Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Salsola imbricata(S.imbricata)leaf extract against high-fat-diet/streptozocin-induced alterations in diabetic rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in ...Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Salsola imbricata(S.imbricata)leaf extract against high-fat-diet/streptozocin-induced alterations in diabetic rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in insulin secretion.Methods:The total phytochemical content of ethyl acetate extract of S.imbricata was analyzed by HPLC.In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were determined.Ethyl acetate extract of S.imbricata(250 and 500 mg/kg)was administered to diabetic rats for 21 days.Serum glucose,serum insulin,fasting blood glucose,body weight,and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were measured.The hepatic malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated.Sandwich ELISA kits were used to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in liver tissue homogenate.Pdx-1,Ins-1,and Ins-2 expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR.Results:S.imbricata had potent antioxidant(IC50=11.75µg/mL)and antidiabetic activity(IC50=28.10µg/mL).HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid,p-coumaric acid,salicylic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,and quercetin.S.imbricata extract significantly(P<0.05)reduced blood glucose levels with marked improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance.S.imbricata leaf extract improved malondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase levels in hepatic tissue.S.imbricata leaf extract also decreased levels of TNF-αand IL-6(P<0.05).qRT-PCR revealed the upregulation of insulin signaling transduction genes(Pdx-1,Ins-1,Ins-2).Conclusions:S.imbricata ethyl acetate extract exhibits pronounced antidiabetic activity in rats by improving insulin resistance via modulation of insulin signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative stress.展开更多
The article presents the results of the morpho-anatomical structure of the assimilation organs of the species Salsola leptoclada Gand, which is widespread in the Kyzylkum desert region of Uzbekistan, and reveals the s...The article presents the results of the morpho-anatomical structure of the assimilation organs of the species Salsola leptoclada Gand, which is widespread in the Kyzylkum desert region of Uzbekistan, and reveals the structural, diagnostic and adaptive features. In the assimilation organs, Kranz type of mesophyll was found: in the cotyledons of the Kranz-spherical (Atriplicoid) type, and in the leaf—mesophylls of the Kranz-centric (Salsoloid) and Kranz-ventrodorsal type. These revealed diagnostic features of the assimilating organs of this species in arid conditions noted C4-type photosynthesis. Based on the comparative biometric analysis of quantitative indices of the anatomical features of the assimilating organs, xero-halomorphic features predominate. Halomorphic features are in the cotyledons—thin outer walls of the epidermal cells;few stomata of the anomocytic and paracytic type;few rows of spongy cells (3 - 4 rows);few vascular bundles of the collateral type and xylem, in the leaf—large and thin outer walls of the epidermal cells;succulence of the leaf mesophyll, the presence of aquiferous cells;large palisade, keratin and aquiferous cells. Xeromorphic features in the cotyledons—small and numerous epidermal cells and hemiparacytic type stomata also deep immersion;small palisade cells and a high palisade index, small spongy, hypodermal and keratin cells;small diameter of the xylem in vascular bundles;in the leaf numerous epidermal cells and stomata also deeply immersed;presence and numerous multicellular nodular, dentate trichomes;multi-row water-bearing cells;high palisade index;small and numerous xylem;numerous peripheral vascular bundles of the collateral type. These identified specific diagnostic features showing adaptation to arid conditions can also serve in the identification of plant materials.展开更多
Objective: To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from aerial parts of widespread Chenopodiaceae taxa growing in Saudi Arabia: Salsola villosa Delile. ex Schul. Methods: Antibacterial activiti...Objective: To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from aerial parts of widespread Chenopodiaceae taxa growing in Saudi Arabia: Salsola villosa Delile. ex Schul. Methods: Antibacterial activities of chloroformic extract, fractions and isolate compounds was evaluated against five bacterial strains(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), using a paper disc diffusion method. The purification of compound(s) of chloroform extract was done by chromatographic column of silica gel. The structure elucidation was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis(1H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy analysis.Results: Bioactivity guided fractionation of the chloroformic extract led to the isolation of two bioactive compounds: 4-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methylcyclopent-2'-enyloxy)-4-methylcyclopent-2-enol(1) named salsolanol and 4'-[3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl]-3-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-6, 2'-dimethoxy [1, 1'-biphenyl]-2-ol(2) named biphenylsalsinol. The antibacterial effects of the chloroform extracts, fractions and isolated compounds 1 and 2 were also evaluated in this work. Results showed that the compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activities against four strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with diameter of zone of inhibition ranging between(9.33 ± 0.94) to(26.33 ± 0.94) mm.Conclusions: Based on data presented here, two new natural compounds secondary cyclic alcohol 1 and biphenylpropanoid 2 isolated from bioactive chloroformic extract from aerial parts of Salsola villosa can be responsible for its antibacterial activities.展开更多
Objective:To explore the protective effect of the crude extract of Salsola imbricata against acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice and its mechanism of action.Methods:Ethanolic crude extract of Salsol...Objective:To explore the protective effect of the crude extract of Salsola imbricata against acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice and its mechanism of action.Methods:Ethanolic crude extract of Salsola imbricata was characterized by HPLC.Salsola imbricata extract at different doses was administered and ulcerative colitis was induced by 200μL,7.5%acetic acid and macroscopic parameters were evaluated to assess the homeostatic condition of intestinal mucosa along with hematological and biochemical assays.The levels of malondialdehyde,glutathione peroxidase 1,superoxide dismutase,and catalase were determined in colon tissues.Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were quantified by ELISA.The extent of tissue damage was assessed by histological analysis.Results:Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals including quercetin,gallic acid,syringic acid,benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid in the crude extract.The crude extract of Salsola imbricata(300 and 500 mg/kg)markedly decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide(P<0.01)and increased antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase 1(P<0.001)and superoxide dismutase(P<0.001).Moreover,it decreased the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsignificantly(P<0.001)and reduced the damage to the colon mucosa,promoting tissue healing and regeneration.Conclusions:Salsola imbricata extract restores the colonic epithelial layers by maintaining mucosal homeostasis and cell integrity by modulating antioxidant defense system and inflammatory cytokine signaling in ulcerative colitis mice.展开更多
Salsola vermiculata is a highly palatable shrub and widely used in rangeland rehabilitation programs, but has short seed longevity. To identify the most cost effective storage method for S. vermiculata, experiments we...Salsola vermiculata is a highly palatable shrub and widely used in rangeland rehabilitation programs, but has short seed longevity. To identify the most cost effective storage method for S. vermiculata, experiments were carried out to test the effects of fruit bracts （wings）, temperature regimes, seed moisture and packaging methods on storage life. Seed samples were removed from storage at monthly intervals for testing and towards the end of the experiments samples were transferred from hermetic to ambient storage conditions and tested for germination. Experiment 1 continued for 1,140 days, Experiment 2 for 720 days. For de-winged seed, high moisture content increased seed longevity, suggesting that desiccation susceptibility is one of the causes of limited longevity in this species. Most longevity regression lines of winged seeds had negative intercepts suggesting increase in germination resulting from gradual dormancy-breaking. Drying and packaging alone increased longevity by 7.6 and 3.8 times in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Samples kept at lower temperature and lower moisture treatments survived longer under ambient conditions. Increased longevity by drying and vacuum packaging alone can provide simple, cost effective and environmentally friendly options for rangeland rehabilitation programs.展开更多
Many of the plants of genus Salsola are edible halophytes which are known for their use in treatment of inflammation as well as their nutritional content.This study aims at comprehensive chemical profiling of two Sals...Many of the plants of genus Salsola are edible halophytes which are known for their use in treatment of inflammation as well as their nutritional content.This study aims at comprehensive chemical profiling of two Salsola species that are widely distributed in arid areas;S.imbricata and S.jordanicola,using UHPLC-QqQ-MS in an attempt to decipher the bioactive constituents of the aerial parts of the selected plants and their ex-vivo antiinflammatory activity.73 chromatographic peaks were annotated where phytosterols dominated the metabolites in S.imbracta while phenylalkylamines were the major constituents detected in S.jordanicola.OPLS-DA model coefficients plot indicated that tetradecanoic acid,beta sitosterol and pentacosane were positively correlated to discrimination of S.imbricata species while N-feruloyloctopamine,N-feruloyltyramine,and ferulic acid,were positively correlated to discrimination of S.jordanicola species.Meanwhile,fractions of S.imbracta,reduced the 5 upregulation of TNF-αcaused by LPS to levels lower than those produced by piroxicam while the petroleum ether and n-butanol fraction of S.jordanicola were more effective than piroxicam in reducing IL-6 gene expression.The coefficients plot depicted that methyl palmitate,aegicin,cleomiscoside,beta sitosterol and sitostanol possessed strong positive correlation to the down regulation of the pro-inflammatory marker TNF-α,IL-1βand IFN-γwhile only norepinephrine derivatives were the major metabolites that showed strong positive correlation to the inhibition of IL-6 pro-inflammatory marker.The results obtained may help to explain chemically,the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the various Salsola species fractions increasing the value of the Salsola species as a putative functional foods.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Salsola imbricata(S.imbricata)leaf extract against high-fat-diet/streptozocin-induced alterations in diabetic rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in insulin secretion.Methods:The total phytochemical content of ethyl acetate extract of S.imbricata was analyzed by HPLC.In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were determined.Ethyl acetate extract of S.imbricata(250 and 500 mg/kg)was administered to diabetic rats for 21 days.Serum glucose,serum insulin,fasting blood glucose,body weight,and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were measured.The hepatic malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated.Sandwich ELISA kits were used to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in liver tissue homogenate.Pdx-1,Ins-1,and Ins-2 expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR.Results:S.imbricata had potent antioxidant(IC50=11.75µg/mL)and antidiabetic activity(IC50=28.10µg/mL).HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid,p-coumaric acid,salicylic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,and quercetin.S.imbricata extract significantly(P<0.05)reduced blood glucose levels with marked improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance.S.imbricata leaf extract improved malondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase levels in hepatic tissue.S.imbricata leaf extract also decreased levels of TNF-αand IL-6(P<0.05).qRT-PCR revealed the upregulation of insulin signaling transduction genes(Pdx-1,Ins-1,Ins-2).Conclusions:S.imbricata ethyl acetate extract exhibits pronounced antidiabetic activity in rats by improving insulin resistance via modulation of insulin signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative stress.
文摘The article presents the results of the morpho-anatomical structure of the assimilation organs of the species Salsola leptoclada Gand, which is widespread in the Kyzylkum desert region of Uzbekistan, and reveals the structural, diagnostic and adaptive features. In the assimilation organs, Kranz type of mesophyll was found: in the cotyledons of the Kranz-spherical (Atriplicoid) type, and in the leaf—mesophylls of the Kranz-centric (Salsoloid) and Kranz-ventrodorsal type. These revealed diagnostic features of the assimilating organs of this species in arid conditions noted C4-type photosynthesis. Based on the comparative biometric analysis of quantitative indices of the anatomical features of the assimilating organs, xero-halomorphic features predominate. Halomorphic features are in the cotyledons—thin outer walls of the epidermal cells;few stomata of the anomocytic and paracytic type;few rows of spongy cells (3 - 4 rows);few vascular bundles of the collateral type and xylem, in the leaf—large and thin outer walls of the epidermal cells;succulence of the leaf mesophyll, the presence of aquiferous cells;large palisade, keratin and aquiferous cells. Xeromorphic features in the cotyledons—small and numerous epidermal cells and hemiparacytic type stomata also deep immersion;small palisade cells and a high palisade index, small spongy, hypodermal and keratin cells;small diameter of the xylem in vascular bundles;in the leaf numerous epidermal cells and stomata also deeply immersed;presence and numerous multicellular nodular, dentate trichomes;multi-row water-bearing cells;high palisade index;small and numerous xylem;numerous peripheral vascular bundles of the collateral type. These identified specific diagnostic features showing adaptation to arid conditions can also serve in the identification of plant materials.
基金Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Borders University for its funding of this research through the research project No.435-32-5
文摘Objective: To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from aerial parts of widespread Chenopodiaceae taxa growing in Saudi Arabia: Salsola villosa Delile. ex Schul. Methods: Antibacterial activities of chloroformic extract, fractions and isolate compounds was evaluated against five bacterial strains(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), using a paper disc diffusion method. The purification of compound(s) of chloroform extract was done by chromatographic column of silica gel. The structure elucidation was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis(1H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy analysis.Results: Bioactivity guided fractionation of the chloroformic extract led to the isolation of two bioactive compounds: 4-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methylcyclopent-2'-enyloxy)-4-methylcyclopent-2-enol(1) named salsolanol and 4'-[3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl]-3-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-6, 2'-dimethoxy [1, 1'-biphenyl]-2-ol(2) named biphenylsalsinol. The antibacterial effects of the chloroform extracts, fractions and isolated compounds 1 and 2 were also evaluated in this work. Results showed that the compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activities against four strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with diameter of zone of inhibition ranging between(9.33 ± 0.94) to(26.33 ± 0.94) mm.Conclusions: Based on data presented here, two new natural compounds secondary cyclic alcohol 1 and biphenylpropanoid 2 isolated from bioactive chloroformic extract from aerial parts of Salsola villosa can be responsible for its antibacterial activities.
基金Support Project of Gansu Province(0804NKCA075)Science & Technology Project of Lanzhou,Gansu Province(08-1-169)Science & Technology Base Project of Gansu Educational Bureau(08zd-14)
文摘Objective:To explore the protective effect of the crude extract of Salsola imbricata against acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice and its mechanism of action.Methods:Ethanolic crude extract of Salsola imbricata was characterized by HPLC.Salsola imbricata extract at different doses was administered and ulcerative colitis was induced by 200μL,7.5%acetic acid and macroscopic parameters were evaluated to assess the homeostatic condition of intestinal mucosa along with hematological and biochemical assays.The levels of malondialdehyde,glutathione peroxidase 1,superoxide dismutase,and catalase were determined in colon tissues.Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were quantified by ELISA.The extent of tissue damage was assessed by histological analysis.Results:Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals including quercetin,gallic acid,syringic acid,benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid in the crude extract.The crude extract of Salsola imbricata(300 and 500 mg/kg)markedly decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide(P<0.01)and increased antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase 1(P<0.001)and superoxide dismutase(P<0.001).Moreover,it decreased the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsignificantly(P<0.001)and reduced the damage to the colon mucosa,promoting tissue healing and regeneration.Conclusions:Salsola imbricata extract restores the colonic epithelial layers by maintaining mucosal homeostasis and cell integrity by modulating antioxidant defense system and inflammatory cytokine signaling in ulcerative colitis mice.
文摘Salsola vermiculata is a highly palatable shrub and widely used in rangeland rehabilitation programs, but has short seed longevity. To identify the most cost effective storage method for S. vermiculata, experiments were carried out to test the effects of fruit bracts （wings）, temperature regimes, seed moisture and packaging methods on storage life. Seed samples were removed from storage at monthly intervals for testing and towards the end of the experiments samples were transferred from hermetic to ambient storage conditions and tested for germination. Experiment 1 continued for 1,140 days, Experiment 2 for 720 days. For de-winged seed, high moisture content increased seed longevity, suggesting that desiccation susceptibility is one of the causes of limited longevity in this species. Most longevity regression lines of winged seeds had negative intercepts suggesting increase in germination resulting from gradual dormancy-breaking. Drying and packaging alone increased longevity by 7.6 and 3.8 times in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Samples kept at lower temperature and lower moisture treatments survived longer under ambient conditions. Increased longevity by drying and vacuum packaging alone can provide simple, cost effective and environmentally friendly options for rangeland rehabilitation programs.
文摘Many of the plants of genus Salsola are edible halophytes which are known for their use in treatment of inflammation as well as their nutritional content.This study aims at comprehensive chemical profiling of two Salsola species that are widely distributed in arid areas;S.imbricata and S.jordanicola,using UHPLC-QqQ-MS in an attempt to decipher the bioactive constituents of the aerial parts of the selected plants and their ex-vivo antiinflammatory activity.73 chromatographic peaks were annotated where phytosterols dominated the metabolites in S.imbracta while phenylalkylamines were the major constituents detected in S.jordanicola.OPLS-DA model coefficients plot indicated that tetradecanoic acid,beta sitosterol and pentacosane were positively correlated to discrimination of S.imbricata species while N-feruloyloctopamine,N-feruloyltyramine,and ferulic acid,were positively correlated to discrimination of S.jordanicola species.Meanwhile,fractions of S.imbracta,reduced the 5 upregulation of TNF-αcaused by LPS to levels lower than those produced by piroxicam while the petroleum ether and n-butanol fraction of S.jordanicola were more effective than piroxicam in reducing IL-6 gene expression.The coefficients plot depicted that methyl palmitate,aegicin,cleomiscoside,beta sitosterol and sitostanol possessed strong positive correlation to the down regulation of the pro-inflammatory marker TNF-α,IL-1βand IFN-γwhile only norepinephrine derivatives were the major metabolites that showed strong positive correlation to the inhibition of IL-6 pro-inflammatory marker.The results obtained may help to explain chemically,the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the various Salsola species fractions increasing the value of the Salsola species as a putative functional foods.
