The solvation of carbon dioxide in sea water plays an important role in the carbon circle and the world climate. The salting-out/salting-in mechanism of CO2 in electrolyte solutions still remains elusive at molecule l...The solvation of carbon dioxide in sea water plays an important role in the carbon circle and the world climate. The salting-out/salting-in mechanism of CO2 in electrolyte solutions still remains elusive at molecule level. The ability of ion salting-out/salting-in CO2 in electrolyte solution follows Hofmeister Series and the change of water mobility induced by salts can be predicted by the viscosity B-coefficients. In this work, the chemical potential of carbon dioxide and the dynamic properties of water in aqueous NaCl, KF and NaClO4 solutions are calculated and analyzed. According to the viscosity B-coefficients, NaClO4 （0.012） should salt out the carbon dioxide relative to in pure water, but the opposite effect is observed for it. Our simulation results suggest that the salting-in effect of NaClO4 is due to the strongly direct anion-CO2 interaction. The inconsistency between＂ Hofmeister Series and the viscosity B-coefficient suggests that it is not always right to indicate whether a salt belongs to salting-in or salting-out just from these properties of the salt solution in the absence of solute.展开更多
Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids （NLs）, phospholipids （PLs） and free fatty acids （FFAs） from intramuscular fat （IMF）, lipid oxidation and lipase activity in muscle Semimembranosus （SM） and msucle Bic...Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids （NLs）, phospholipids （PLs） and free fatty acids （FFAs） from intramuscular fat （IMF）, lipid oxidation and lipase activity in muscle Semimembranosus （SM） and msucle Biceps femoris （BF） of dry-cured Xuanwei ham during the 90-d salting stages were analysed. The salt content increased from 0.34 to 3.52%in BF and from 0.10 to 5.42%in SM during the 90 d salting stage, respectively. PLs of IMF in both BF and SM decreased 54.70%（P〈0.001） and 34.64%（P〈0.05）, furthermore, the saturated fatty acids （SFA）, monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA） and polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） of PLs in both muscles were hydrolysed almost isochronously. FFAs were increased from 0.46 g 100 g-1 lipids to 2.92 g 100 g-1 lipids in BF at the end of salting, which was lower than SM （from 1.29 g 100 g-1 lipids to 9.70 g 100 g-1 lipids）. The activities of acid lipase, neutral lipase and acid phospholipase all remained active in the 90 d. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） was slowly increased to 1.34 mg kg-1 muscle in BF and to 2.44 mg kg-1 muscle in SM during the salting stage. In conclusion, the controlled salting process prompted the hydrolysis of PLs of IMF notably and increased the lipid oxidation of muscles within some limits.展开更多
Salting is a traditional process to preserve food,while news species have been salted showing good results.However,salt accelerates lipid oxidation,influencing shelf-life of salted products.Using of antioxidants incre...Salting is a traditional process to preserve food,while news species have been salted showing good results.However,salt accelerates lipid oxidation,influencing shelf-life of salted products.Using of antioxidants increases salted and/or desalted products shelf-life.Among the antioxidants employed in food industry spices have shown satisfactory results.In this work aqueous basil extract(Ocimunbasilicum)in pintachara salt was used.Pintachara is a hybrid of pintado and cachara(genus Pseudoplatystoma)whose flesh is much appreciated,being desirable to develop new product of this fish.The aqueous basil extract was used in a brine salt,and process was carried out with a control treatment.Samples were obtained during salting in 1,14,24,36,48 hours.In each sample period it analyzed moisture,water activity,salt content e TBARS.The aqueous basil extract interfered in salting processes and showed antioxidant action in this process.Practical applications:Brazilian consumers appreciate salted fish,as influence of Portuguese culture.There are some typical regional products,such as the pantaneiro cod,which consists on catfish from Pantanal that is salted as cod.The development of hybrids from native fishes in aquaculture leads to higher lipid content in the hybrids and the addition of natural antioxidants during salting process increases the product shelf-life and keeps the sensorial properties.展开更多
Polymer composite fibers with superior properties such as excellent combined strength and toughness and biocompatibility can be used in high-tech applications of braided protective devices and smart wearable,however t...Polymer composite fibers with superior properties such as excellent combined strength and toughness and biocompatibility can be used in high-tech applications of braided protective devices and smart wearable,however the research of high-performance polymer composite fiber remains in the infant stage.Here we present a strategy to produce strong and tough anisotropic polymer nanocomposite fibers with orientedly aligned salt rods using mechanical stretching-assisted salting-out treatment.The prepared nanocomposite fibers have a tensile strength of up to 786±2.7 MPa and an elongation at break of 81%,and the anisotropic fibers exhibit good transmission of mechanical vibration in the longitudinal direction with high resolution.During the fabrication process,the salt builds up into oriented rods during the directional salting process,and the polymer is confined to the 150 nm domain between the rods after the solvent is completely evaporated,giving the nanocomposite fibers superior mechanical properties.The presented strategy can be applied to the continuous mass production of nanocomposite fibers and is also generalizable to other polymer nanocomposites,which could extend the applicability of nanocomposite fibers to conditions involving more demanding mechanical loading and mechanical vibration transmission.展开更多
Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the s...Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the soil as a single or mixed solution with different concentrations of organic matter on the vegetative growth of the zinnia plant and its content of nutrients.The study was conducted with a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.The plant was grown in soil with a high salinity level of 8 ds m^(–1).Plant characteristics were estimated 30 and 60 days after planting the plant.The treatment with the addition of bio-inoculum produced the best results;within 30 days,there was a 56.89%increase in plant length;after 60 days,there was a 52.56%increase;additionally,there was a 52.56%increase in leaf count within 30 days;after 60 days,there was a 53.50%increase;and finally,there was an increase in flower count.For plants after 60 days,it reached 3.66%.With the addition of bio-inoculum to soil at a level of 3 gm kg^(–1)of organic matter,the mixing treatment achieved the highest dry weight,29.86%.The addition of bio-inoculum resulted in the largest and most significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaves,reaching 18.76%.In the mixing addition of the biological inoculum treatment,the organic content of the plant showed an increase in nitrogen(14.38%),phosphorus(21.18%),and potassium(39.75%)at 2 and 3 gm kg^(–1)organic matter,respectively.展开更多
This research optimized the structure of lithium extraction solar ponds to enhance the crystallization rate and yield of Li_(2)CO_(3).Using the response surface methodology in Design-Expert 10.0.3,the authors conducte...This research optimized the structure of lithium extraction solar ponds to enhance the crystallization rate and yield of Li_(2)CO_(3).Using the response surface methodology in Design-Expert 10.0.3,the authors conducted experiments to investigate the influence of four factors related to solar pond structure on the crystallization of Li_(2)CO_(3) and their pairwise interactions.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations of the flow field within the solar pond were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software to compare temperature distributions before and after optimization.The results indicate that the optimal structure for lithium extraction from the Zabuye Salt Lake solar ponds includes UCZ(Upper Convective Zone)thickness of 53.63 cm,an LCZ(Lower Convective Zone)direct heating temperature of 57.39℃,a CO32−concentration of 32.21 g/L,and an added soda ash concentration of 6.52 g/L.Following this optimized pathway,the Li_(2)CO_(3) precipitation increased by 7.34% compared to the initial solar pond process,with a 33.33% improvement in lithium carbonate crystallization rate.This study demonstrates the feasibility of optimizing lithium extraction solar pond structures,offering a new approach for constructing such ponds in salt lakes.It provides valuable guidance for the efficient extraction of lithium resources from carbonate-type salt lake brines.展开更多
5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of...5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.展开更多
Maize(Zea mays),which is a vital source of food,feed,and energy feedstock globally,has significant potential for higher yields.However,environmental stress conditions,including drought and salt stress,severely restric...Maize(Zea mays),which is a vital source of food,feed,and energy feedstock globally,has significant potential for higher yields.However,environmental stress conditions,including drought and salt stress,severely restrict maize plant growth and development,leading to great yield losses.Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)function in biotic and abiotic stress responses in the model plant Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana),but their roles in abiotic stress responses in maize are not entirely understood.In this study,we determine that the LRR-RLK ZmMIK2,a homolog of the Arabidopsis LRR-RK MALE DISCOVERER 1(MDIS1)-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2(MIK2),functions in resistance to both drought and salt stress in maize.Zmmik2 plants exhibit enhanced resistance to both stresses,whereas overexpressing ZmMIK2 confers the opposite phenotypes.Furthermore,we identify C2-DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1(ZmC2DP1),which interacts with the intracellular region of ZmMIK2.Notably,that region of ZmMIK2 mediates the phosphorylation of ZmC2DP1,likely by increasing its stability.Both ZmMIK2 and ZmC2DP1 are mainly expressed in roots.As with ZmMIK2,knockout of ZmC2DP1 enhances resistance to both drought and salt stress.We conclude that ZmMIK2-ZmC2DP1 acts as a negative regulatory module in maize drought-and salt-stress responses.展开更多
Energy is an important resource that supports the development of human society,and energy security is even more relevant to the strength of a country.In order to ensure energy security,countries around the world are t...Energy is an important resource that supports the development of human society,and energy security is even more relevant to the strength of a country.In order to ensure energy security,countries around the world are taking measures to carry out energy transformation and construct new energy systems.As an important part of the new energy system,energy storage technology is highly valued by all countries.Among many large-scale energy storage technologies,salt cavern compressed air energy storage(CAES)technology stands out for its safety and economy,which is recognized and valued by scholars from various countries.For the construction of salt cavern CAES power station,it is very important to ensure the stability of salt cavern.Therefore,scholars have investigated the mechanical properties of salt rocks and the stability of salt caverns for CAES.This paper synthesizes the findings of current research on the creep and fatigue properties of salt rock,highlighting three key points:The factors influencing the creep and fatigue characteristics of salt rock include its composition,stress levels,and temperature.Notably,impurities and surrounding pressure tend to inhibit the deformation of salt rock,whereas elevated temperature and differential stress facilitate its deformation;The mechanisms governing creep and fatigue damage in salt rock are primarily associated with dislocation movement and microcracking;Most existing constitutive models for creep and fatigue are based on viscoelastic-plasticity theory,with fewer models derived from micro-mechanical perspectives.Additionally,this paper reviews studies on the stability of salt cavern CAES reservoirs utilizing numerical simulation methods and offers insights into future research directions concerning the creep and fatigue properties of salt rocks.展开更多
Composite solid electrolytes(CSEs)are considered among the most promising candidates for solid-state batteries.However,their practical application is hindered by low ionic conductivity and a limited lithium-ion transf...Composite solid electrolytes(CSEs)are considered among the most promising candidates for solid-state batteries.However,their practical application is hindered by low ionic conductivity and a limited lithium-ion transference number,primarily owing to the insufficient mobility of Li+.In this work,we design a heterojunc-tion nanoparticle composed of bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)coupled with amorphous tita-nium oxide(TiO_(2)@Zn/Co–ZIF)as a filler to fabricate a composite solid-state electrolyte(PVZT).The amor-phous TiO_(2) coating facilitates salt dissociation through Lewis acid–base interactions with the anions of the lithium salt.Meanwhile,the Zn/Co–ZIF framework not only provides additional selective pathways for Li+transport but also effectively restricts anion migration through its confined pore size.The synergistic effect results in a high room-temperature ionic conductivity(8.8×10^(-4) S·cm^(-1))and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.47 for PVZT.A symmetrical cell using PVZT demonstrates stable Li+deposition/stripping for over 1100 h at a current density of 0.1 mA·cm^(-2).Additionally,a LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)/Li full cell using PVZT retains 75.0%of its capacity after 1200 cycles at a 2 C rate.This work offers valuable insights into the design of func-tional fillers for CSEs with highly efficient ion transport.展开更多
In this study,the catalysis function of Na_(2)CO_(3) to the structural properties of xylan char was well investigated with Na_(2)CO_(3) on,and the electrochemical performance of xylan char as an anode material for sod...In this study,the catalysis function of Na_(2)CO_(3) to the structural properties of xylan char was well investigated with Na_(2)CO_(3) on,and the electrochemical performance of xylan char as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries was tested.The characterization of X-ray microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the morphological structure of xylan char was altered due to the addition of Na_(2)CO_(3) catalyst.The increasement of the Na_(2)CO_(3)/xylan ratio resulted in a slenderization of the triangular prism shape of the char skeleton and a reduction in porosity.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that Na_(2)CO_(3) promoted the growth of the(004)crystal plane of graphite during xylan pyrolysis,while inhibiting the formation of the(100/101)crystal planes.Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that the presence of Na_(2)CO_(3)had changed the graphitization degree of xylan char.Electrochemical tests further showed that char prepared with a Na_(2)CO_(3)/xylan mass ratio of 1∶1 exhibited the highest sodium storage capacity.This study provides a pathway for the rational design carbon materials derived from xylan for future applications in energy storage devices.展开更多
A photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer complex(ICTC)-enabled photoreduction of trifluoromethyl phosphonium salt for the trifluoromethylation of heteroarenes was developed.It offers a convenient approach to intr...A photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer complex(ICTC)-enabled photoreduction of trifluoromethyl phosphonium salt for the trifluoromethylation of heteroarenes was developed.It offers a convenient approach to introduce trifluoromethyl group to a wide range of aromatic heterocycles,such as indoles,pyrrole,substituted benzene,coumarin,and chromone.This strategy provides operational simplicity,photocatalyst-,transition metal-,and oxidant-free conditions,making it highly advantageous.展开更多
A static corrosion experiment of 347H stainless steel alloyed with elements Cu and Mo was carried out in a nitrate molten salt(60%NaNO_(3)+40%KNO_(3))at 565℃ for 720 h.The effects of elements Cu and Mo on the corrosi...A static corrosion experiment of 347H stainless steel alloyed with elements Cu and Mo was carried out in a nitrate molten salt(60%NaNO_(3)+40%KNO_(3))at 565℃ for 720 h.The effects of elements Cu and Mo on the corrosion resistance of 347H stainless steel in molten salt were investigated by analyzing the phase composition,microstructure and chemical composition of the corrosion products.The results show that the grain refinement induced by element Mo imparts the stainless steel with optimal corrosion resistance at a medium grain size.Furthermore,the formation of MoC significantly enhances the intergranular corrosion resistance of the stainless steel.The stainless steel exhibits uniform corrosion in the nitrate solution.The corrosion layer displays a dual-layer structure,and the corrosion products protecting matrix are present in both the inner and outer layers.The outer layer consists of a mixture of Fe oxides(Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4)),NaFeO_(2),and a minor amount of MgFe_(2)O_(4).Conversely,the inner layer is primarily composed of a spinel layer(FeCr_(2)O_(4),MgCr_(2)O_(4))and a thin Cu_(2)O layer.The oxidation of Cu in the inner layer leads to the formation of a dense Cu_(2)O layer,effectively impeding O_(2)-plasma infiltration into the matrix.展开更多
The effects of different aging processes on the precipitated phase,mechanical properties,molten salt corrosion resistance and post-weld microstructure of 347H stainless steel were studied.The results show that a large...The effects of different aging processes on the precipitated phase,mechanical properties,molten salt corrosion resistance and post-weld microstructure of 347H stainless steel were studied.The results show that a large number of precipitated phases appear in the crystal after aging at 700℃for 400 h.After aging for 3000 h,the number of precipitated phases increases and most of them are gathered at the grain boundaries.There are two forms of precipitates,one is the coarse precipitate rich in Cr,and the other is the smaller precipitates mainly consisting of NbC.After aging at 700℃for 30 min,the yield strength and tensile strength of the samples at room temperature and 593℃increase,but the elongation decreases.The corrosion results in nitrate at 565℃show that the corrosion products of the aged samples are the same as that of the original samples,which are Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),MgCr_(2)O_(4),MgFe_(2)O_(4),FeCr_(2)O_(4) and NaFeO_(2).The proportion of Fe_(3)O_(4) that is dense and well bonded to the subtrate in the original sample is higher than that in the aged sample,so the corrosion resistance is better.At 700℃,the aging time has no obvious effect on the microstructure after welding.展开更多
Design a precision electroplating mechanical structure for automobiles based on finite element analysis method and analyze its mechanical properties.Taking the automobile steering knuckle as the research object,ABAQUS...Design a precision electroplating mechanical structure for automobiles based on finite element analysis method and analyze its mechanical properties.Taking the automobile steering knuckle as the research object,ABAQUS parametric modeling technology is used to construct its three-dimensional geometric model,and geometric simplification is carried out.Two surface treatment processes,HK-35 zinc nickel alloy electroplating and pure zinc electroplating,were designed,and the influence of different coatings on the mechanical properties of steering knuckles was compared and analyzed through numerical simulation.At the same time,standard specimens were prepared for salt spray corrosion testing and scratch method combined strength testing to verify the numerical simulation results.The results showed that under emergency braking and composite working conditions,the peak Von Mises stress of the zinc nickel alloy coating was 119.85 MPa,which was lower than that of the pure zinc coating and the alkaline electroplated zinc layer.Its equivalent strain value was 652×10^(-6),which was lower than that of the pure zinc coating and the alkaline electroplated zinc layer.Experimental data confirms that zinc nickel alloy coatings exhibit significant advantages in stress distribution uniformity,strain performance,and load-bearing capacity in high stress zones.The salt spray corrosion test further indicates that the coating has superior corrosion resistance and coating substrate interface bonding strength,which can significantly improve the mechanical stability and long-term reliability of automotive precision electroplating mechanical structures.展开更多
Siwa Oasis,one of Egypts most remote settlements,is also a popular tourist destination thanks to the beautiful salt pools with water that people can float in.Salt is both a blessing and a curse in Siwa.Years ago,peopl...Siwa Oasis,one of Egypts most remote settlements,is also a popular tourist destination thanks to the beautiful salt pools with water that people can float in.Salt is both a blessing and a curse in Siwa.Years ago,people started realizing that there was money to be made in the salt trade,and salt mining operations created the salt lakes that the oasis is now famous for.展开更多
1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining t...1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining tables of more Chinese consumers on occasions such as camping,barbecue parties and grilling steak at home,and it has been used to improve taste and for decorative purposes.展开更多
Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt format...Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt formations,insoluble impurities and interlayers detach during salt dissolution and accumulate as sediment at the cavern base,thereby reducing the storage capacity and economic viability of salt cavern gas storage(SCGS).This study investigates sediment formation mechanisms,void distribution,and voidage in the Huai'an low-grade salt mine,introducing a novel self-developed physical simulation device for two butted-well horizontal(TWH)caverns that replicates compressed air injection and brine discharge.Experiments comparing“one injection and one discharge”and“two injections and one discharge”modes revealed that(1)compressed air effectively displaces brine from sediment voids,(2)a 0.5 MPa injection pressure corresponds to a 10.3 MPa operational lower limit in practice,aligning with field data,and(3)sediment voidage is approximately 46%,validated via air-brine interface theory.The“two injections and one discharge”mode outperformed in both discharge volume and rate.Additionally,a mathematical model for brine displacement via compressed air was established.These results provide foundational insights for optimizing compressed air energy storage(CAES)in low-grade salt mines,advancing their role in renewable energy integration.展开更多
Winter irrigation is a crucial measure for preventing farmland salinity in arid inland regions.However,given the relatively complex process of salt leaching under the influence of freezing and thawing,present salinity...Winter irrigation is a crucial measure for preventing farmland salinity in arid inland regions.However,given the relatively complex process of salt leaching under the influence of freezing and thawing,present salinity management has led to soil quality deterioration in the irrigation areas in Northwest China.To better understand this process,a field experiment was conducted in Huangyang Town,Wuwei City,Gansu Province,China to simulate the evolution of soil profile salinity and alkalinity in a typical oasis farmland under 3-year regular barley planting,using a local prevailing water-salt management mode of drip irrigation for the growing period and winter irrigation for the fallow period.This study investigated the impact of freezing on salt leaching by comparing the soil profile water,heat,and salt movements under different winter irrigation quotas.Compared to no winter irrigation,a reduction in the winter irrigation quota from the standard one to a halved one led to a transition from a sink of 11.05% by salt leaching to a source of 13.75% by salt addition.This means that overwintering soil freezing,especially in oases with deep groundwater tables,can worsen root zone salinization caused by a deficit winter irrigation,through freezing-induced root zone soil water and salt return.Furthermore,dry saline soil dominated by sulfate is at the risk of soil alkalization when freezing-induced oversaturation of solute concentration leads to significant salt precipitation.These findings are crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind the increasing secondary salinization caused by unsustainable winter irrigation in oasis irrigation areas.展开更多
Sodium chloride is one of the most widely used additives in meat curing.However,cured meat products contribute to a portion of the total sodium dietary intake.Consumers and researchers'concern about excessive sodi...Sodium chloride is one of the most widely used additives in meat curing.However,cured meat products contribute to a portion of the total sodium dietary intake.Consumers and researchers'concern about excessive sodium intake has prompted the food industry to consider ways to reduce salt content of cured meat products.The aim of this review is to provide a broad but comprehensive understanding of salt reduction strategies for cured meat products.The implications and limitations of each approach were discussed.Green technologies treatments,such as ultrasonic technology,high-pressure processing,seem to be potential to ensure microbiological safety in low-sodium cured meat products.However,these novel technologies can cause protein and fat oxidization in meat products.A combination of multiple treatments could give the desired effect.In addition,different parameter conditions need to be set according to the specific meat to achieve better salt reduction effect.展开更多
文摘The solvation of carbon dioxide in sea water plays an important role in the carbon circle and the world climate. The salting-out/salting-in mechanism of CO2 in electrolyte solutions still remains elusive at molecule level. The ability of ion salting-out/salting-in CO2 in electrolyte solution follows Hofmeister Series and the change of water mobility induced by salts can be predicted by the viscosity B-coefficients. In this work, the chemical potential of carbon dioxide and the dynamic properties of water in aqueous NaCl, KF and NaClO4 solutions are calculated and analyzed. According to the viscosity B-coefficients, NaClO4 （0.012） should salt out the carbon dioxide relative to in pure water, but the opposite effect is observed for it. Our simulation results suggest that the salting-in effect of NaClO4 is due to the strongly direct anion-CO2 interaction. The inconsistency between＂ Hofmeister Series and the viscosity B-coefficient suggests that it is not always right to indicate whether a salt belongs to salting-in or salting-out just from these properties of the salt solution in the absence of solute.
基金financed by the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province(2009AD010)
文摘Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids （NLs）, phospholipids （PLs） and free fatty acids （FFAs） from intramuscular fat （IMF）, lipid oxidation and lipase activity in muscle Semimembranosus （SM） and msucle Biceps femoris （BF） of dry-cured Xuanwei ham during the 90-d salting stages were analysed. The salt content increased from 0.34 to 3.52%in BF and from 0.10 to 5.42%in SM during the 90 d salting stage, respectively. PLs of IMF in both BF and SM decreased 54.70%（P〈0.001） and 34.64%（P〈0.05）, furthermore, the saturated fatty acids （SFA）, monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA） and polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） of PLs in both muscles were hydrolysed almost isochronously. FFAs were increased from 0.46 g 100 g-1 lipids to 2.92 g 100 g-1 lipids in BF at the end of salting, which was lower than SM （from 1.29 g 100 g-1 lipids to 9.70 g 100 g-1 lipids）. The activities of acid lipase, neutral lipase and acid phospholipase all remained active in the 90 d. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） was slowly increased to 1.34 mg kg-1 muscle in BF and to 2.44 mg kg-1 muscle in SM during the salting stage. In conclusion, the controlled salting process prompted the hydrolysis of PLs of IMF notably and increased the lipid oxidation of muscles within some limits.
文摘Salting is a traditional process to preserve food,while news species have been salted showing good results.However,salt accelerates lipid oxidation,influencing shelf-life of salted products.Using of antioxidants increases salted and/or desalted products shelf-life.Among the antioxidants employed in food industry spices have shown satisfactory results.In this work aqueous basil extract(Ocimunbasilicum)in pintachara salt was used.Pintachara is a hybrid of pintado and cachara(genus Pseudoplatystoma)whose flesh is much appreciated,being desirable to develop new product of this fish.The aqueous basil extract was used in a brine salt,and process was carried out with a control treatment.Samples were obtained during salting in 1,14,24,36,48 hours.In each sample period it analyzed moisture,water activity,salt content e TBARS.The aqueous basil extract interfered in salting processes and showed antioxidant action in this process.Practical applications:Brazilian consumers appreciate salted fish,as influence of Portuguese culture.There are some typical regional products,such as the pantaneiro cod,which consists on catfish from Pantanal that is salted as cod.The development of hybrids from native fishes in aquaculture leads to higher lipid content in the hybrids and the addition of natural antioxidants during salting process increases the product shelf-life and keeps the sensorial properties.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2022YFA1503000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22161142021 and 22175010).
文摘Polymer composite fibers with superior properties such as excellent combined strength and toughness and biocompatibility can be used in high-tech applications of braided protective devices and smart wearable,however the research of high-performance polymer composite fiber remains in the infant stage.Here we present a strategy to produce strong and tough anisotropic polymer nanocomposite fibers with orientedly aligned salt rods using mechanical stretching-assisted salting-out treatment.The prepared nanocomposite fibers have a tensile strength of up to 786±2.7 MPa and an elongation at break of 81%,and the anisotropic fibers exhibit good transmission of mechanical vibration in the longitudinal direction with high resolution.During the fabrication process,the salt builds up into oriented rods during the directional salting process,and the polymer is confined to the 150 nm domain between the rods after the solvent is completely evaporated,giving the nanocomposite fibers superior mechanical properties.The presented strategy can be applied to the continuous mass production of nanocomposite fibers and is also generalizable to other polymer nanocomposites,which could extend the applicability of nanocomposite fibers to conditions involving more demanding mechanical loading and mechanical vibration transmission.
文摘Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the soil as a single or mixed solution with different concentrations of organic matter on the vegetative growth of the zinnia plant and its content of nutrients.The study was conducted with a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.The plant was grown in soil with a high salinity level of 8 ds m^(–1).Plant characteristics were estimated 30 and 60 days after planting the plant.The treatment with the addition of bio-inoculum produced the best results;within 30 days,there was a 56.89%increase in plant length;after 60 days,there was a 52.56%increase;additionally,there was a 52.56%increase in leaf count within 30 days;after 60 days,there was a 53.50%increase;and finally,there was an increase in flower count.For plants after 60 days,it reached 3.66%.With the addition of bio-inoculum to soil at a level of 3 gm kg^(–1)of organic matter,the mixing treatment achieved the highest dry weight,29.86%.The addition of bio-inoculum resulted in the largest and most significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaves,reaching 18.76%.In the mixing addition of the biological inoculum treatment,the organic content of the plant showed an increase in nitrogen(14.38%),phosphorus(21.18%),and potassium(39.75%)at 2 and 3 gm kg^(–1)organic matter,respectively.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20148)the Major Science and Technology Projects of the Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region(XZ202201ZD0004G and XZ202201ZD0004G01).
文摘This research optimized the structure of lithium extraction solar ponds to enhance the crystallization rate and yield of Li_(2)CO_(3).Using the response surface methodology in Design-Expert 10.0.3,the authors conducted experiments to investigate the influence of four factors related to solar pond structure on the crystallization of Li_(2)CO_(3) and their pairwise interactions.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations of the flow field within the solar pond were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software to compare temperature distributions before and after optimization.The results indicate that the optimal structure for lithium extraction from the Zabuye Salt Lake solar ponds includes UCZ(Upper Convective Zone)thickness of 53.63 cm,an LCZ(Lower Convective Zone)direct heating temperature of 57.39℃,a CO32−concentration of 32.21 g/L,and an added soda ash concentration of 6.52 g/L.Following this optimized pathway,the Li_(2)CO_(3) precipitation increased by 7.34% compared to the initial solar pond process,with a 33.33% improvement in lithium carbonate crystallization rate.This study demonstrates the feasibility of optimizing lithium extraction solar pond structures,offering a new approach for constructing such ponds in salt lakes.It provides valuable guidance for the efficient extraction of lithium resources from carbonate-type salt lake brines.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32230097 and 32172512)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(20)2023]+1 种基金the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization(Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1200703 and 2022YFF1001602)the National Science Foundation of China(32272024 and 32171940)+2 种基金the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2023B01001)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2022TC142)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University。
文摘Maize(Zea mays),which is a vital source of food,feed,and energy feedstock globally,has significant potential for higher yields.However,environmental stress conditions,including drought and salt stress,severely restrict maize plant growth and development,leading to great yield losses.Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)function in biotic and abiotic stress responses in the model plant Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana),but their roles in abiotic stress responses in maize are not entirely understood.In this study,we determine that the LRR-RLK ZmMIK2,a homolog of the Arabidopsis LRR-RK MALE DISCOVERER 1(MDIS1)-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2(MIK2),functions in resistance to both drought and salt stress in maize.Zmmik2 plants exhibit enhanced resistance to both stresses,whereas overexpressing ZmMIK2 confers the opposite phenotypes.Furthermore,we identify C2-DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1(ZmC2DP1),which interacts with the intracellular region of ZmMIK2.Notably,that region of ZmMIK2 mediates the phosphorylation of ZmC2DP1,likely by increasing its stability.Both ZmMIK2 and ZmC2DP1 are mainly expressed in roots.As with ZmMIK2,knockout of ZmC2DP1 enhances resistance to both drought and salt stress.We conclude that ZmMIK2-ZmC2DP1 acts as a negative regulatory module in maize drought-and salt-stress responses.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(No.51834003,52274073,52022014).
文摘Energy is an important resource that supports the development of human society,and energy security is even more relevant to the strength of a country.In order to ensure energy security,countries around the world are taking measures to carry out energy transformation and construct new energy systems.As an important part of the new energy system,energy storage technology is highly valued by all countries.Among many large-scale energy storage technologies,salt cavern compressed air energy storage(CAES)technology stands out for its safety and economy,which is recognized and valued by scholars from various countries.For the construction of salt cavern CAES power station,it is very important to ensure the stability of salt cavern.Therefore,scholars have investigated the mechanical properties of salt rocks and the stability of salt caverns for CAES.This paper synthesizes the findings of current research on the creep and fatigue properties of salt rock,highlighting three key points:The factors influencing the creep and fatigue characteristics of salt rock include its composition,stress levels,and temperature.Notably,impurities and surrounding pressure tend to inhibit the deformation of salt rock,whereas elevated temperature and differential stress facilitate its deformation;The mechanisms governing creep and fatigue damage in salt rock are primarily associated with dislocation movement and microcracking;Most existing constitutive models for creep and fatigue are based on viscoelastic-plasticity theory,with fewer models derived from micro-mechanical perspectives.Additionally,this paper reviews studies on the stability of salt cavern CAES reservoirs utilizing numerical simulation methods and offers insights into future research directions concerning the creep and fatigue properties of salt rocks.
基金supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.52325206)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF0500600)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2001220 and 52203298)Shenzhen Technical Plan Project(Grant Nos.RCJC20200714114436091,JCYJ20220530143012027,JCYJ20220818101003008,and JCYJ20220818101003007)Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation(Grant No.SZPR2023006)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.WDZC20231126160733001).
文摘Composite solid electrolytes(CSEs)are considered among the most promising candidates for solid-state batteries.However,their practical application is hindered by low ionic conductivity and a limited lithium-ion transference number,primarily owing to the insufficient mobility of Li+.In this work,we design a heterojunc-tion nanoparticle composed of bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)coupled with amorphous tita-nium oxide(TiO_(2)@Zn/Co–ZIF)as a filler to fabricate a composite solid-state electrolyte(PVZT).The amor-phous TiO_(2) coating facilitates salt dissociation through Lewis acid–base interactions with the anions of the lithium salt.Meanwhile,the Zn/Co–ZIF framework not only provides additional selective pathways for Li+transport but also effectively restricts anion migration through its confined pore size.The synergistic effect results in a high room-temperature ionic conductivity(8.8×10^(-4) S·cm^(-1))and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.47 for PVZT.A symmetrical cell using PVZT demonstrates stable Li+deposition/stripping for over 1100 h at a current density of 0.1 mA·cm^(-2).Additionally,a LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)/Li full cell using PVZT retains 75.0%of its capacity after 1200 cycles at a 2 C rate.This work offers valuable insights into the design of func-tional fillers for CSEs with highly efficient ion transport.
基金supported by the Foundation Project of Jihua Laboratory(X200191TL200).
文摘In this study,the catalysis function of Na_(2)CO_(3) to the structural properties of xylan char was well investigated with Na_(2)CO_(3) on,and the electrochemical performance of xylan char as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries was tested.The characterization of X-ray microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the morphological structure of xylan char was altered due to the addition of Na_(2)CO_(3) catalyst.The increasement of the Na_(2)CO_(3)/xylan ratio resulted in a slenderization of the triangular prism shape of the char skeleton and a reduction in porosity.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that Na_(2)CO_(3) promoted the growth of the(004)crystal plane of graphite during xylan pyrolysis,while inhibiting the formation of the(100/101)crystal planes.Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that the presence of Na_(2)CO_(3)had changed the graphitization degree of xylan char.Electrochemical tests further showed that char prepared with a Na_(2)CO_(3)/xylan mass ratio of 1∶1 exhibited the highest sodium storage capacity.This study provides a pathway for the rational design carbon materials derived from xylan for future applications in energy storage devices.
文摘A photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer complex(ICTC)-enabled photoreduction of trifluoromethyl phosphonium salt for the trifluoromethylation of heteroarenes was developed.It offers a convenient approach to introduce trifluoromethyl group to a wide range of aromatic heterocycles,such as indoles,pyrrole,substituted benzene,coumarin,and chromone.This strategy provides operational simplicity,photocatalyst-,transition metal-,and oxidant-free conditions,making it highly advantageous.
基金Science and Technology Program Project of Gansu Province(21ZD3GB001)。
文摘A static corrosion experiment of 347H stainless steel alloyed with elements Cu and Mo was carried out in a nitrate molten salt(60%NaNO_(3)+40%KNO_(3))at 565℃ for 720 h.The effects of elements Cu and Mo on the corrosion resistance of 347H stainless steel in molten salt were investigated by analyzing the phase composition,microstructure and chemical composition of the corrosion products.The results show that the grain refinement induced by element Mo imparts the stainless steel with optimal corrosion resistance at a medium grain size.Furthermore,the formation of MoC significantly enhances the intergranular corrosion resistance of the stainless steel.The stainless steel exhibits uniform corrosion in the nitrate solution.The corrosion layer displays a dual-layer structure,and the corrosion products protecting matrix are present in both the inner and outer layers.The outer layer consists of a mixture of Fe oxides(Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4)),NaFeO_(2),and a minor amount of MgFe_(2)O_(4).Conversely,the inner layer is primarily composed of a spinel layer(FeCr_(2)O_(4),MgCr_(2)O_(4))and a thin Cu_(2)O layer.The oxidation of Cu in the inner layer leads to the formation of a dense Cu_(2)O layer,effectively impeding O_(2)-plasma infiltration into the matrix.
基金Science and Technology Program Project of Gansu Province(21ZD3GB001)。
文摘The effects of different aging processes on the precipitated phase,mechanical properties,molten salt corrosion resistance and post-weld microstructure of 347H stainless steel were studied.The results show that a large number of precipitated phases appear in the crystal after aging at 700℃for 400 h.After aging for 3000 h,the number of precipitated phases increases and most of them are gathered at the grain boundaries.There are two forms of precipitates,one is the coarse precipitate rich in Cr,and the other is the smaller precipitates mainly consisting of NbC.After aging at 700℃for 30 min,the yield strength and tensile strength of the samples at room temperature and 593℃increase,but the elongation decreases.The corrosion results in nitrate at 565℃show that the corrosion products of the aged samples are the same as that of the original samples,which are Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),MgCr_(2)O_(4),MgFe_(2)O_(4),FeCr_(2)O_(4) and NaFeO_(2).The proportion of Fe_(3)O_(4) that is dense and well bonded to the subtrate in the original sample is higher than that in the aged sample,so the corrosion resistance is better.At 700℃,the aging time has no obvious effect on the microstructure after welding.
文摘Design a precision electroplating mechanical structure for automobiles based on finite element analysis method and analyze its mechanical properties.Taking the automobile steering knuckle as the research object,ABAQUS parametric modeling technology is used to construct its three-dimensional geometric model,and geometric simplification is carried out.Two surface treatment processes,HK-35 zinc nickel alloy electroplating and pure zinc electroplating,were designed,and the influence of different coatings on the mechanical properties of steering knuckles was compared and analyzed through numerical simulation.At the same time,standard specimens were prepared for salt spray corrosion testing and scratch method combined strength testing to verify the numerical simulation results.The results showed that under emergency braking and composite working conditions,the peak Von Mises stress of the zinc nickel alloy coating was 119.85 MPa,which was lower than that of the pure zinc coating and the alkaline electroplated zinc layer.Its equivalent strain value was 652×10^(-6),which was lower than that of the pure zinc coating and the alkaline electroplated zinc layer.Experimental data confirms that zinc nickel alloy coatings exhibit significant advantages in stress distribution uniformity,strain performance,and load-bearing capacity in high stress zones.The salt spray corrosion test further indicates that the coating has superior corrosion resistance and coating substrate interface bonding strength,which can significantly improve the mechanical stability and long-term reliability of automotive precision electroplating mechanical structures.
文摘Siwa Oasis,one of Egypts most remote settlements,is also a popular tourist destination thanks to the beautiful salt pools with water that people can float in.Salt is both a blessing and a curse in Siwa.Years ago,people started realizing that there was money to be made in the salt trade,and salt mining operations created the salt lakes that the oasis is now famous for.
文摘1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining tables of more Chinese consumers on occasions such as camping,barbecue parties and grilling steak at home,and it has been used to improve taste and for decorative purposes.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB4007100)the Basic ForwardLooking Project of the Sinopec Science and Technology Department,“Research on the Long-Term Sealing Mechanism of Multi-layer Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage”(No.P24197-4)。
文摘Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt formations,insoluble impurities and interlayers detach during salt dissolution and accumulate as sediment at the cavern base,thereby reducing the storage capacity and economic viability of salt cavern gas storage(SCGS).This study investigates sediment formation mechanisms,void distribution,and voidage in the Huai'an low-grade salt mine,introducing a novel self-developed physical simulation device for two butted-well horizontal(TWH)caverns that replicates compressed air injection and brine discharge.Experiments comparing“one injection and one discharge”and“two injections and one discharge”modes revealed that(1)compressed air effectively displaces brine from sediment voids,(2)a 0.5 MPa injection pressure corresponds to a 10.3 MPa operational lower limit in practice,aligning with field data,and(3)sediment voidage is approximately 46%,validated via air-brine interface theory.The“two injections and one discharge”mode outperformed in both discharge volume and rate.Additionally,a mathematical model for brine displacement via compressed air was established.These results provide foundational insights for optimizing compressed air energy storage(CAES)in low-grade salt mines,advancing their role in renewable energy integration.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA24040203)the Inner Mongolia Key R&D Program,China(No.NMKJXM202107)+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Gansu Province of China(No.21CX6QA026)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province of China(No.20JR5RA074)。
文摘Winter irrigation is a crucial measure for preventing farmland salinity in arid inland regions.However,given the relatively complex process of salt leaching under the influence of freezing and thawing,present salinity management has led to soil quality deterioration in the irrigation areas in Northwest China.To better understand this process,a field experiment was conducted in Huangyang Town,Wuwei City,Gansu Province,China to simulate the evolution of soil profile salinity and alkalinity in a typical oasis farmland under 3-year regular barley planting,using a local prevailing water-salt management mode of drip irrigation for the growing period and winter irrigation for the fallow period.This study investigated the impact of freezing on salt leaching by comparing the soil profile water,heat,and salt movements under different winter irrigation quotas.Compared to no winter irrigation,a reduction in the winter irrigation quota from the standard one to a halved one led to a transition from a sink of 11.05% by salt leaching to a source of 13.75% by salt addition.This means that overwintering soil freezing,especially in oases with deep groundwater tables,can worsen root zone salinization caused by a deficit winter irrigation,through freezing-induced root zone soil water and salt return.Furthermore,dry saline soil dominated by sulfate is at the risk of soil alkalization when freezing-induced oversaturation of solute concentration leads to significant salt precipitation.These findings are crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind the increasing secondary salinization caused by unsustainable winter irrigation in oasis irrigation areas.
基金financially supported by Youth Talent Support Programme of Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology(SKXRC202317)the Open Project of Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Key Laboratory of Alcoholic Beverages Quality and Safety of China Light Industry(FQS-202201)+3 种基金Characteristic Innovation Project of Guangdong Universities(2022KTSCX058)Special Projects in Key Field of Guangdong Universities(2022ZDZX4015,2022ZDZX4016)Guangdong Maoming Binhai New Area Marine Fishery Industrial Park Project(0835-220FA8102621)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology(2021B1212040013)。
文摘Sodium chloride is one of the most widely used additives in meat curing.However,cured meat products contribute to a portion of the total sodium dietary intake.Consumers and researchers'concern about excessive sodium intake has prompted the food industry to consider ways to reduce salt content of cured meat products.The aim of this review is to provide a broad but comprehensive understanding of salt reduction strategies for cured meat products.The implications and limitations of each approach were discussed.Green technologies treatments,such as ultrasonic technology,high-pressure processing,seem to be potential to ensure microbiological safety in low-sodium cured meat products.However,these novel technologies can cause protein and fat oxidization in meat products.A combination of multiple treatments could give the desired effect.In addition,different parameter conditions need to be set according to the specific meat to achieve better salt reduction effect.
