The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.),the ambient water of unhealthy fish,and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)to u...The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.),the ambient water of unhealthy fish,and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)to understand differences in the intestinal microbiota.The V4--V5 regions of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes in the samples were analyzed by MiSeq high-throughput sequencing.The fish were adults with no differences in body length or weight.Representative members of the intestinal microbiota were identified.The intestinal microbiota of the healthy fish included Proteobacteria(44.33%),Actinobacteria(17.89%),Baeteroidetes(15.25%),and Firmicutes(9.11%),among which the families Mierococcaceae and Oxalobacteraceae and genera Sphingomonas,Streptomyces,Pedobacter,Janthinobacterium,Burkholderia,and Balneimonas were most abundant.Proteobacteria(70.46%),Bacteroidetes(7.59%),and Firmicutes(7.55%)dominated the microbiota of unhealthy fish,and Chloroflexi(2.71%),and Aliivibrio and Vibrio as well as genera in the family Aeromonadaceae were most strongly represented.Overall,the intestinal hindgut microbiota differed between healthy and unhealthy fish.This study offers a useful tool for monitoring the health status of fish and for screening the utility of probiotics by studying the intestinal microbiota.展开更多
Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using...Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P<0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P>0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m^2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m^2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.展开更多
Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)is an important economic fish that is seriously threatened by various viruses.A cell line designated as ASF derived from the caudal fin tissue of Atlantic salmon was established and charact...Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)is an important economic fish that is seriously threatened by various viruses.A cell line designated as ASF derived from the caudal fin tissue of Atlantic salmon was established and characterized in this study.ASF cells grew well in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM)containing 20%fetal bovine serum at 20℃.DNA sequencing and comparative analysis of the cytochrome B gene verified that the ASF cell line originated from Atlantic salmon.Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number of ASF cells was 58.Viral susceptibility test showed that ASF cells were susceptive to two important fish viruses,viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus(VHSV)and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus(RGNNV).Viral replication in ASF cells was further confirmed by qRT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy.Moreover,VHSV and RGNNV infections could induce the cellular responses in ASF cells,as indicated by the differential expression of cellular antiviral response-related genes,interferon-1 and Mx-1.In conclusion,the newly established ASF cell line can be applied as an in vitro tool in fish virology and immunity studies.展开更多
The combined effects of feeding rate(0.8%,1.0%,and 1.2%initial body weight/day),feeding frequency(two,three,and four times/day) and stocking density(10,15,and 20 kg/m3) in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) on gro...The combined effects of feeding rate(0.8%,1.0%,and 1.2%initial body weight/day),feeding frequency(two,three,and four times/day) and stocking density(10,15,and 20 kg/m3) in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) on growth performance,digestion and waste generation of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) were investigated in an 8-week orthogonal experiment(L9(3)3) with a constant daily water renewal at 7.50%of total volume.No mortality occurred during the experimental period.Feed conversion ratio(FCR) varied from 0.90 to 1.13 and specific growth rate(SGR) ranged from 0.48%to 0.69%/day.SGR,thermal growth coefficient(TGC) and FCR were not significantly(P>0.05) affected by the three factors,while net protein utilization(NPU) was significantly(P<0.05) affected.Apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of dry matter in the present study were in the range 66.12%-73.55%.ADC in protein,lipid and energy were statistically different among all treatments and in the range of 90.07%-93.67%,81.54%-89.15%,and67.55%-71.87%,respectively.The proportion of mean total ammonia nitrogen excreted ranged from 1.37%to 1.64%of feed nitrogen at steady state,and the concentration of nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds were differently correlated to the three factors.The results will provide valuable reference data for culture management decisions in the Atlantic salmon farming industry.展开更多
The effects of different feeds and feeding regimes on growth performance, flesh quality and fecal viscosity of Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar L.） in recirculating aquaculture systems （R.AS） were investigated. Fish ...The effects of different feeds and feeding regimes on growth performance, flesh quality and fecal viscosity of Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar L.） in recirculating aquaculture systems （R.AS） were investigated. Fish （initial body weight of 1677 g＋ 157 g） were fed with four commercial feeds （Nosan salmon-NS, Aller gold-AG, Skretting salmon-SS and Hart ye-HY） in two feeding regimes （80% and 100% satiation） for 78 d. The results showed that salmon specific growth ratio （SGR） and weight gain ratio （WGR） were significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime （P〈0.05）. Feed conversion ratio （FCR） varied between 0.93 and 3.40, which was significantly affected by feed type （P〈0.05）, and slightly improved with increased satiation degree. The activities of digestive enzymes including protease, lipase and amylase were also significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime （P〈0.05）, increasing with satiation degree. Flesh qualities for vitamin E, hydroxyproline （HYP）, liquid loss and muscle pH among all groups showed significant differences （P〈0.05）, ranging from 26.67 to 29.67, while no obvious difference was found in flesh color. Fecal viscosity for different treatments showed no significant difference, though improvement was found in 100% satiation group. From present experiment, it was concluded that both feed type and feeding regime can affect the important quality attributes of Atlantic salmon.展开更多
目的研究姜黄素和维生素C添加对三文鱼烤制过程中有害物杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAAs)和晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制作用,以及外源添加物对烤三文鱼风味的影响。方法通过高效液相色谱-串联质...目的研究姜黄素和维生素C添加对三文鱼烤制过程中有害物杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAAs)和晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制作用,以及外源添加物对烤三文鱼风味的影响。方法通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定HAAs和AGEs浓度,进一步测定还原糖、肌酸、肌酐、乙二醛等前体物以及脂质氧化水平解析其抑制机制,运用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析三文鱼烤制中挥发性风味变化。结果与对照组相比,姜黄素和维生素C对HAAs和AGEs表现出显著抑制效果(P˂0.05),总HAAs抑制率分别为75.21%和59.52%;AGEs中Nε-羧甲基赖氨酸抑制率分别为90.56%和90.87%,N^(ε)-羧乙基赖氨酸抑制率为94.57%和94.80%。还原糖、肌酸、肌酐、乙二醛等前体物浓度与HAAs和AGEs含量呈现高度相关。此外,通过挥发性风味分析表明添加姜黄素和维生素C对烤三文鱼风味有一定影响,增加了香味物质3-羟基-2-丁酮、2,6-二甲基-7-辛烯-2-醇、薄荷醇等化合物浓度,为三文鱼总体气味贡献重要作用。结论姜黄素和维生素C影响了HAAs和AGEs形成的关键前体物、中间体,具有显著抑制效果。本研究的开展为鱼肉制品热加工有害物控制提供了理论指导,并为优化鱼肉制品加工工艺提供了参考。展开更多
As a special inter-ethnic relationship and a unique cultural phenomenon,"Xuhu"and"Danix"exist in Xunhua Salars and surrounding Tibetans,which isparticularly close between Xichang Tibetans and Kewa ...As a special inter-ethnic relationship and a unique cultural phenomenon,"Xuhu"and"Danix"exist in Xunhua Salars and surrounding Tibetans,which isparticularly close between Xichang Tibetans and Kewa Salars,located in BaizhuangTown,Xunhua County,Qinghai Province,and thus become a window to further explorethe relationship between Salars and Tibetans.This paper takes Xichang Valley as a fieldsite for digging deeply into the history and current situation of the relationship betweenSalars and Tibetans,finding that Tibetans in Xichang and Salars in Kewa have had formeda humane scene of interaction,communication and integration,in which they are based ona metaphor of common ancestry,and have long had the similar social structure,sharednatural resources and universal language and culture;They also regard credibility as thefoundation to offer mutual benefit,reciprocity and respect.Meanwhile,their interactionand communication contain a profound philosophical principle of"Harmony in Diversity",which is totally different from the variables to measure inter-ethnic relationships inWestern countries,and has provided a new perspective for us to explore the interactionand communication of ethnic groups in China.展开更多
SULIMAN was a young Salar hunter who possessed a magic bow and knife. At the age of 25, he was eager to find a good wife. One day, at the foot of a mountain, he saved a skylark from the mouth of a water snake. When th...SULIMAN was a young Salar hunter who possessed a magic bow and knife. At the age of 25, he was eager to find a good wife. One day, at the foot of a mountain, he saved a skylark from the mouth of a water snake. When the skylark song thanks to Suliman, he saw a pretty girl in the展开更多
The Salar nationality,with apopulation of 87,697,mainly settles in Xunhua Salar Nationality Autonomous County in eastern Qinghai Province.The Salar have their own spoken language,but no written script.Most of the Sala...The Salar nationality,with apopulation of 87,697,mainly settles in Xunhua Salar Nationality Autonomous County in eastern Qinghai Province.The Salar have their own spoken language,but no written script.Most of the Salar use Mandarin Chinese.According to legend and historians,their ancestors movde to Xunhua from Middle Asia in the 13th century.The Salar living by the Yellow River engage in agriculture and animal husbandry as their Primary means of support. The Salar believe in Islam and are also greatly influenced by confucian culture developed by the Han nationality.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31472312,41306152,31402283)the Qingdao Innovation Talents Program(No.13-CX-16)+2 种基金the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2014BAD08B09)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System(No.CARS-48)the Project for International S&T Cooperation Program of China(No.2014DFA31030)
文摘The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.),the ambient water of unhealthy fish,and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)to understand differences in the intestinal microbiota.The V4--V5 regions of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes in the samples were analyzed by MiSeq high-throughput sequencing.The fish were adults with no differences in body length or weight.Representative members of the intestinal microbiota were identified.The intestinal microbiota of the healthy fish included Proteobacteria(44.33%),Actinobacteria(17.89%),Baeteroidetes(15.25%),and Firmicutes(9.11%),among which the families Mierococcaceae and Oxalobacteraceae and genera Sphingomonas,Streptomyces,Pedobacter,Janthinobacterium,Burkholderia,and Balneimonas were most abundant.Proteobacteria(70.46%),Bacteroidetes(7.59%),and Firmicutes(7.55%)dominated the microbiota of unhealthy fish,and Chloroflexi(2.71%),and Aliivibrio and Vibrio as well as genera in the family Aeromonadaceae were most strongly represented.Overall,the intestinal hindgut microbiota differed between healthy and unhealthy fish.This study offers a useful tool for monitoring the health status of fish and for screening the utility of probiotics by studying the intestinal microbiota.
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(No.2011BAD13B04)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-EW-Q212)+2 种基金the Public Service Sectors(Agriculture)Special Project(No.201003024)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research Systemthe Shandong Program for Development of Science and Technology(No.2013GHY11514)
文摘Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P<0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P>0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m^2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m^2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M653152)the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou (No. 201806010047)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31771587)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 19lgpy102)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2019A1515110842)
文摘Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)is an important economic fish that is seriously threatened by various viruses.A cell line designated as ASF derived from the caudal fin tissue of Atlantic salmon was established and characterized in this study.ASF cells grew well in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM)containing 20%fetal bovine serum at 20℃.DNA sequencing and comparative analysis of the cytochrome B gene verified that the ASF cell line originated from Atlantic salmon.Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number of ASF cells was 58.Viral susceptibility test showed that ASF cells were susceptive to two important fish viruses,viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus(VHSV)and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus(RGNNV).Viral replication in ASF cells was further confirmed by qRT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy.Moreover,VHSV and RGNNV infections could induce the cellular responses in ASF cells,as indicated by the differential expression of cellular antiviral response-related genes,interferon-1 and Mx-1.In conclusion,the newly established ASF cell line can be applied as an in vitro tool in fish virology and immunity studies.
基金Supported by the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-48)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31240012)+1 种基金the Special Foundation for Postdoctoral Innovative Projects of Shandong Province(No.201101009)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2011BAD13B04)
文摘The combined effects of feeding rate(0.8%,1.0%,and 1.2%initial body weight/day),feeding frequency(two,three,and four times/day) and stocking density(10,15,and 20 kg/m3) in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) on growth performance,digestion and waste generation of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) were investigated in an 8-week orthogonal experiment(L9(3)3) with a constant daily water renewal at 7.50%of total volume.No mortality occurred during the experimental period.Feed conversion ratio(FCR) varied from 0.90 to 1.13 and specific growth rate(SGR) ranged from 0.48%to 0.69%/day.SGR,thermal growth coefficient(TGC) and FCR were not significantly(P>0.05) affected by the three factors,while net protein utilization(NPU) was significantly(P<0.05) affected.Apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of dry matter in the present study were in the range 66.12%-73.55%.ADC in protein,lipid and energy were statistically different among all treatments and in the range of 90.07%-93.67%,81.54%-89.15%,and67.55%-71.87%,respectively.The proportion of mean total ammonia nitrogen excreted ranged from 1.37%to 1.64%of feed nitrogen at steady state,and the concentration of nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds were differently correlated to the three factors.The results will provide valuable reference data for culture management decisions in the Atlantic salmon farming industry.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program(2011BAD13B04)the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-48)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31240012)
文摘The effects of different feeds and feeding regimes on growth performance, flesh quality and fecal viscosity of Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar L.） in recirculating aquaculture systems （R.AS） were investigated. Fish （initial body weight of 1677 g＋ 157 g） were fed with four commercial feeds （Nosan salmon-NS, Aller gold-AG, Skretting salmon-SS and Hart ye-HY） in two feeding regimes （80% and 100% satiation） for 78 d. The results showed that salmon specific growth ratio （SGR） and weight gain ratio （WGR） were significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime （P〈0.05）. Feed conversion ratio （FCR） varied between 0.93 and 3.40, which was significantly affected by feed type （P〈0.05）, and slightly improved with increased satiation degree. The activities of digestive enzymes including protease, lipase and amylase were also significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime （P〈0.05）, increasing with satiation degree. Flesh qualities for vitamin E, hydroxyproline （HYP）, liquid loss and muscle pH among all groups showed significant differences （P〈0.05）, ranging from 26.67 to 29.67, while no obvious difference was found in flesh color. Fecal viscosity for different treatments showed no significant difference, though improvement was found in 100% satiation group. From present experiment, it was concluded that both feed type and feeding regime can affect the important quality attributes of Atlantic salmon.
文摘目的研究姜黄素和维生素C添加对三文鱼烤制过程中有害物杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAAs)和晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制作用,以及外源添加物对烤三文鱼风味的影响。方法通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定HAAs和AGEs浓度,进一步测定还原糖、肌酸、肌酐、乙二醛等前体物以及脂质氧化水平解析其抑制机制,运用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析三文鱼烤制中挥发性风味变化。结果与对照组相比,姜黄素和维生素C对HAAs和AGEs表现出显著抑制效果(P˂0.05),总HAAs抑制率分别为75.21%和59.52%;AGEs中Nε-羧甲基赖氨酸抑制率分别为90.56%和90.87%,N^(ε)-羧乙基赖氨酸抑制率为94.57%和94.80%。还原糖、肌酸、肌酐、乙二醛等前体物浓度与HAAs和AGEs含量呈现高度相关。此外,通过挥发性风味分析表明添加姜黄素和维生素C对烤三文鱼风味有一定影响,增加了香味物质3-羟基-2-丁酮、2,6-二甲基-7-辛烯-2-醇、薄荷醇等化合物浓度,为三文鱼总体气味贡献重要作用。结论姜黄素和维生素C影响了HAAs和AGEs形成的关键前体物、中间体,具有显著抑制效果。本研究的开展为鱼肉制品热加工有害物控制提供了理论指导,并为优化鱼肉制品加工工艺提供了参考。
文摘As a special inter-ethnic relationship and a unique cultural phenomenon,"Xuhu"and"Danix"exist in Xunhua Salars and surrounding Tibetans,which isparticularly close between Xichang Tibetans and Kewa Salars,located in BaizhuangTown,Xunhua County,Qinghai Province,and thus become a window to further explorethe relationship between Salars and Tibetans.This paper takes Xichang Valley as a fieldsite for digging deeply into the history and current situation of the relationship betweenSalars and Tibetans,finding that Tibetans in Xichang and Salars in Kewa have had formeda humane scene of interaction,communication and integration,in which they are based ona metaphor of common ancestry,and have long had the similar social structure,sharednatural resources and universal language and culture;They also regard credibility as thefoundation to offer mutual benefit,reciprocity and respect.Meanwhile,their interactionand communication contain a profound philosophical principle of"Harmony in Diversity",which is totally different from the variables to measure inter-ethnic relationships inWestern countries,and has provided a new perspective for us to explore the interactionand communication of ethnic groups in China.
文摘SULIMAN was a young Salar hunter who possessed a magic bow and knife. At the age of 25, he was eager to find a good wife. One day, at the foot of a mountain, he saved a skylark from the mouth of a water snake. When the skylark song thanks to Suliman, he saw a pretty girl in the
文摘The Salar nationality,with apopulation of 87,697,mainly settles in Xunhua Salar Nationality Autonomous County in eastern Qinghai Province.The Salar have their own spoken language,but no written script.Most of the Salar use Mandarin Chinese.According to legend and historians,their ancestors movde to Xunhua from Middle Asia in the 13th century.The Salar living by the Yellow River engage in agriculture and animal husbandry as their Primary means of support. The Salar believe in Islam and are also greatly influenced by confucian culture developed by the Han nationality.
