an arbovirus largely spread by sandflies(Phlebotomus spp.).The virus was first thought to be a benign infection,but after many fatal outbreaks,most notably in Gujarat(2005 and 2024)and Andhra Pradesh(2003),it has come to light.The aggressiveness of the virus is highlighted by the quick development from fever to severe neurological symptoms,such as seizures and coma.Public health initiatives concentrate on vector management and supportive care because there is no particular antiviral medication or vaccine available.Recently,Gujrat has witnessed the biggest outbreak of Chandipura virus in 2024 and it may become a big health concern.This paper discusses about Chandipura virus and its recent cases.The virus’s propagation,which is made worse by climate change,makes future outbreaks of the virus more likely.The epidemiology,transmission,and clinical consequences of Chandipura virus are highlighted in this review,along with the necessity of more research,monitoring,and public health readiness to lessen its effects.展开更多
In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi ...In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi Khan(Pakistan).In view of the published reports about the detection of Leishmania major,the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis from this species in many countries,the correct identification of this species becomes of significant value in the study of epidemiology of leishmaniasis.Therefore,in order to facilitate zoologists and medical researchers in its correct identification,taxonomic characters of P.sergenti(parrot) is studied in details with special reference to its mouth parts,male and female genitalia.A key is also given to P. sergentii(parrot) and its closest allies.In this light its relationships with its closest allies is also briefly discussed.展开更多
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information S...Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information System (GIS) based Situational Analysis (SA). The clinically recorded 394 CL patients’ information was obtained from the District General Hospital of Polonnaruwa (DGHP) for 2017 and 2018. The spatial distribution of these patients was collected using Global Positing System (GPS). Moran’s I Index spatial autocorrelation technique and Getis-Ord Gi were used to identify the study site’s hot spot and cold spot areas. More than 75% of the CL patients’ population were highly involved with agricultural activities, and they are the highly exposed group of the CL in the study area. Also, 75% of the CL population were men, and the highly vulnerable age group was 35 - 39 men and 40 - 44 women. The generated Moran’s I Index indicates 0.0321, representing a randomly distributed pattern of CL patients over the District, and the Getis-Ord Gi Z Score value was >1.96 (p < 0.05). It is revealed that, during and in the post-harvesting periods of paddy cultivation, farmers are highly exposed to sandflies becoming CL patients. Due to this situation, the researchers observed that the highest number of patients have reported in May of both years and the infection period is two to four weeks earlier than the reported month. Hence to prevent the disease spread, it is essential to implement an awareness program regarding sandflies’ behaviour and CLD.展开更多
Recently, Vector-borne parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis have been emerged or reemerged in many geographical areas and resulted in global health and economic concerns that involve humans, domestic animals and w...Recently, Vector-borne parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis have been emerged or reemerged in many geographical areas and resulted in global health and economic concerns that involve humans, domestic animals and wild life. The ecology and epidemiology of leishmaniasis are affected by the between host, reservoir and vector(human, animal and sandfly) and the environment. Important drivers for the emergence and spread of leishmaniasis include environmental factors such as alterations in temperature and water storage, irrigation habits, deforestation, climate changes, immunosuppression by HIV or organ transplant, development of drug resistance, increase traveling to endemic regions and dog importation. War, poor socio-economic status and low level household are also major contributors to the spread of this disease. Health education via the public media and training should be implemented by international organizations and governmental agencies in collaboration with research institutions. During transmission season, fully protection can be mentioned by using bednets and insecticides and reservoirs' control in the planning. Based on the findings of the recent studies and high prevalence of leishmaniasis, it is concluded that serious public health monitoring should be considered.展开更多
Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampl...Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats,including indoor,peri-domestic,farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016,and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State,southeastern Ethiopia.Results:In total,4367 sandfly specimens,belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp.and nine Sergentomyia spp.)were identified.Phlebotomus(P.)heischi,P.orientalis,and P.martini constituted 45.7%,31.1%,and 23.1%of the sandfly collection,respectively.There were significant differences in the median number of P.orientalis,and P.martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P<0.05).In light trap capture,collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P.orientalis,and P.martini(P<0.05).More median numbers of P.orientalis,and P.martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats.P.orientalis and P.martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats,suggesting exophilic behaviour.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the presence of P.orientalis and P.martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus.The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.展开更多
Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increa...Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increase in the activity of sandfly-borne phleboviruses and their extension to other places.The infection is relatively benign but may cause severe clinical manifestations and complications.Sandfly fever viruses belongs to the genus Phlebovirus(family Bunyaviridae),and the four main serotypes include sandfly fever Sicilian virus,sandfly fever Naples virus,sandfly fever Cyprus virus,and Toscana virus.Sandfly fever has flu-like symptoms such as fever,headache,photophobia,malaise,myalgia,and retro-orbital pain.The incubation period of the disease is 4-8 days,and the patient usually recovers within a week.The first infection provides the host with immunity.Sandfly fever viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies,thus,the epidemiology of sandfly fever is closely related to the presence and activity of sandfly species that act as the vectors for transmission.Cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported worldwide for more than 100 years.All in all,this disease is important for non-endemic countries because it is a travel-related and/or imported illness.展开更多
Toscana virus(TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus, identified in 1971, from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in central Italy. TOSV belongs to the Phlebovirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. As o...Toscana virus(TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus, identified in 1971, from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in central Italy. TOSV belongs to the Phlebovirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. As other bunyaviruses, the genome of TOSV consists of 3 segments(S for small, M for Medium, and L for Large) respectively encoding non structural and capsid proteins, envelope structural proteins, and the viral RNA-dependant RNA-polymerase. It is transmitted by sand flies. Therefore its distribution is dictated by that of the arthropod vectors, and virus circulation peaks during summertime when sandfly populations are active. Here, we reviewed the epidemiology of TOSV in the old world. First evidence of its pathogenicity for humans, specifically its propensity to cause central nervous system(CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis, was reported in central Italy. After 2000, it was recognized that TOSV had a much larger geographic distribution than initially believed, and was present in most of the Western European countries located on the northern border of the Mediterranean Sea(Portugal, Spain, France, Greece, Croatia) as well as eastern countries such as Cyprus and Turkey. In the countries where TOSV is present, it is among the three most prevalent viruses in meningitis during the warm seasons, together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses. Up to now, epidemiological data concerning Northern Africa and other countries located south of the Mediterranean are scarce. TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Despite the important role played by TOSV in CNS infections, it remains a neglected agent and is rarely considered by physicians in diagnostic algorithms of CNS infections and febrile illness during the warm season, probably because of the lack of information.展开更多
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide.However,in the last decade,the number of cases has been reduced from well-documented endemic parts,but sporadic cases have been ...Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide.However,in the last decade,the number of cases has been reduced from well-documented endemic parts,but sporadic cases have been reported widely from various non-endemic areas,especially from the southern Himalayan zone.This raises concerns about the emergence of new ecological niches.This warrants a critical evaluation of key factors causing this rapid spread and possibly indigenous transmission.This mini-review article is aimed to briefly address the parasite,the vector,and the environmental aspects in the transmission of leishmaniasis in these new foci against a background of worldwide endemic leishmaniasis with a special focus on the southern Himalayan zone.As the lack of knowledge about the causative parasites,vectors,reservoir hosts,atypical presentations,and their management make the problem serious and may lead to the emergence of public health issues.The present works also reviewed the existing information regarding clinical variations,diagnostic methods,treatment,its outcome,and ignite for further research in these aspects of the disease.展开更多
基金funded and supported by the Maragheh University of Medical Sciences(MRGUMS)(IR.MARAGHEHPHC.REC.1402.001)Maragheh,Iran.
文摘Objective:To determine the overall and pooled prevalence of Leishmania(L.)infantum in sandfly vectors in Iran.Methods:The present research conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched regional databases such as PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science(WoS),Embase,PAHO Iris,LILACS,WHO Iris,and local databases named:SID,Magiran,Civilica,and also grey literatures.The current research included studies that were conducted in Iran and examined L.infantum in different sandfly vectors.The studies’quality assessment/risk of bias assessment was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for prevalence data studies,and the data were analyzed by Stata 14 software.In addition,we examined 22 primary studies to estimate the overall prevalence of L.infantum among various vectors of visceral leishmaniasis.Results:According to the meta-analysis,the pooled prevalence of Phlebotomus(Ph.)tobbi,Ph.alexandri,Ph.kandelaki,Ph.perfiliewi,Ph.major,Ph.keshishiani were 5.34%,4.36%,2.23%,1.79%,4.37%and 1.18%.Ph.tobbi has the highest infection rate(25.00%)of L.infantum among the sandfly vectors.Conclusions:Visceral leishmaniasis is widespread in Fars,Ardebil,and East-Azerbaijan provinces,which are the most important endemic regions in Iran.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi[Grant No.6/9-7(331)/2020/ECD-II].
文摘This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.
基金the University Grants Commission(U.G.C.) New Delhi,India,through project No. F.6-2(46)/2008(MRP/NRCB)
文摘Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indoors.All female sandflies were dissected and identified. Results:During January 2009 to July 2009,528 phlebotomine specimens were collected including 329 males(62.3%) and 199 females(37.7%),approximately 238(45%) of them were captured from indoor and 290(55%) from outdoor resting places.Five species belonging to the genera Phlebotomus(8%) and Sergentomyia(92%) were recorded.Conclusions:Public health measures such as case detection and treatment,the control of sandflies,the conjunction elimination of infected stray dogs and health education can be effective in controlling the disease.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2018ZX10711001,2018ZX10734-404-003)National Key Research and Development Program(No.2018YFA0900800)+4 种基金National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX10102001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900156)Key Research and Development(R&D)Projects of Shanxi Province,China(201803D31205)the United States National Institutes of Health U01 AI151810Development Grant of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control(2014SKLID103,2015SKLID505)。
文摘We previously isolated a new species of the genus Phlebovirus from wild sandflies collected from Wuxiang County in central China,which named the Wuxiang virus(WUXV).In this study,we re-isolated the WUXV from wild sandflies collected from two villages in Yangquan County,China in 2019.Four virus isolates that caused cytopathic effects in BHK-21 cells were successfully isolated from sandfly specimens collected from chicken pens and sheep pens.Phylogenetic analyses of the L,M and S gene segments of the viruses revealed that the four virus strains represented the previously isolated WUXV.The minimum infection rate(MIR)of the virus isolated from the sheep pen was 3.21,and the MIR of the virus isolated from the chicken pen was 3.45.The positive rates of Wuxiang virus neutralizing antibodies in serum samples of local healthy people and domestic chickens were 8.7%(4/46)and 100%(4/4),respectively,suggesting that Wuxiang virus can infect human and animal.In view of the fact that Wuxiang virus is infectious to humans and animals and has a relatively wide geographical distribution in China,it is of great public health significance to strengthen the investigation and study on the infection status of Wuxiang virus in humans and animals.
基金supported by the Pasteur Institute of Irangrant 501 awarded to Dr.Parviz Parvizi,Another part of this wok was funded by National Institute Of Health Research (NIHR) project No 63-9024
文摘Ohjective:To assess molecular characterization,distribution,seasonal activities of sandfly species and Leishmania parasites infecting them for this zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus.Methods:The collections were carried out in 2009-2011 using CDC traps,Sticky Papers and manual aspirator in and around the villages in Abarkouh district.Individual sandflies were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.Leishmania parasite infections within sandflies were performed by targeting Cyt b,ITS-rDNA,k-DNA and microsatellite genes.Results:The PCR assays detected only Leishmania major(L.major).All infections(30)were found in the abundant and widespread vector Phlebolomus papalasi(P.papatasi).Small numbers of other sandfly species were also screened for infections,but none was found.Sergentomyia sinloni and P.papalasi were the predominant members in all locations of this district and in all habitats throughout the trapping season.Only five other sandfly species were found,namely Phlebolomus ansari,Phlebotomus caucasicus,Phlebotomus sergenti,Sergentomyia dentata and Sergentomyia merviney.Conclusions:In the current survey,the only infections detected are of L.major in females of P.papatasi(30 out of190).The rates of infection of P.papalasi by L.major are not significantly different in compare with other locations in Iran with no diversity of parasite strains.Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis may have emerged only recently in Abarkouh district,and the reason may well be the instability of the transmission cycles there.
文摘Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2020.
基金This study is supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research-Vector Control Research Centre intramural funding(project grant no.:IM-1905).
文摘Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam districts of Kerala,India using mechanical aspirators,light and sticky traps,both indoor and outdoor habitats,for a period of one year.Deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding of samples was performed targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I(COI)gene and sequence generated was subjected to phylogenetic analysis.Results:Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii,a new sandfly species is recorded and described in this communication.A single row of 10-12 pointed teeth in the cibarium with 4-6 small denticles or fore-teeth are the key characteristics that is distinctive from other members of the subgenus Neophlebotomus.Mitochondrial COI barcode followed by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence confirms that specimens of the species belong to the same taxonomic group while the genetic distance(14.2%)with the congeners established it to be a different species.Conclusions:The Western Ghats'being an important biodiversity hotspot and has dearth of systematic entomological surveys on sandflies.The current study tried to fill the void and also report a new sandfly species.
文摘We evaluated some eco-epidemiological characteristics of the sand fly fauna in an ecotourism area in the Atlantic Forest located in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. During a period of one year, sandflies were collected in three different locations, where the sampled residences were located, respectively, one inside the forest, the other two, respectively at the edge of the forest and the other in a more urbanized area. These three types of ecotopes were evaluated: home, peridomicile and kennel. Four hundred and fifty-six sandflies were collected and six species belonging to five genera were identified: Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Nyssomyia intermedia, Evandromyia sallesi, Evandromyia edwardsi and Brumptomyia wedge. The two most abundant species collected were M. migonei and L. longipalpis, contributing 70% and 18% respectively, totaling 88% of the individuals collected. The results suggested that modifications of the natural environment due to anthropic action probably resulted in changes in the composition of the sand fly population. At point (3), where spraying occurred irregularly, even representing a degraded environment, only one species was captured, M. migonei. Differently at points (1) and (2), areas located respectively in the interior and on the edge of the Atlantic Forest, a greater number of sand fly species was observed. However, after a few years, anthropic actions ceased, followed by the implementation of reforestation projects and currently the landscape is very different, showing considerable forest recovery. For this reason, ecotourism activities are increasing in the area, creating potentially dangerous conditions caused by the exposure of greater numbers of people and dogs to insect vectors. Therefore, the implementation of environmental education projects is essential. However, we suggest that the use of warning signs to be placed at the entrances to the main traffic routes, alerting tourists to the risk of infection and indicating protective measures, would be very useful.
文摘Originally discovered in 1965 in Maharashtra,India,the Chandipura virus has become a serious hazard to public health,especially in rural areas.Acute encephalitis syndrome,which mostly affects children and has a high death rate,has been associated with Chandipura virus,an arbovirus largely spread by sandflies(Phlebotomus spp.).The virus was first thought to be a benign infection,but after many fatal outbreaks,most notably in Gujarat(2005 and 2024)and Andhra Pradesh(2003),it has come to light.The aggressiveness of the virus is highlighted by the quick development from fever to severe neurological symptoms,such as seizures and coma.Public health initiatives concentrate on vector management and supportive care because there is no particular antiviral medication or vaccine available.Recently,Gujrat has witnessed the biggest outbreak of Chandipura virus in 2024 and it may become a big health concern.This paper discusses about Chandipura virus and its recent cases.The virus’s propagation,which is made worse by climate change,makes future outbreaks of the virus more likely.The epidemiology,transmission,and clinical consequences of Chandipura virus are highlighted in this review,along with the necessity of more research,monitoring,and public health readiness to lessen its effects.
文摘In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi Khan(Pakistan).In view of the published reports about the detection of Leishmania major,the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis from this species in many countries,the correct identification of this species becomes of significant value in the study of epidemiology of leishmaniasis.Therefore,in order to facilitate zoologists and medical researchers in its correct identification,taxonomic characters of P.sergenti(parrot) is studied in details with special reference to its mouth parts,male and female genitalia.A key is also given to P. sergentii(parrot) and its closest allies.In this light its relationships with its closest allies is also briefly discussed.
文摘Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information System (GIS) based Situational Analysis (SA). The clinically recorded 394 CL patients’ information was obtained from the District General Hospital of Polonnaruwa (DGHP) for 2017 and 2018. The spatial distribution of these patients was collected using Global Positing System (GPS). Moran’s I Index spatial autocorrelation technique and Getis-Ord Gi were used to identify the study site’s hot spot and cold spot areas. More than 75% of the CL patients’ population were highly involved with agricultural activities, and they are the highly exposed group of the CL in the study area. Also, 75% of the CL population were men, and the highly vulnerable age group was 35 - 39 men and 40 - 44 women. The generated Moran’s I Index indicates 0.0321, representing a randomly distributed pattern of CL patients over the District, and the Getis-Ord Gi Z Score value was >1.96 (p < 0.05). It is revealed that, during and in the post-harvesting periods of paddy cultivation, farmers are highly exposed to sandflies becoming CL patients. Due to this situation, the researchers observed that the highest number of patients have reported in May of both years and the infection period is two to four weeks earlier than the reported month. Hence to prevent the disease spread, it is essential to implement an awareness program regarding sandflies’ behaviour and CLD.
文摘Recently, Vector-borne parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis have been emerged or reemerged in many geographical areas and resulted in global health and economic concerns that involve humans, domestic animals and wild life. The ecology and epidemiology of leishmaniasis are affected by the between host, reservoir and vector(human, animal and sandfly) and the environment. Important drivers for the emergence and spread of leishmaniasis include environmental factors such as alterations in temperature and water storage, irrigation habits, deforestation, climate changes, immunosuppression by HIV or organ transplant, development of drug resistance, increase traveling to endemic regions and dog importation. War, poor socio-economic status and low level household are also major contributors to the spread of this disease. Health education via the public media and training should be implemented by international organizations and governmental agencies in collaboration with research institutions. During transmission season, fully protection can be mentioned by using bednets and insecticides and reservoirs' control in the planning. Based on the findings of the recent studies and high prevalence of leishmaniasis, it is concluded that serious public health monitoring should be considered.
基金Jigjiga University for providing financial support to the study.
文摘Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats,including indoor,peri-domestic,farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016,and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State,southeastern Ethiopia.Results:In total,4367 sandfly specimens,belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp.and nine Sergentomyia spp.)were identified.Phlebotomus(P.)heischi,P.orientalis,and P.martini constituted 45.7%,31.1%,and 23.1%of the sandfly collection,respectively.There were significant differences in the median number of P.orientalis,and P.martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P<0.05).In light trap capture,collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P.orientalis,and P.martini(P<0.05).More median numbers of P.orientalis,and P.martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats.P.orientalis and P.martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats,suggesting exophilic behaviour.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the presence of P.orientalis and P.martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus.The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.
基金This project has been financially supported by Student Research Committee,Chancellor for Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences with project number 00S15.
文摘Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increase in the activity of sandfly-borne phleboviruses and their extension to other places.The infection is relatively benign but may cause severe clinical manifestations and complications.Sandfly fever viruses belongs to the genus Phlebovirus(family Bunyaviridae),and the four main serotypes include sandfly fever Sicilian virus,sandfly fever Naples virus,sandfly fever Cyprus virus,and Toscana virus.Sandfly fever has flu-like symptoms such as fever,headache,photophobia,malaise,myalgia,and retro-orbital pain.The incubation period of the disease is 4-8 days,and the patient usually recovers within a week.The first infection provides the host with immunity.Sandfly fever viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies,thus,the epidemiology of sandfly fever is closely related to the presence and activity of sandfly species that act as the vectors for transmission.Cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported worldwide for more than 100 years.All in all,this disease is important for non-endemic countries because it is a travel-related and/or imported illness.
文摘Toscana virus(TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus, identified in 1971, from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in central Italy. TOSV belongs to the Phlebovirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. As other bunyaviruses, the genome of TOSV consists of 3 segments(S for small, M for Medium, and L for Large) respectively encoding non structural and capsid proteins, envelope structural proteins, and the viral RNA-dependant RNA-polymerase. It is transmitted by sand flies. Therefore its distribution is dictated by that of the arthropod vectors, and virus circulation peaks during summertime when sandfly populations are active. Here, we reviewed the epidemiology of TOSV in the old world. First evidence of its pathogenicity for humans, specifically its propensity to cause central nervous system(CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis, was reported in central Italy. After 2000, it was recognized that TOSV had a much larger geographic distribution than initially believed, and was present in most of the Western European countries located on the northern border of the Mediterranean Sea(Portugal, Spain, France, Greece, Croatia) as well as eastern countries such as Cyprus and Turkey. In the countries where TOSV is present, it is among the three most prevalent viruses in meningitis during the warm seasons, together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses. Up to now, epidemiological data concerning Northern Africa and other countries located south of the Mediterranean are scarce. TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Despite the important role played by TOSV in CNS infections, it remains a neglected agent and is rarely considered by physicians in diagnostic algorithms of CNS infections and febrile illness during the warm season, probably because of the lack of information.
文摘Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide.However,in the last decade,the number of cases has been reduced from well-documented endemic parts,but sporadic cases have been reported widely from various non-endemic areas,especially from the southern Himalayan zone.This raises concerns about the emergence of new ecological niches.This warrants a critical evaluation of key factors causing this rapid spread and possibly indigenous transmission.This mini-review article is aimed to briefly address the parasite,the vector,and the environmental aspects in the transmission of leishmaniasis in these new foci against a background of worldwide endemic leishmaniasis with a special focus on the southern Himalayan zone.As the lack of knowledge about the causative parasites,vectors,reservoir hosts,atypical presentations,and their management make the problem serious and may lead to the emergence of public health issues.The present works also reviewed the existing information regarding clinical variations,diagnostic methods,treatment,its outcome,and ignite for further research in these aspects of the disease.
