Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status （P. g. rnaynardi Gaut...Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status （P. g. rnaynardi Gauthier）. We describe geographically unique abilities for detoxification of Carolina willow, Salix caroliniana Michx. （Salicaceae）, for several Florida populations of P. g. maynardi. Of all the approximately 570 worldwide species of the Papilionidae, such Salicaceae detoxification abilities exist only in the allopatric North American western and northernmost species （P. rutulus Lucas, R eurymedon Lucas and P. canadensis Rothschild ＆ Jordan）. Females of P. glaucus collected from populations in southeastern USA were examined for oviposition preference in 5-choice assays, and displayed a low preference for Salicaceae （〈5%）, but larvae from Florida populations exhibited a high survival （〉 60%） on these plants. Detoxification abilities have previously shown to be autosomally inherited, and can be transferred via natural or hand-paired interspecific hybrid introgression. However, these Florida populations are at least 700-1 500 km from the nearest hybrids or the hybrid species, 17. appalachiensis Pavulaan ＆ Wright, which possess these detoxification abilities. In any case, the Z （ = X）-linked oviposition preferences for Salicaceae are lacking in these Florida populations, illustrating genetic independence ofoviposition preference determination and larval survival/performance abilities. The origins of detoxification abilities are unlikely to be due to recent climate-driven introgression, and may represent ancestral trait carry-overs from interglacial refugium populations of the Pleistocene epoch.展开更多
The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studi...The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studies have so far reported beaver impact on multi-taxon biodiversity and forest regeneration,there is a lack of research on forest stand structure evolution following beaver direct activity on trees.This represents a pivotal topic for predicting restoration outcomes and reccommending sound silvicultural and management practices to maintain specific forest conditions.Specifically,the study aims at investigating forest stand structure and tree species diversity changes considering river variability,distance from the riverbank and beaver's gnawing activity intensity.The Eurasian beaver is only recently recolonising the three analysed Mediterranean rivers,but stand structure seems to be already significantly impacted by the species.The number of trees was reduced,increasing mean diameter at breast height at stand level,as most of the youngest and/or smaller trees are entirely cut down.Strongest structural variations can be detected in intensively impacted stands and in the forest portions closer to the riverbank.The absence of a significant effect on most of the diversity indices is likely due to the initially homogeneous composition of the tree layer in each stand and to the limited variety of beaver's diet within the sites.Future resprouting of secondary tree shoots,as well as beaver gnawing activity changes in intensity over time and space,can further produce variations in structural parameters and woody species diversity in the medium-and long-term period.Therefore,it will be crucial to further monitor the long-term effects,as structural shifts can produce significant effects on riparian ecosystem functions.展开更多
[Objective] This research was to study the correlation regional climatic characteristics and changing geographic distribution of Populus euphratica Oliv. (Salicaceae), as well as the adaption of Populus euphratica Oli...[Objective] This research was to study the correlation regional climatic characteristics and changing geographic distribution of Populus euphratica Oliv. (Salicaceae), as well as the adaption of Populus euphratica Oliv. to the climatic environment. [Method] The climatic characteristics, water source, groundwater and soil type in the distribution regions of Populus euphratica Oliv. and the effect of long-term human activities were comprehensively analyzed based an overview of Populus euphratica Oliv. and its distribution. [Result] Specific regional climatic characteristics and long term human activities are the principle determinants for the growth of Populus euphratica Oliv. The change of leaf shape is a distinct feature of Populus euphratica Oliv. in adapting to the climatic environment. Populus euphratica Oliv. withstands various environmental stresses by means of in vivo synthesis, transport and conversion of secondary phenolic metabolites. Effective protection and rehabilitation measures, and ecological water transport have obvious effect on the restoration and reconstruction of damaged ecological environment of Populus euphratica oasis. [Conclusion] This study is of great significance for the restoration of ecological environment in the arid inland regions, north-west China.展开更多
By means of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC, and preparative TLC, the ethanol extract of the stems of Homalium ceylanicum（Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae sensu lato） was ...By means of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC, and preparative TLC, the ethanol extract of the stems of Homalium ceylanicum（Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae sensu lato） was chemically investigated, which led to the isolation of 13 constituents, including five lignans（1–5） and three isocoumarins（6–8）. Based on the spectroscopic analysis and comparison of its 1H NMR and 13C NMR data with those in literatures, their structures were identified as（–）-5＇-methoxyisolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（1）,（＋）-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）,（＋）-isolarisiresinol 3α-O-β-Dglucopyranoside（3）,（–）-isolarisiresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（4）, icariside E5（5）, 3-phenylisocoumarin（6）, homalicine（7）,（–）-dihydrohomalicine（8）, friedelin（9）, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid（10）, catechol（11）, methyl-α-arabinofuranoside（12）, and uridine（13）. All isolates except compounds 6–8 were described from this genus for the first time. Compound 6 was isolated from this species for the first time.展开更多
Members of the WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)transcription factor family are essential for determining cell fate and regulating diverse developmental processes in plants.Many WOX genes have been systematically investig...Members of the WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)transcription factor family are essential for determining cell fate and regulating diverse developmental processes in plants.Many WOX genes have been systematically investigated in woody plants such as Populus trichocarpa,but not in Salix suchowensis.Whole-genome sequence data for S.suchowensis is now available for comprehensive study of WOX genes in S.suchowensis.We thus surveyed the genome of S.suchowensis and demonstrated active expression of 15 WOX genes.In a phylogenetic analysis of WOX genes,the 15 SsWOX genes clustered among the modern/WUS,intermediate and ancient clades similar to the WOX genes of Arabidopsis thaliana.Based on the conserved intron/exon structure,SsWOX genes in the same subgroup had similar conserved exon–intron structures and motif domains.Furthermore,among several SsWOX subgroups,WUS(Wuschel)-box and EAR(the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression)-like motifs were conserved.Expression profiles of WOX genes in roots,stems and leaves indicate that SsWOX genes have various conserved roles in the tissues.Comparative analysis of the expression patterns in Salix suchowensis with that of Arabidopsis suggests that different shoot regeneration abilities are controlled by different WOX genes in plants.The analysis provide an overview of differentially expressed SsWOX genes during shoot regeneration,but also contribute to understanding the evolution of WOX genes in Salicaceae and the interrelations of WOX genes and other transcription factors,providing targets for further study.展开更多
Eleven novel clerodane-type diterpenoids,grewiifopenes A-K(1-4 and 12-18),along with nine known compounds(5-11,19,and 20)were purified from the dichloromethane extract of the twigs and stems of Casearia grewiifolia Ve...Eleven novel clerodane-type diterpenoids,grewiifopenes A-K(1-4 and 12-18),along with nine known compounds(5-11,19,and 20)were purified from the dichloromethane extract of the twigs and stems of Casearia grewiifolia Vent.(Salicaceae).Their spectroscopic data,including the NMR,HRESIMS,and electronic circular dichroism calculations were employed to completely characterize and elucidate the chemical structures and absolute configurations.The clerodane diterpenoids possessing a 6-OH group and no substitution at C-7 exhibited greater cytotoxic activity than others,with their IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 2.9μM.Isocaseamembrin E(7)exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,while isocaseamembrin E(7),corymbulosin X(8),caseargrewiin A(9),kurzipene A(10),and balanspene F(11)exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.展开更多
Dear Editor,Salix(willows)and Populus(poplars),the dominant genera of the Salicaceae family,are commercially important trees used for wood production and for creating artificial plantations aimed at stemming desertifi...Dear Editor,Salix(willows)and Populus(poplars),the dominant genera of the Salicaceae family,are commercially important trees used for wood production and for creating artificial plantations aimed at stemming desertification and high-yield bioenergy production(Teraminami et al.,2013).The willow Salix cheilophila,a dominant species in Xizang,has become a major focus of research due to its key role in the greening efforts of the Mu Us Desert.S.cheilophila is ecologically adaptable and has a widespread distribution from high to low altitudes,making it an ideal subject for investigating the evolutionary signatures driving environmental adaptation.展开更多
文摘Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status （P. g. rnaynardi Gauthier）. We describe geographically unique abilities for detoxification of Carolina willow, Salix caroliniana Michx. （Salicaceae）, for several Florida populations of P. g. maynardi. Of all the approximately 570 worldwide species of the Papilionidae, such Salicaceae detoxification abilities exist only in the allopatric North American western and northernmost species （P. rutulus Lucas, R eurymedon Lucas and P. canadensis Rothschild ＆ Jordan）. Females of P. glaucus collected from populations in southeastern USA were examined for oviposition preference in 5-choice assays, and displayed a low preference for Salicaceae （〈5%）, but larvae from Florida populations exhibited a high survival （〉 60%） on these plants. Detoxification abilities have previously shown to be autosomally inherited, and can be transferred via natural or hand-paired interspecific hybrid introgression. However, these Florida populations are at least 700-1 500 km from the nearest hybrids or the hybrid species, 17. appalachiensis Pavulaan ＆ Wright, which possess these detoxification abilities. In any case, the Z （ = X）-linked oviposition preferences for Salicaceae are lacking in these Florida populations, illustrating genetic independence ofoviposition preference determination and larval survival/performance abilities. The origins of detoxification abilities are unlikely to be due to recent climate-driven introgression, and may represent ancestral trait carry-overs from interglacial refugium populations of the Pleistocene epoch.
基金support of the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) to the University of Padova,the Research Centre for Plant ProtectionCertification (CREA),and the National Research Council (CNR),funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)+2 种基金Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No.3138 of 16 December 2021,rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union–NextGenerationEUProject code CN_00000033,Concession Decree No.1034 of 17 June 2022adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP:C93C22002810006,CUP:B83D21014060006,CUP:B83C22002930006,Project title“National Biodiversity Future CenterNBFC”support by Beaver Trust,grant number:1185451
文摘The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studies have so far reported beaver impact on multi-taxon biodiversity and forest regeneration,there is a lack of research on forest stand structure evolution following beaver direct activity on trees.This represents a pivotal topic for predicting restoration outcomes and reccommending sound silvicultural and management practices to maintain specific forest conditions.Specifically,the study aims at investigating forest stand structure and tree species diversity changes considering river variability,distance from the riverbank and beaver's gnawing activity intensity.The Eurasian beaver is only recently recolonising the three analysed Mediterranean rivers,but stand structure seems to be already significantly impacted by the species.The number of trees was reduced,increasing mean diameter at breast height at stand level,as most of the youngest and/or smaller trees are entirely cut down.Strongest structural variations can be detected in intensively impacted stands and in the forest portions closer to the riverbank.The absence of a significant effect on most of the diversity indices is likely due to the initially homogeneous composition of the tree layer in each stand and to the limited variety of beaver's diet within the sites.Future resprouting of secondary tree shoots,as well as beaver gnawing activity changes in intensity over time and space,can further produce variations in structural parameters and woody species diversity in the medium-and long-term period.Therefore,it will be crucial to further monitor the long-term effects,as structural shifts can produce significant effects on riparian ecosystem functions.
文摘[Objective] This research was to study the correlation regional climatic characteristics and changing geographic distribution of Populus euphratica Oliv. (Salicaceae), as well as the adaption of Populus euphratica Oliv. to the climatic environment. [Method] The climatic characteristics, water source, groundwater and soil type in the distribution regions of Populus euphratica Oliv. and the effect of long-term human activities were comprehensively analyzed based an overview of Populus euphratica Oliv. and its distribution. [Result] Specific regional climatic characteristics and long term human activities are the principle determinants for the growth of Populus euphratica Oliv. The change of leaf shape is a distinct feature of Populus euphratica Oliv. in adapting to the climatic environment. Populus euphratica Oliv. withstands various environmental stresses by means of in vivo synthesis, transport and conversion of secondary phenolic metabolites. Effective protection and rehabilitation measures, and ecological water transport have obvious effect on the restoration and reconstruction of damaged ecological environment of Populus euphratica oasis. [Conclusion] This study is of great significance for the restoration of ecological environment in the arid inland regions, north-west China.
基金Program for Changjiang Scholar and Innovative Tea m in University(Grant No.985-2-063-112)
文摘By means of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC, and preparative TLC, the ethanol extract of the stems of Homalium ceylanicum（Flacourtiaceae/Salicaceae sensu lato） was chemically investigated, which led to the isolation of 13 constituents, including five lignans（1–5） and three isocoumarins（6–8）. Based on the spectroscopic analysis and comparison of its 1H NMR and 13C NMR data with those in literatures, their structures were identified as（–）-5＇-methoxyisolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（1）,（＋）-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）,（＋）-isolarisiresinol 3α-O-β-Dglucopyranoside（3）,（–）-isolarisiresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（4）, icariside E5（5）, 3-phenylisocoumarin（6）, homalicine（7）,（–）-dihydrohomalicine（8）, friedelin（9）, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid（10）, catechol（11）, methyl-α-arabinofuranoside（12）, and uridine（13）. All isolates except compounds 6–8 were described from this genus for the first time. Compound 6 was isolated from this species for the first time.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2016YFD0600101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-Profit Research Institution of CAF(CAFYBB2014QB015)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570662,31500533,and 61401214)Jiangsu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban–Rural Development(2016ZD44)2017 Graduate Research and Innovation Program Projects in Jiangsu Province(KYCY17_0827)the PAPD(Priority Academic Program Development)program at Nanjing Forestry University
文摘Members of the WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)transcription factor family are essential for determining cell fate and regulating diverse developmental processes in plants.Many WOX genes have been systematically investigated in woody plants such as Populus trichocarpa,but not in Salix suchowensis.Whole-genome sequence data for S.suchowensis is now available for comprehensive study of WOX genes in S.suchowensis.We thus surveyed the genome of S.suchowensis and demonstrated active expression of 15 WOX genes.In a phylogenetic analysis of WOX genes,the 15 SsWOX genes clustered among the modern/WUS,intermediate and ancient clades similar to the WOX genes of Arabidopsis thaliana.Based on the conserved intron/exon structure,SsWOX genes in the same subgroup had similar conserved exon–intron structures and motif domains.Furthermore,among several SsWOX subgroups,WUS(Wuschel)-box and EAR(the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression)-like motifs were conserved.Expression profiles of WOX genes in roots,stems and leaves indicate that SsWOX genes have various conserved roles in the tissues.Comparative analysis of the expression patterns in Salix suchowensis with that of Arabidopsis suggests that different shoot regeneration abilities are controlled by different WOX genes in plants.The analysis provide an overview of differentially expressed SsWOX genes during shoot regeneration,but also contribute to understanding the evolution of WOX genes in Salicaceae and the interrelations of WOX genes and other transcription factors,providing targets for further study.
基金The grants from Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)and Chulabhorn Research Institute(grant numbers 48296/4691995)Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology(EHT),OPS,Ministry of Higher Education,Science,Research and Innovation were supported the research funding.
文摘Eleven novel clerodane-type diterpenoids,grewiifopenes A-K(1-4 and 12-18),along with nine known compounds(5-11,19,and 20)were purified from the dichloromethane extract of the twigs and stems of Casearia grewiifolia Vent.(Salicaceae).Their spectroscopic data,including the NMR,HRESIMS,and electronic circular dichroism calculations were employed to completely characterize and elucidate the chemical structures and absolute configurations.The clerodane diterpenoids possessing a 6-OH group and no substitution at C-7 exhibited greater cytotoxic activity than others,with their IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 2.9μM.Isocaseamembrin E(7)exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,while isocaseamembrin E(7),corymbulosin X(8),caseargrewiin A(9),kurzipene A(10),and balanspene F(11)exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.
基金supported by STI 2030—Major Projects(no.2023ZD 0405602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100256 to B.G.)+2 种基金the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2021xjkk0500)the National High-Level Young Talent Programs(2022000005 and 2022000243 to B.G.)the RUDN University Scientific Projects Grant System(no.040416-2-000).
文摘Dear Editor,Salix(willows)and Populus(poplars),the dominant genera of the Salicaceae family,are commercially important trees used for wood production and for creating artificial plantations aimed at stemming desertification and high-yield bioenergy production(Teraminami et al.,2013).The willow Salix cheilophila,a dominant species in Xizang,has become a major focus of research due to its key role in the greening efforts of the Mu Us Desert.S.cheilophila is ecologically adaptable and has a widespread distribution from high to low altitudes,making it an ideal subject for investigating the evolutionary signatures driving environmental adaptation.
