BACKGROUND Lower salivary uric acid concentrations,the most abundant antioxidant agent in saliva,have been observed in patients with periodontitis compared to individuals with periodontal health.However,the independen...BACKGROUND Lower salivary uric acid concentrations,the most abundant antioxidant agent in saliva,have been observed in patients with periodontitis compared to individuals with periodontal health.However,the independent association of salivary uric acid levels with periodontitis,accounting for other risk factors,as well as its association with periodontitis severity,has not been investigated.AIM To the independent association of salivary uric acid levels with periodontitis and the association of salivary uric acid levels with the severity of periodontitis.METHODS This observational and prospective study measured salivary uric acid levels in subjects with periodontitis(characterized by periodontal loss of tissue)and in subjects without periodontitis(periodontal health or localized gingivitis in<30%of sites).Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent factors associated with periodontitis.Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis severity.A receiver operating characteristic analysis was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic performance of salivary uric acid levels in periodontitis,reporting the area under curve(AUC)and its 95%CI.RESULTS We included 121 subjects,61 of them with periodontitis and 60 without periodontitis(39 with periodontal health and 21 with local gingivitis).Subjects with periodontitis compared to those without periodontitis were older(P<0.001),had higher salivary uric acid levels(P=0.002),higher rate of arterial hypertension history(P=0.001)and higher rate of never-smoker history(P<0.001).The AUC for periodontitis diagnosis by salivary uric acid levels was 66%(95%CI:57%-75%;P<0.001)and the better cut-off point was 111 nmol/mL.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an independent association of salivary uric acid levels<111 nmol/mL(OR=6.14;95%CI:2.015-18.721;P=0.001)with periodontitis after controlling for age,never-smoker history and arterial hypertension.A negative correlation of salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis severity was observed(rho=-0.32;P<0.001).CONCLUSION The two novel findings of our research were,first,that low salivary uric acid concentrations are independently associated with periodontitis,even after accounting for established risk factors.Second,salivary uric acid levels show a negative correlation with periodontitis severity.展开更多
In this letter,we delve into the groundbreaking research by Lorente et al,which sheds light on the intricate relationship between low salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis.The study not only confirms previous ob...In this letter,we delve into the groundbreaking research by Lorente et al,which sheds light on the intricate relationship between low salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis.The study not only confirms previous observations of reduced salivary uric acid concentrations in periodontitis patients but also establishes,for the first time,an independent association between these two factors,even when controlling for traditional risk factors such as age,smoking status,and arterial hypertension.Moreover,the findings reveal a significant negative correlation between salivary uric acid levels and the severity of periodontitis,suggesting that this biomarker may serve as a valuable indicator of disease progression.These discoveries open new avenues for understanding the pathophysiology of period-ontitis and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.The potential clinical applications of salivary uric acid measurement,such as guiding personalized treatment plans and monitoring disease activity,warrant further exploration to enhance patient care and improve outcomes in this prevalent inflammatory condition.展开更多
Haemaphysalis longicornis serves as the primary tick vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),the etiological agent responsible for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS).Understa...Haemaphysalis longicornis serves as the primary tick vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),the etiological agent responsible for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS).Understanding alterations in tick salivary gland microbiota during SFTSV transmission to vertebrate hosts is essential for developing novel control strategies.However,microbial shifts in tick salivary glands during pathogen transmission to hosts have not been reported for any tick-borne pathogens.In this study,SFTSV transmission from H.longicornis to vertebrate hosts was confirmed using a tickrabbit transmission model.Salivary gland microbiota profiling via 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified significant changes in bacterial composition associated with viral transmission.The relative abundance of three genera(Serratia,Bifidobacterium,and Akkermansia)increased,whereas five genera(Flavobacterium,Staphylococcus,Enhydrobacter,Massilia,and Stenotrophomonas)decreased.Correlation network analysis revealed a negative association between Akkermansia and Flavobacterium.These findings demonstrated that SFTSV transmission alters the salivary gland microbiota of H.longicornis,providing insights for future functional studies and the development of targeted strategies for SFTS control.展开更多
This article explores the association between salivary uric acid(UA)and periodontitis,systematically analyzing its dual roles and research progress.Studies indicate that UA acts as a primary antioxidant in saliva unde...This article explores the association between salivary uric acid(UA)and periodontitis,systematically analyzing its dual roles and research progress.Studies indicate that UA acts as a primary antioxidant in saliva under physiological conditions(accounting for 70%),protecting periodontal tissues by scavenging reactive oxygen species.However,when gum disease becomes severe,UA can switch roles and fuel inflammation,worsening tissue damage.Lorente et al’s research found an independent inverse correlation between salivary UA levels and periodontitis severity(odds ratio=6.14,P=0.001),establishing 111 nmol/mL as a diagnostic threshold(area under the curve=66%).Nevertheless,limitations include sample heterogeneity and failure to distinguish between gingivitis and periodontitis.Mechanistically,three hypotheses are proposed:The Antioxidant Depletion Hypothesis(UA oxidation consumption leading to feedback loops),the Microbial Metabolic Hijacking Hypothesis(pathogens utilizing UA as a carbon source to disrupt redox balance),and the Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Hypothesis(UA deficiency causing downregulation of tight junction proteins).Future research should prioritize longitudinal cohorts to validate predictive value,integrate multi-omics to explore dysregulated signatures,and develop UA supplementation or targeted antioxidant therapies.This study provides novel insights into periodontitis diagnosis and mechanisms,advancing the application of salivary biomarkers in precision periodontics.展开更多
Oral cancer,particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality,with delayed diagnosis being a major contributing factor.Although salivary biomarkers have ...Oral cancer,particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality,with delayed diagnosis being a major contributing factor.Although salivary biomarkers have been explored for over three decades,the need for reliable,non-invasive diagnostic methods that enable early detection and continuous monitoring of OSCC remains unmet.This review aims to provide an updated overview of the latest advancements in salivary biomarker research,focusing on emerging biomarkers such as interleukin-6,interleukin-8,microRNAs and DNA methylation patterns,as well as metabolites and microbiota,all of which show significant promise for early OSCC detection.In addition to discussing well-established biomarkers,we explore recent technological developments that increase the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers,such as mass spectrometry,multiplex assays,and nanobiosensors.These developments are complemented by the integration of artificial intelligence for data analysis,which enables more accurate,point-of-care diagnostics that could revolutionize oral cancer screening.This review not only consolidates current knowledge but also addresses the challenges that hinder the widespread clinical adoption of salivary diagnostics,such as saliva variability and assay standardization.By overcoming these barriers,salivary biomarker-based diagnostics have the potential to transform OSCC detection,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective solution that can improve early diagnosis and patient outcomes.展开更多
Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this e...Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this end,in vitro platforms are needed to test therapies directed at salivary(fluid-secreting)cells.However,since these are highly differentiated secretory cells,the maintenance of their differentiated state while expanding in numbers is challenging.In this study,the efficiency of three reversible thermo-ionically crosslinked gels:(1)alginate–gelatin(AG),(2)collagen-containing AG(AGC),and(3)hyaluronic acid-containing AG(AGHA),to recapitulate a native-like environment for human salivary gland(SG)cell expansion and 3D spheroid formation was compared.Although all gels were of mechanical properties comparable to human SG tissue(~11 kPa)and promoted the formation of 3D spheroids,AGHA gels produced larger(>100 cells/spheroid),viable(>93%),proliferative,and well-organized 3D SG spheroids while spatially and temporally maintaining the high expression of key SG proteins(aquaporin-5,NKCC1,ZO-1,α-amylase)for 14 days in culture.Moreover,the spheroids responded to agonist-induced stimulation by increasingα-amylase secretory granules.Here,we propose alternative lowcost,reproducible,and reversible AG-based 3D hydrogels that allow the facile and rapid retrieval of intact,highly viable 3D-SG spheroids.展开更多
Early childhood caries （ECC） is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main e...Early childhood caries （ECC） is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.展开更多
BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastat...BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastatic disease in cervical lymph nodes or specific lymphadenitis such as tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of SDC in the submandibular gland that presented diagnostic difficulty.The lesion was coincidentally discovered through examination of the radiolucent area of the maxilla.Imaging failed to confirm the possibility of specific inflammation,leading us to execute an open biopsy to verify the diagnosis.The surgical specimen showed that the submandibular gland was primarily replaced with a calcified body.Following histological analysis and confirmation,we performed surgical resection,radiotherapy,and various chemotherapies.CONCLUSION Radiographic imaging characteristics of lymph node metastases of salivary gland cancer,especially of SDC,may resemble other cervical lymphadenitis;calcification at the submandibular gland is the landmark of SDC occurring at the submandibular gland.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC)is a rare malignancy of the head and neck;however,it accounts for a majority of the tumors of the salivary glands.This study used a national population-based registry to describ...BACKGROUND Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC)is a rare malignancy of the head and neck;however,it accounts for a majority of the tumors of the salivary glands.This study used a national population-based registry to describe the pre-treatment and treatment-related prognostic factors that influence survival in patients with MEC of the major salivary glands.To our knowledge,this is the largest populationbased study examining predictors of both overall and cause-specific survival of MEC of the major salivary glands.AIM To identify prognostic factors influencing overall survival(OS)and cause-specific survival(CSS)of patients with MEC of the major salivary glands.METHODS We used the Surveillance,Epidemiology and End-Results Database of the National Cancer Institute to investigate a variety of factors that could influence survival of patients diagnosed with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the major salivary glands.A total of 2210 patients diagnosed with MEC of the major salivary glands during the years of 1975-2016 were studied.The primary endpoints were OS and CSS.Cox regression analysis was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical variables such as age at diagnosis,diagnosis year,sex,race,tumor size,stage,grade,treatment with or without surgical excision,and adjuvant radiotherapy treatment.RESULTS A total of 2210 patients diagnosed with MEC of the major salivary glands met inclusion criteria.In this study,95%of patients underwent surgical excision and 41%received adjuvant radiation therapy.Median OS time for Grade I,II,and III/IV was 401 mo(±48.25,95%CI),340 mo(±33.68,95%CI)and 55 mo(±11.05,95%CI),respectively.Univariate analysis revealed that lack of surgical excision was associated with decreased OS[hazard ratio(HR)4.26,P<0.0001]and that patients with localized disease had improved OS compared to both regional and distant disease(HR 3.07 and 6.96,respectively,P<0.0001).Additionally,univariate analysis demonstrated that male sex,age over 50 at diagnosis,Grade III tumors,and increasing tumor size were associated with worsened OS(P<0.0006).Univariate analysis of CSS similarly revealed that lack of surgical excision and Grade III carcinoma conferred decreased CSS(HR 4.37 and 5.44,respectively,P<0.0001).Multivariate analysis confirmed that increasing age,in 10-year age bands,advanced tumor stage,increasing tumor size,Grade III carcinoma,male sex,and lack of surgical excision were associated with a statistically significant decrease in OS and CSS(P<0.04).Of note,multivariate analysis revealed that the use of adjuvant radiation therapy was not associated with improved OS or CSS.CONCLUSION Multivariate analysis demonstrated increasing age,advanced tumor stage,increasing tumor size,Grade III carcinoma,male sex,and lack of surgical excision were associated with decreased OS and CSS(P<0.04).展开更多
Purpose: Umami reportedly promotes salivation. We aimed to investigate the effects of taste stimuli on slow and fast salivary secretion in humans using umami, sweet, and sour stimuli. Methods: Eight healthy women part...Purpose: Umami reportedly promotes salivation. We aimed to investigate the effects of taste stimuli on slow and fast salivary secretion in humans using umami, sweet, and sour stimuli. Methods: Eight healthy women participated between 14:00 and 15:00, taking the circadian rhythm of salivary secretion into account. The types and concentrations of the taste solutions were glutamic acid (1.7 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M), inosinic acid (9.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M), and guanylic acid (9.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) for umami stimulation, citric acid (6.5 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) for acidity stimulation, and sucrose (1.6 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M) for sweetness stimulation. First, the unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured. Then, 3 ml of a flavor solution was dropped under the tongue using a syringe. The saliva was expelled into an aluminum cup every minute and weighed. The first minute’s value minus 3 ml flavor solution was the stimulated salivary secretion rate produced by each flavor. The time-to-return to the initial unstimulated salivary flow rate was the duration of the stimulated saliva secretion rate. Results: The mean unstimulated salivary flow rate across participants was 0.64 ± 0.25 ml/min (range: 0.23 - 1.03 ml/min). The highest amount of saliva was induced by citric acid. There were significant differences between citric acid and the other flavor solutions (p < 0.05 for glutamic acid, inosinic acid, and sucrose;p < 0.01 for guanylic acid). There were no significant differences in duration of salivation between the flavor solutions. When the participants were divided into slow (0.45 ± 0.16 ml/min) and fast groups (0.83 ± 0.15 ml/min) based on their median resting salivary secretion rate, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the amount of saliva secreted at 1 minute after stimulation and the duration of the salivary secretion rate. Conclusion: Umami stimulation was effective in slowing salivary secretion and sustaining salivary secretion after stimulation.展开更多
AIM:Danshen's capability to induce salivary fluid secretion and its mechanisms were studied to determine if it could improve xerostomia.METHODS:Submandibular glands were isolated from male Wistar rats under system...AIM:Danshen's capability to induce salivary fluid secretion and its mechanisms were studied to determine if it could improve xerostomia.METHODS:Submandibular glands were isolated from male Wistar rats under systemic anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium.The artery was cannulated and vascularly perfused at a constant rate.The excretory duct was also cannulated and the secreted saliva was weighed in a cup on an electronic balance.The weight of the accumulated saliva was measured every 3 s and the salivary flow rate was calculated.In addition,the arterio-venous difference in the partial oxygen pressure was measured as an indicator of oxygen consumption.In order to assess the mechanism involved in Dansheninduced fluid secretion,either ouabain(an inhibitor of Na+/K+ ATPase) or bumetanide(an inhibitor of NKCC1) was additionally applied during the Danshen stimulation.In order to examine the involvement of the main membrane receptors,atropine was added to block the M3 muscarinic receptors,or phentolamine was added to block the α1 adrenergic receptors.In order to examine the requirement for extracellular Ca2+,Danshen was applied during the perfusion with nominal Ca2+ free solution.RESULTS:Although Danshen induced salivary fluid secretion,88.7 ± 12.8 μL/g-min,n = 9,(the highest value around 20 min from start of DS perfusion was significantly high vs 32.5 ± 5.3 μL/g-min by carbamylcholine,P = 0.00093 by t-test) in the submandibular glands,the time course of that secretion differed from that induced by carbamylcholine.There was a latency associated with the fluid secretion induced by Danshen,followed by a gradual increasein the secretion to its highest value,which was in turn followed by a slow decline to a near zero level.The application of either ouabain or bumetanide inhibited the fluid secretion by 85% or 93%,and suppressed the oxygen consumption by 49% or 66%,respectively.These results indicated that Danshen activates Na+/K+ ATPase and NKCC1 to maintain Cl- release and K+ release for fluid secretion.Neither atropine or phentolamine inhibited the fluid secretion induced by Danshen(263% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%,227% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%,P = 0.899,0.626 > 0.05 respectively,by ANOVA).Accordingly,Danshen does not bind with M3 or α1 receptors.These characteristics suggested that the mechanism involved in DS-induced salivary fluid secretion could be different from that induced by carbamylcholine.Carbamylcholine activates the M3 receptor to release inositol trisphosphate(IP3) and quickly releases Ca2+ from the calcium stores.The elevation of [Ca2+]i induces chloride release and quick osmosis,resulting in an onset of fluid secretion.An increase in [Ca2+]i is essential for the activation of the luminal Cl- and basolateral K+ channels.The nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+ totally abolished the fluid secretion induced by Danshen(1.8 ± 0.8 μL/g-min vs 101.9 ± 17.2 μL/g-min,P = 0.00023 < 0.01,by t-test),suggesting the involvement of Ca2+ in the activation of these channels.Therefore,IP3-store Ca2+ release signalling may not be involved in the secretion induced by Danshen,but rather,there may be a distinct signalling process.CONCLUSION:The present findings suggest that Danshen can be used in the treatment of xerostomia,to avoid the systemic side effects associated with muscarinic drugs.展开更多
The principle of modern oncological surgery is to conserve the functional organs or tissues as much as possible based on eradication of the tumour.For salivary gland tumours,conservative and functional salivary surger...The principle of modern oncological surgery is to conserve the functional organs or tissues as much as possible based on eradication of the tumour.For salivary gland tumours,conservative and functional salivary surgery,including partial sialoadenectomy as well as anatomical and functional preservation of the facial nerve,great auricular nerve,superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS),and Stensen’s duct,has become increasingly popular.In the present review,we discuss the following aspects of conservative and functional surgery in the treatment of salivary gland tumours:(i) partial superficial parotidectomy (PP) to treat benign parotid gland tumours,(ii) modification of surgical incisions to improve cosmetic results,(iii) modification of the surgical approach to decrease complications,(iv) extracardial dissection to treat benign superficial parotid tumours,(v) partial sialoadenectomy to treat benign submandibular gland tumours,and (vi) 125I brachytherapy to preserve facial nerves.The majority of the operated parotid or submandibular glands are preserved,and surgical complications are also decreased.Conservative and functional surgery plays a significant role in maintaining normal salivary gland function and in improving patients’ quality of life during the treatment of salivary gland tumours and thus should be further promoted.展开更多
Aim To detect the expression of nerve growth factor （NGF） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma （SACC） tissues, as well as to determine the correlation between growth...Aim To detect the expression of nerve growth factor （NGF） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma （SACC） tissues, as well as to determine the correlation between growth factor expression and prognosis in SACC. Methodology Medical records of 63 patients surgically treated for SACC between January 1988 and October 2005 were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of NGF and VEGF in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox＇s proportional hazard regression model were applied to assess predictors of survival. Results NGF and VEGF were overexpressed in SACC tissues, compared with those in normal salivary tissues （P〈0.05）, and the staining intensity of these two factors was stronger in groups of solid subtype, advanced TNM stage, perineural invasion and recurrence. Patients with high- expression of NGF and VEGF, solid subtype, advanced stage, perineural invasion, recurrence and extended resection alone had worse survival rates （P〈0.05）. Conclusion NGF and VEGF are expressed increasingly in the tissues of SACC cases with invasion and metastasis. NGF expression and VEGF expression are independent prognosis factors for survival.展开更多
AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially wi...AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.展开更多
The present study was designed to identify immunomodulatory components from the leech salivary gland of Haemadipsa sylvestris. The Sephadex G-50, ResourceTM S column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance l...The present study was designed to identify immunomodulatory components from the leech salivary gland of Haemadipsa sylvestris. The Sephadex G-50, ResourceTM S column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) were used to isolate and purify the salivary gland extracts(SGE). Structural analysis of isolated compounds was based on Edman degradation and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer(MALDI-TOF-MS). The c DNA encoding the precursor of the compound was cloned from the c DNA library of the salivary gland of H. sylvestris. The levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interferon ?(IFN-?), interleukin-6(IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The effects on cell proliferation and cell viability were observed using MTT assay. A novel neuropeptide Y(Neuropeptide Y-HS) from the leech salivary gland of H. sylvestris was purified and characterized. It was composed of 36 amino acid residues and the amino acid sequence was determined to be FLEPPERPAVFTSVEQMKSYIKALNDYYLLLGRPRF-NH2, containing an amidated C-terminus. It showed significant inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-?, IFN-?, IL-6, and MCP-1. Neuropeptide Y was identified from leeches for the first time. The presence of neuropeptide Y-HS in leech salivary gland may help get blood meal from hosts and inhibit inflammation.展开更多
The full-length c DNA of functionally-unknown salivary protein C002 in Schizaphis graminum was cloned using rapid amplification of c DNA ends（RACE） and designated as Sg C002（Gen Bank accession no. KC977563）. It is...The full-length c DNA of functionally-unknown salivary protein C002 in Schizaphis graminum was cloned using rapid amplification of c DNA ends（RACE） and designated as Sg C002（Gen Bank accession no. KC977563）. It is 767 bp long and encodes a protein of 190 amino acid residues with a predicted mass of 21.5 k Da and a predicted cleavage site of N-terminal signal peptide between the 24 th and the 25 th residues. Sg C002 is specifically expressed in salivary gland with the highest level at the 2nd instar. Introducing Sg C002-specific 476-si RNA, but not 546-si RNA to aphids through artificial diet significantly suppressed Sg C002 expression. Silencing Sg C002 gene led to lethality of the aphid on wheat plants, but not on pure artificial diet. Our study demonstrated that artificial diet-mediated RNAi can be a useful tool for research on the roles of genes in aphid salivary gland, and also provided new insights into the characteristics of C002 in wheat aphids.展开更多
Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and ...Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and a tool that differentiates between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to identify a relationship between the expression of IMP3 and the outcome of salivary gland MEC, as well as to differentiate MEC from pleomorphic adenoma(PA).Methods: Tissue specimens from 70 cases of salivary gland MEC, 40 cases of PA, and 10 cases with normal salivary gland were examined immunohistochemically for IMP3. The association among the expression of IMP3, clinicopathological characteristics and patient's survival was assessed.Results: IMP3 was present in 51.4% of MEC but absent in PA and normal salivary gland tissues. IMP3 expression was associated with age > 60 years, submandibular gland tumors, tumor size > 4 cm, high-grade tumors, lymph node metastasis, involvement of surgical margins, perineural invasion, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, tumor relapse, and death(P<0.05). Increased expression of IMP3, tumors of the submandibular gland, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival(DFS). In addition, IMP3 was a strong predictor of overall survival(OS) together with distant metastasis and intermediate and high-grade tumors.Conclusions: IMP3 expression is highly important in evaluating the outcome of MEC. IMP3 can be used to differentiate MEC from PA of salivary glands.展开更多
A 62-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of liver dysfunction, diffuse pancreatic swelling, and trachelophyma. At admission, the patient was free of pain. Physical examination showed enlarged and palpab...A 62-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of liver dysfunction, diffuse pancreatic swelling, and trachelophyma. At admission, the patient was free of pain. Physical examination showed enlarged and palpable bilateral submandibular masses, but no palpable mass or organomegaly in the abdomen. Laboratory findings were as follows： total protein 90 g/L with γ-globulin of 37.3% （33 g/L）, total bilirubin 4 mg/L, aspartate aminotransferase 39 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 67 IU/L,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 647 IU/L, and amylase 135 IU/L. Autoantibodies were negative, and tumor markers were within the normal range. Serum IgG4 level was markedly elevated （18 900 rag/L）. Computed tomography （CT） showed diffuse swelling of the pancreas and dilatation of both common and intra-hepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography （ERP） revealed diffuse irregular and narrow main pancreatic duct and stenosis of the lower common bile duct. Biopsy specimens from the pancreas, salivary gland and liver showed marked periductal IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration with fibrosis. We considered this patient to be autoimmune pancreatitis （AIP） with fibrosclerosis of the salivary gland and biliary tract, prescribed prednisolone at an initial dose of 40 mg/d. Three months later, the laboratory data improved almost to normal. Abdominal CT reflected prominent improvement in the pancreatic lesion. Swelling of the salivary gland also improved. At present, the patient is on 10 mg/d of prednisolone without recurrence of the pancreatitis. We present here a case of AIP with fibrosclerosis of salivary gland and biliary tract.展开更多
Aim： To investigate the localization and quantity of androgen receptor （AR） in the salivary glands of rats with further analysis on the effect of castration. Methods： Sixty male Wistar rats, aged 30-60 days, were ...Aim： To investigate the localization and quantity of androgen receptor （AR） in the salivary glands of rats with further analysis on the effect of castration. Methods： Sixty male Wistar rats, aged 30-60 days, were randomly divided into three groups （castrated, sham-operated and normal controls） with 20 rats in each group. The rats in the castrated group were castrated and the submaxillary glands were removed after 1 week. The salivary glands of the rats in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were also removed. Parts of the salivary glands were fixed for immuohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays. Other parts were used for Western blot. Results： AR immunoreactivity in the three groups was localized in the glandular epithelial cells of the serous acinus and the glandular duct of the salivary gland, mainly in the nuclei. AR mRNA hybridization signals in the salivary glands of the castrated group were mainly distributed in the epithelial cells of the convoluted and secretary ducts; AR mRNA in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were found in the epithelial cells of the convoluted, the secretary and the excretory ducts. The quantity of AR in the salivary glands was decreased significantly in the castrated rats compared with the sham-operated and the normal controls. Moreover, epidermal growth factor （EGF） secreted by the salivary glands was also decreased in the castrated rats. Conclusion： Castration appears to affect the production of AR in the salivary gland and the distribution of the AR mRNA and could further affect the function of the salivary gland. The changes of AR and the distribution of AR mRNA may play an important role in the interactions between the testes and the salivary gland. （Asian J Androl 2005 Sep; 7： 295-301）展开更多
Salivary gland(SG)dysfunction,due to radiotherapy,disease,or aging,is a clinical manifestation that has the potential to cause severe oral and/or systemic diseases and compromise quality of life.Currently,the standard...Salivary gland(SG)dysfunction,due to radiotherapy,disease,or aging,is a clinical manifestation that has the potential to cause severe oral and/or systemic diseases and compromise quality of life.Currently,the standard-of-care for this condition remains palliative.A variety of approaches have been employed to restore saliva production,but they have largely failed due to damage to both secretory cells and the extracellular matrix(niche).展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Lower salivary uric acid concentrations,the most abundant antioxidant agent in saliva,have been observed in patients with periodontitis compared to individuals with periodontal health.However,the independent association of salivary uric acid levels with periodontitis,accounting for other risk factors,as well as its association with periodontitis severity,has not been investigated.AIM To the independent association of salivary uric acid levels with periodontitis and the association of salivary uric acid levels with the severity of periodontitis.METHODS This observational and prospective study measured salivary uric acid levels in subjects with periodontitis(characterized by periodontal loss of tissue)and in subjects without periodontitis(periodontal health or localized gingivitis in<30%of sites).Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent factors associated with periodontitis.Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis severity.A receiver operating characteristic analysis was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic performance of salivary uric acid levels in periodontitis,reporting the area under curve(AUC)and its 95%CI.RESULTS We included 121 subjects,61 of them with periodontitis and 60 without periodontitis(39 with periodontal health and 21 with local gingivitis).Subjects with periodontitis compared to those without periodontitis were older(P<0.001),had higher salivary uric acid levels(P=0.002),higher rate of arterial hypertension history(P=0.001)and higher rate of never-smoker history(P<0.001).The AUC for periodontitis diagnosis by salivary uric acid levels was 66%(95%CI:57%-75%;P<0.001)and the better cut-off point was 111 nmol/mL.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an independent association of salivary uric acid levels<111 nmol/mL(OR=6.14;95%CI:2.015-18.721;P=0.001)with periodontitis after controlling for age,never-smoker history and arterial hypertension.A negative correlation of salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis severity was observed(rho=-0.32;P<0.001).CONCLUSION The two novel findings of our research were,first,that low salivary uric acid concentrations are independently associated with periodontitis,even after accounting for established risk factors.Second,salivary uric acid levels show a negative correlation with periodontitis severity.
文摘In this letter,we delve into the groundbreaking research by Lorente et al,which sheds light on the intricate relationship between low salivary uric acid levels and periodontitis.The study not only confirms previous observations of reduced salivary uric acid concentrations in periodontitis patients but also establishes,for the first time,an independent association between these two factors,even when controlling for traditional risk factors such as age,smoking status,and arterial hypertension.Moreover,the findings reveal a significant negative correlation between salivary uric acid levels and the severity of periodontitis,suggesting that this biomarker may serve as a valuable indicator of disease progression.These discoveries open new avenues for understanding the pathophysiology of period-ontitis and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.The potential clinical applications of salivary uric acid measurement,such as guiding personalized treatment plans and monitoring disease activity,warrant further exploration to enhance patient care and improve outcomes in this prevalent inflammatory condition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102433,32160124,32370522,32090014)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(822RC711,821QN254)。
文摘Haemaphysalis longicornis serves as the primary tick vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),the etiological agent responsible for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS).Understanding alterations in tick salivary gland microbiota during SFTSV transmission to vertebrate hosts is essential for developing novel control strategies.However,microbial shifts in tick salivary glands during pathogen transmission to hosts have not been reported for any tick-borne pathogens.In this study,SFTSV transmission from H.longicornis to vertebrate hosts was confirmed using a tickrabbit transmission model.Salivary gland microbiota profiling via 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified significant changes in bacterial composition associated with viral transmission.The relative abundance of three genera(Serratia,Bifidobacterium,and Akkermansia)increased,whereas five genera(Flavobacterium,Staphylococcus,Enhydrobacter,Massilia,and Stenotrophomonas)decreased.Correlation network analysis revealed a negative association between Akkermansia and Flavobacterium.These findings demonstrated that SFTSV transmission alters the salivary gland microbiota of H.longicornis,providing insights for future functional studies and the development of targeted strategies for SFTS control.
文摘This article explores the association between salivary uric acid(UA)and periodontitis,systematically analyzing its dual roles and research progress.Studies indicate that UA acts as a primary antioxidant in saliva under physiological conditions(accounting for 70%),protecting periodontal tissues by scavenging reactive oxygen species.However,when gum disease becomes severe,UA can switch roles and fuel inflammation,worsening tissue damage.Lorente et al’s research found an independent inverse correlation between salivary UA levels and periodontitis severity(odds ratio=6.14,P=0.001),establishing 111 nmol/mL as a diagnostic threshold(area under the curve=66%).Nevertheless,limitations include sample heterogeneity and failure to distinguish between gingivitis and periodontitis.Mechanistically,three hypotheses are proposed:The Antioxidant Depletion Hypothesis(UA oxidation consumption leading to feedback loops),the Microbial Metabolic Hijacking Hypothesis(pathogens utilizing UA as a carbon source to disrupt redox balance),and the Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Hypothesis(UA deficiency causing downregulation of tight junction proteins).Future research should prioritize longitudinal cohorts to validate predictive value,integrate multi-omics to explore dysregulated signatures,and develop UA supplementation or targeted antioxidant therapies.This study provides novel insights into periodontitis diagnosis and mechanisms,advancing the application of salivary biomarkers in precision periodontics.
文摘Oral cancer,particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality,with delayed diagnosis being a major contributing factor.Although salivary biomarkers have been explored for over three decades,the need for reliable,non-invasive diagnostic methods that enable early detection and continuous monitoring of OSCC remains unmet.This review aims to provide an updated overview of the latest advancements in salivary biomarker research,focusing on emerging biomarkers such as interleukin-6,interleukin-8,microRNAs and DNA methylation patterns,as well as metabolites and microbiota,all of which show significant promise for early OSCC detection.In addition to discussing well-established biomarkers,we explore recent technological developments that increase the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers,such as mass spectrometry,multiplex assays,and nanobiosensors.These developments are complemented by the integration of artificial intelligence for data analysis,which enables more accurate,point-of-care diagnostics that could revolutionize oral cancer screening.This review not only consolidates current knowledge but also addresses the challenges that hinder the widespread clinical adoption of salivary diagnostics,such as saliva variability and assay standardization.By overcoming these barriers,salivary biomarker-based diagnostics have the potential to transform OSCC detection,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective solution that can improve early diagnosis and patient outcomes.
基金support from Fonds de Recherche du Québec Santé(FRQS,grant no.281271)support from FRQS doctoral award #304367funding from CFI,Rheolution Inc.,and Investissement Québec.
文摘Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this end,in vitro platforms are needed to test therapies directed at salivary(fluid-secreting)cells.However,since these are highly differentiated secretory cells,the maintenance of their differentiated state while expanding in numbers is challenging.In this study,the efficiency of three reversible thermo-ionically crosslinked gels:(1)alginate–gelatin(AG),(2)collagen-containing AG(AGC),and(3)hyaluronic acid-containing AG(AGHA),to recapitulate a native-like environment for human salivary gland(SG)cell expansion and 3D spheroid formation was compared.Although all gels were of mechanical properties comparable to human SG tissue(~11 kPa)and promoted the formation of 3D spheroids,AGHA gels produced larger(>100 cells/spheroid),viable(>93%),proliferative,and well-organized 3D SG spheroids while spatially and temporally maintaining the high expression of key SG proteins(aquaporin-5,NKCC1,ZO-1,α-amylase)for 14 days in culture.Moreover,the spheroids responded to agonist-induced stimulation by increasingα-amylase secretory granules.Here,we propose alternative lowcost,reproducible,and reversible AG-based 3D hydrogels that allow the facile and rapid retrieval of intact,highly viable 3D-SG spheroids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China81400502(Qiong Zhang)the Young Teacher Research Start Funding of Sichuan University 2016SCU11049(Yuan Zhou)
文摘Early childhood caries （ECC） is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
文摘BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastatic disease in cervical lymph nodes or specific lymphadenitis such as tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of SDC in the submandibular gland that presented diagnostic difficulty.The lesion was coincidentally discovered through examination of the radiolucent area of the maxilla.Imaging failed to confirm the possibility of specific inflammation,leading us to execute an open biopsy to verify the diagnosis.The surgical specimen showed that the submandibular gland was primarily replaced with a calcified body.Following histological analysis and confirmation,we performed surgical resection,radiotherapy,and various chemotherapies.CONCLUSION Radiographic imaging characteristics of lymph node metastases of salivary gland cancer,especially of SDC,may resemble other cervical lymphadenitis;calcification at the submandibular gland is the landmark of SDC occurring at the submandibular gland.
基金Supported by Community Cancer Fund in Spokane,Washington,United States.
文摘BACKGROUND Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC)is a rare malignancy of the head and neck;however,it accounts for a majority of the tumors of the salivary glands.This study used a national population-based registry to describe the pre-treatment and treatment-related prognostic factors that influence survival in patients with MEC of the major salivary glands.To our knowledge,this is the largest populationbased study examining predictors of both overall and cause-specific survival of MEC of the major salivary glands.AIM To identify prognostic factors influencing overall survival(OS)and cause-specific survival(CSS)of patients with MEC of the major salivary glands.METHODS We used the Surveillance,Epidemiology and End-Results Database of the National Cancer Institute to investigate a variety of factors that could influence survival of patients diagnosed with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the major salivary glands.A total of 2210 patients diagnosed with MEC of the major salivary glands during the years of 1975-2016 were studied.The primary endpoints were OS and CSS.Cox regression analysis was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical variables such as age at diagnosis,diagnosis year,sex,race,tumor size,stage,grade,treatment with or without surgical excision,and adjuvant radiotherapy treatment.RESULTS A total of 2210 patients diagnosed with MEC of the major salivary glands met inclusion criteria.In this study,95%of patients underwent surgical excision and 41%received adjuvant radiation therapy.Median OS time for Grade I,II,and III/IV was 401 mo(±48.25,95%CI),340 mo(±33.68,95%CI)and 55 mo(±11.05,95%CI),respectively.Univariate analysis revealed that lack of surgical excision was associated with decreased OS[hazard ratio(HR)4.26,P<0.0001]and that patients with localized disease had improved OS compared to both regional and distant disease(HR 3.07 and 6.96,respectively,P<0.0001).Additionally,univariate analysis demonstrated that male sex,age over 50 at diagnosis,Grade III tumors,and increasing tumor size were associated with worsened OS(P<0.0006).Univariate analysis of CSS similarly revealed that lack of surgical excision and Grade III carcinoma conferred decreased CSS(HR 4.37 and 5.44,respectively,P<0.0001).Multivariate analysis confirmed that increasing age,in 10-year age bands,advanced tumor stage,increasing tumor size,Grade III carcinoma,male sex,and lack of surgical excision were associated with a statistically significant decrease in OS and CSS(P<0.04).Of note,multivariate analysis revealed that the use of adjuvant radiation therapy was not associated with improved OS or CSS.CONCLUSION Multivariate analysis demonstrated increasing age,advanced tumor stage,increasing tumor size,Grade III carcinoma,male sex,and lack of surgical excision were associated with decreased OS and CSS(P<0.04).
文摘Purpose: Umami reportedly promotes salivation. We aimed to investigate the effects of taste stimuli on slow and fast salivary secretion in humans using umami, sweet, and sour stimuli. Methods: Eight healthy women participated between 14:00 and 15:00, taking the circadian rhythm of salivary secretion into account. The types and concentrations of the taste solutions were glutamic acid (1.7 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M), inosinic acid (9.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M), and guanylic acid (9.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) for umami stimulation, citric acid (6.5 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) for acidity stimulation, and sucrose (1.6 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M) for sweetness stimulation. First, the unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured. Then, 3 ml of a flavor solution was dropped under the tongue using a syringe. The saliva was expelled into an aluminum cup every minute and weighed. The first minute’s value minus 3 ml flavor solution was the stimulated salivary secretion rate produced by each flavor. The time-to-return to the initial unstimulated salivary flow rate was the duration of the stimulated saliva secretion rate. Results: The mean unstimulated salivary flow rate across participants was 0.64 ± 0.25 ml/min (range: 0.23 - 1.03 ml/min). The highest amount of saliva was induced by citric acid. There were significant differences between citric acid and the other flavor solutions (p < 0.05 for glutamic acid, inosinic acid, and sucrose;p < 0.01 for guanylic acid). There were no significant differences in duration of salivation between the flavor solutions. When the participants were divided into slow (0.45 ± 0.16 ml/min) and fast groups (0.83 ± 0.15 ml/min) based on their median resting salivary secretion rate, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the amount of saliva secreted at 1 minute after stimulation and the duration of the salivary secretion rate. Conclusion: Umami stimulation was effective in slowing salivary secretion and sustaining salivary secretion after stimulation.
基金Supported by Grants from The National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Graduate University for Advanced Studies
文摘AIM:Danshen's capability to induce salivary fluid secretion and its mechanisms were studied to determine if it could improve xerostomia.METHODS:Submandibular glands were isolated from male Wistar rats under systemic anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium.The artery was cannulated and vascularly perfused at a constant rate.The excretory duct was also cannulated and the secreted saliva was weighed in a cup on an electronic balance.The weight of the accumulated saliva was measured every 3 s and the salivary flow rate was calculated.In addition,the arterio-venous difference in the partial oxygen pressure was measured as an indicator of oxygen consumption.In order to assess the mechanism involved in Dansheninduced fluid secretion,either ouabain(an inhibitor of Na+/K+ ATPase) or bumetanide(an inhibitor of NKCC1) was additionally applied during the Danshen stimulation.In order to examine the involvement of the main membrane receptors,atropine was added to block the M3 muscarinic receptors,or phentolamine was added to block the α1 adrenergic receptors.In order to examine the requirement for extracellular Ca2+,Danshen was applied during the perfusion with nominal Ca2+ free solution.RESULTS:Although Danshen induced salivary fluid secretion,88.7 ± 12.8 μL/g-min,n = 9,(the highest value around 20 min from start of DS perfusion was significantly high vs 32.5 ± 5.3 μL/g-min by carbamylcholine,P = 0.00093 by t-test) in the submandibular glands,the time course of that secretion differed from that induced by carbamylcholine.There was a latency associated with the fluid secretion induced by Danshen,followed by a gradual increasein the secretion to its highest value,which was in turn followed by a slow decline to a near zero level.The application of either ouabain or bumetanide inhibited the fluid secretion by 85% or 93%,and suppressed the oxygen consumption by 49% or 66%,respectively.These results indicated that Danshen activates Na+/K+ ATPase and NKCC1 to maintain Cl- release and K+ release for fluid secretion.Neither atropine or phentolamine inhibited the fluid secretion induced by Danshen(263% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%,227% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%,P = 0.899,0.626 > 0.05 respectively,by ANOVA).Accordingly,Danshen does not bind with M3 or α1 receptors.These characteristics suggested that the mechanism involved in DS-induced salivary fluid secretion could be different from that induced by carbamylcholine.Carbamylcholine activates the M3 receptor to release inositol trisphosphate(IP3) and quickly releases Ca2+ from the calcium stores.The elevation of [Ca2+]i induces chloride release and quick osmosis,resulting in an onset of fluid secretion.An increase in [Ca2+]i is essential for the activation of the luminal Cl- and basolateral K+ channels.The nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+ totally abolished the fluid secretion induced by Danshen(1.8 ± 0.8 μL/g-min vs 101.9 ± 17.2 μL/g-min,P = 0.00023 < 0.01,by t-test),suggesting the involvement of Ca2+ in the activation of these channels.Therefore,IP3-store Ca2+ release signalling may not be involved in the secretion induced by Danshen,but rather,there may be a distinct signalling process.CONCLUSION:The present findings suggest that Danshen can be used in the treatment of xerostomia,to avoid the systemic side effects associated with muscarinic drugs.
基金the financial support from the National Foundation of Natural and Science China (grant nos 81671005, 39270723, 39470753, 30572050, and 03031102)
文摘The principle of modern oncological surgery is to conserve the functional organs or tissues as much as possible based on eradication of the tumour.For salivary gland tumours,conservative and functional salivary surgery,including partial sialoadenectomy as well as anatomical and functional preservation of the facial nerve,great auricular nerve,superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS),and Stensen’s duct,has become increasingly popular.In the present review,we discuss the following aspects of conservative and functional surgery in the treatment of salivary gland tumours:(i) partial superficial parotidectomy (PP) to treat benign parotid gland tumours,(ii) modification of surgical incisions to improve cosmetic results,(iii) modification of the surgical approach to decrease complications,(iv) extracardial dissection to treat benign superficial parotid tumours,(v) partial sialoadenectomy to treat benign submandibular gland tumours,and (vi) 125I brachytherapy to preserve facial nerves.The majority of the operated parotid or submandibular glands are preserved,and surgical complications are also decreased.Conservative and functional surgery plays a significant role in maintaining normal salivary gland function and in improving patients’ quality of life during the treatment of salivary gland tumours and thus should be further promoted.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30060082)Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry ([2003] 593)+3 种基金Key Research Project Foundation of Guangxi Health Bureau (200006)Guangxi Science Foundation for Returned Overseas Scholars (0836013)Educational Scientific Research Foundation of Chinese Society of Higher Education (06AIL077 0110)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (2009105981003M174)
文摘Aim To detect the expression of nerve growth factor （NGF） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma （SACC） tissues, as well as to determine the correlation between growth factor expression and prognosis in SACC. Methodology Medical records of 63 patients surgically treated for SACC between January 1988 and October 2005 were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of NGF and VEGF in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox＇s proportional hazard regression model were applied to assess predictors of survival. Results NGF and VEGF were overexpressed in SACC tissues, compared with those in normal salivary tissues （P〈0.05）, and the staining intensity of these two factors was stronger in groups of solid subtype, advanced TNM stage, perineural invasion and recurrence. Patients with high- expression of NGF and VEGF, solid subtype, advanced stage, perineural invasion, recurrence and extended resection alone had worse survival rates （P〈0.05）. Conclusion NGF and VEGF are expressed increasingly in the tissues of SACC cases with invasion and metastasis. NGF expression and VEGF expression are independent prognosis factors for survival.
基金Supported by Cooperation survey and research project of the Nippon Foundation of the Japan-China Medical Association (2006-12)the International cooperation project (BZ2006058) of Bureau of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2013CB911300,2010CB529800)the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1132601,31200590)the National Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.P0120150010)
文摘The present study was designed to identify immunomodulatory components from the leech salivary gland of Haemadipsa sylvestris. The Sephadex G-50, ResourceTM S column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) were used to isolate and purify the salivary gland extracts(SGE). Structural analysis of isolated compounds was based on Edman degradation and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer(MALDI-TOF-MS). The c DNA encoding the precursor of the compound was cloned from the c DNA library of the salivary gland of H. sylvestris. The levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interferon ?(IFN-?), interleukin-6(IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The effects on cell proliferation and cell viability were observed using MTT assay. A novel neuropeptide Y(Neuropeptide Y-HS) from the leech salivary gland of H. sylvestris was purified and characterized. It was composed of 36 amino acid residues and the amino acid sequence was determined to be FLEPPERPAVFTSVEQMKSYIKALNDYYLLLGRPRF-NH2, containing an amidated C-terminus. It showed significant inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-?, IFN-?, IL-6, and MCP-1. Neuropeptide Y was identified from leeches for the first time. The presence of neuropeptide Y-HS in leech salivary gland may help get blood meal from hosts and inhibit inflammation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971920,31371946)the International Cooperation Project between China and Belgium (2010DFA32810)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China (CARS3)
文摘The full-length c DNA of functionally-unknown salivary protein C002 in Schizaphis graminum was cloned using rapid amplification of c DNA ends（RACE） and designated as Sg C002（Gen Bank accession no. KC977563）. It is 767 bp long and encodes a protein of 190 amino acid residues with a predicted mass of 21.5 k Da and a predicted cleavage site of N-terminal signal peptide between the 24 th and the 25 th residues. Sg C002 is specifically expressed in salivary gland with the highest level at the 2nd instar. Introducing Sg C002-specific 476-si RNA, but not 546-si RNA to aphids through artificial diet significantly suppressed Sg C002 expression. Silencing Sg C002 gene led to lethality of the aphid on wheat plants, but not on pure artificial diet. Our study demonstrated that artificial diet-mediated RNAi can be a useful tool for research on the roles of genes in aphid salivary gland, and also provided new insights into the characteristics of C002 in wheat aphids.
文摘Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and a tool that differentiates between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to identify a relationship between the expression of IMP3 and the outcome of salivary gland MEC, as well as to differentiate MEC from pleomorphic adenoma(PA).Methods: Tissue specimens from 70 cases of salivary gland MEC, 40 cases of PA, and 10 cases with normal salivary gland were examined immunohistochemically for IMP3. The association among the expression of IMP3, clinicopathological characteristics and patient's survival was assessed.Results: IMP3 was present in 51.4% of MEC but absent in PA and normal salivary gland tissues. IMP3 expression was associated with age > 60 years, submandibular gland tumors, tumor size > 4 cm, high-grade tumors, lymph node metastasis, involvement of surgical margins, perineural invasion, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, tumor relapse, and death(P<0.05). Increased expression of IMP3, tumors of the submandibular gland, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival(DFS). In addition, IMP3 was a strong predictor of overall survival(OS) together with distant metastasis and intermediate and high-grade tumors.Conclusions: IMP3 expression is highly important in evaluating the outcome of MEC. IMP3 can be used to differentiate MEC from PA of salivary glands.
文摘A 62-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of liver dysfunction, diffuse pancreatic swelling, and trachelophyma. At admission, the patient was free of pain. Physical examination showed enlarged and palpable bilateral submandibular masses, but no palpable mass or organomegaly in the abdomen. Laboratory findings were as follows： total protein 90 g/L with γ-globulin of 37.3% （33 g/L）, total bilirubin 4 mg/L, aspartate aminotransferase 39 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 67 IU/L,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 647 IU/L, and amylase 135 IU/L. Autoantibodies were negative, and tumor markers were within the normal range. Serum IgG4 level was markedly elevated （18 900 rag/L）. Computed tomography （CT） showed diffuse swelling of the pancreas and dilatation of both common and intra-hepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography （ERP） revealed diffuse irregular and narrow main pancreatic duct and stenosis of the lower common bile duct. Biopsy specimens from the pancreas, salivary gland and liver showed marked periductal IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration with fibrosis. We considered this patient to be autoimmune pancreatitis （AIP） with fibrosclerosis of the salivary gland and biliary tract, prescribed prednisolone at an initial dose of 40 mg/d. Three months later, the laboratory data improved almost to normal. Abdominal CT reflected prominent improvement in the pancreatic lesion. Swelling of the salivary gland also improved. At present, the patient is on 10 mg/d of prednisolone without recurrence of the pancreatitis. We present here a case of AIP with fibrosclerosis of salivary gland and biliary tract.
文摘Aim： To investigate the localization and quantity of androgen receptor （AR） in the salivary glands of rats with further analysis on the effect of castration. Methods： Sixty male Wistar rats, aged 30-60 days, were randomly divided into three groups （castrated, sham-operated and normal controls） with 20 rats in each group. The rats in the castrated group were castrated and the submaxillary glands were removed after 1 week. The salivary glands of the rats in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were also removed. Parts of the salivary glands were fixed for immuohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays. Other parts were used for Western blot. Results： AR immunoreactivity in the three groups was localized in the glandular epithelial cells of the serous acinus and the glandular duct of the salivary gland, mainly in the nuclei. AR mRNA hybridization signals in the salivary glands of the castrated group were mainly distributed in the epithelial cells of the convoluted and secretary ducts; AR mRNA in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were found in the epithelial cells of the convoluted, the secretary and the excretory ducts. The quantity of AR in the salivary glands was decreased significantly in the castrated rats compared with the sham-operated and the normal controls. Moreover, epidermal growth factor （EGF） secreted by the salivary glands was also decreased in the castrated rats. Conclusion： Castration appears to affect the production of AR in the salivary gland and the distribution of the AR mRNA and could further affect the function of the salivary gland. The changes of AR and the distribution of AR mRNA may play an important role in the interactions between the testes and the salivary gland. （Asian J Androl 2005 Sep; 7： 295-301）
基金supported by NIDCR/NIH R01DE025286(C-K.Y.&X-D.C.),R21 DE028271A(C-K.Y.)VA Merit Review 1I01BX002145-01(X-D.C.)VA Career Development Award 1IK2BX005694-01(M.M.)。
文摘Salivary gland(SG)dysfunction,due to radiotherapy,disease,or aging,is a clinical manifestation that has the potential to cause severe oral and/or systemic diseases and compromise quality of life.Currently,the standard-of-care for this condition remains palliative.A variety of approaches have been employed to restore saliva production,but they have largely failed due to damage to both secretory cells and the extracellular matrix(niche).
