An Al0.2Ga0.8N/AlN/Al0.2Ga0.8N heterostructure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a sapphire （0001） substrate with a thick （〉 1 μm） GaN intermediate layer. The Al composition was determined b...An Al0.2Ga0.8N/AlN/Al0.2Ga0.8N heterostructure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a sapphire （0001） substrate with a thick （〉 1 μm） GaN intermediate layer. The Al composition was determined by Rutherford backscattering （RBS）. Using the channeling scan around an off-normal [1213] axis in the （1010） plane of the Al0.2Ga0.8N layer, the tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the epilayer, is investigated. The results show that eT in the high-quality Al0.2Ga0.8N layer is dramatically released by the AIN interlayer from 0.66% to 0.27%.展开更多
A 240-nm thick Al0.4In0.02Ga0.58N layer is grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition, with an over 1-μm thick GaN layer used as a buffer layer on a substrate of sapphire （0001）. Rutherford backscattering an...A 240-nm thick Al0.4In0.02Ga0.58N layer is grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition, with an over 1-μm thick GaN layer used as a buffer layer on a substrate of sapphire （0001）. Rutherford backscattering and channeling are used to characterize the microstructure of AlInGaN. The results show a good crystalline quality of AIInGaN （χmin = 1.5%） with GaN buffer layer. The channeling angular scan around an off-normal {1213} axis in the {1010} plane of the AlInGaN layer is used to determine tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the AIInGaN. The resulting AlInGaN is subjected to an elastic strain at interracial layer, and the strain decreases gradually towards the near-surface layer. It is expected that an epitaxial AlInGaN thin film with a thickness of 850 nm will be fully relaxed （^eT = 0）.展开更多
Dislocation information and strain-related tetragonal distortion as well as crystalline qualities of a 2-μm-thick InN film grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are characterized by Rutherford backscattering/channeli...Dislocation information and strain-related tetragonal distortion as well as crystalline qualities of a 2-μm-thick InN film grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are characterized by Rutherford backscattering/channeling (RBS/C) and synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction (SR-XRD).The minimum yield xmin=2.5% deduced from the RBS/C results indicates a fairly good crystalline quality.From the SR-XRD results,we obtain the values of the screw and edge densities to be ρscrew =7.0027 X 10^(9) and ρedge =8.6115 × 10^(9) cm-2,respectively.The tetragonal distortion of the sample is found to be -0.27 % by angular scans,which is close to the -0.28 % derived by SR-XRD.The value of |e(⊥)/e‖| =0.6742 implies that the InN layer is much stiffer along the a axis than that along the c axis,where e‖ is the parallel elastic strain,and e⊥ is the perpendicular elastic strain.Photoluminescence results reveal a main peak of 0.653eV with the linewidth of 60meV,additional shoulder band could be due to impurities and related defects.展开更多
After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is ...After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is the so-called Coulomb electric force, in 1/r, only positive thus repulsive in official nuclear physics, explaining the Rutherford scattering at low kinetic energy of the impacting alpha particles. At high kinetic energy the Rutherford scattering formula doesn’t work, thus called “anomalous scattering”. I have discovered that, to solve the problem, it needs only to replace, at high kinetic energy, the Coulomb repulsive electric potential in 1/r, by the also repulsive magnetic Poisson potential in 1/r<sup>3</sup>. In log-log coordinates, one observes two straight lines of slopes, respectively −2 and −6. They correspond with the −1 and −3 exponents of the only repulsive electric and magnetic interactions, multiplied by 2 due to the cross-sections. Both Rutherford (normal and anomalous) scattering have been calculated electromagnetically. No attractive force needed.展开更多
Rutherford classical scattering theory, as its quantum mechanical analogue, is modified for scattering cross-section and the impact parameter by using quantum mechanical momentum, (de Broglie hypothesis), energy relat...Rutherford classical scattering theory, as its quantum mechanical analogue, is modified for scattering cross-section and the impact parameter by using quantum mechanical momentum, (de Broglie hypothesis), energy relationship for matter oscillator (Einstein’s oscillator) and quantum mechanical wave vectors, and , respectively. It is observed that the quantum mechanical scattering cross-section and the impact parameter depended on inverse square law of quantum action (Planck’s constant). Born approximation is revisited for quantum mechanical scattering. Using Bessel and Neumann asymptotic functions and response of nuclear surface potential barrier, born approximations were modified. The coulombic fields inside the nucleus of the atom are studied for reflection and transmission with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions Bulk quantum mechanical tunneling and reflection scattering, both for ruptured and unruptured nucleus of the atom, are deciphered with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunction. Similar calculation ware accomplished for quantum surface tunneling and reflection scattering with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions. Such diverse quantum mechanical scattering cross-section with corresponding wave vectors for tunneling and reflection, phase shifts and eigenfunctions will pave a new dimension to understanding the behavior of exchange fields in the nucleus of the atom with insides layers both ruptured and unruptured. Phase shifts, δ<sub>l</sub> for each of the energy profile (partial) will be different and indeed their corresponding wave vectors for exchange energy eigenvalues.展开更多
We investigate the soft behavior of the tree-level Rutherford scattering process.We consider two types of Rutherford scattering processes:One in which a low-energy massless point-like projectile(say,a spin-1/2 or spin...We investigate the soft behavior of the tree-level Rutherford scattering process.We consider two types of Rutherford scattering processes:One in which a low-energy massless point-like projectile(say,a spin-1/2 or spin-0 electron)hits a static massive composite target particle carrying various spins(up to spin-2),and one where a slowly-moving light projectile hits a heavy static composite target.For the first type,the unpolarized cross sections in the laboratory frame are found to exhibit universal forms in the first two orders of 1/M expansion yet differ at the next-to-next-to-leading order(though some terms at this order still remain universal or depend on the target spin in a definite manner).For the second type,at the lowest order in electron velocity expansion,through all orders in 1/M,the unpolarized cross section is universal(also not sensitive to the projectile spin).The universality partially breaks down at relative order-v^(2)/M^(2),though some terms at this order are still universal or depend on the target spin in a specific manner.We also employ the effective field theory approach to reproduce the soft behavior of the differential cross sections for when the target particle is a composite spin-1/2 fermion.展开更多
A fine-filamentary CuZn sheathed MgB_(2)wires produced by Hyper Tech Inc were used for 12 strand Rutherford cable of thickness 0.70-0.76 mm.Critical currents of short cable samples were measured at 4.2 K and external ...A fine-filamentary CuZn sheathed MgB_(2)wires produced by Hyper Tech Inc were used for 12 strand Rutherford cable of thickness 0.70-0.76 mm.Critical currents of short cable samples were measured at 4.2 K and external fields 4.0-8.0 T and also at temperatures 15-25 K and magnetic fields 1.0-5.5 T.The threshold of engineering current density J_(e)=10^(4)Acm^(-2)for the cable size of 0.72 mm×2.55 mm was obtained at field of 4.5 T and temperature 4.2 K and at 2.3 T for 20 K,respectively.Magnetization measurements of the cable with transposed strands and twisted 20μm filaments have shown reduced AC losses,but,the coupling currents loss contribution was still visible.AC losses measured for the same size Rutherford cable made of single-core wires demonstrate the effect of well decoupled filaments.Consequently,the cabling of thin single-core MgB_(2)wires shows a promising way for low loss conductors suitable for AC applications.展开更多
我既是一个市场营销人士,也是品牌研究者,同时身兼360度整合策划专员,我很幸运可以站在这样一个时代的临界点上,对于这样的多重身份欢喜异常。Alan Rutherford先生是Axis Business Consulting的合伙人兼联合创始人。他目前也在几家广告...我既是一个市场营销人士,也是品牌研究者,同时身兼360度整合策划专员,我很幸运可以站在这样一个时代的临界点上,对于这样的多重身份欢喜异常。Alan Rutherford先生是Axis Business Consulting的合伙人兼联合创始人。他目前也在几家广告传播及媒体相关机构担任主席或非执行董事职务,包括：Volume,（www.volume.co.uk）设于英国及美国,专营数字营销广告及传播公司;Molinare,展开更多
目的:研究盐酸沙格雷酯对下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)患者的疗效。方法:ASO患者分为盐酸沙格雷酯治疗组(n=46)和对照组(n=42)。治疗组口服盐酸沙格雷酯、阿司匹林,对照组仅口服阿司匹林。每例患者口服阿司匹林100mg/d,盐酸沙格雷酯100mg,3...目的:研究盐酸沙格雷酯对下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)患者的疗效。方法:ASO患者分为盐酸沙格雷酯治疗组(n=46)和对照组(n=42)。治疗组口服盐酸沙格雷酯、阿司匹林,对照组仅口服阿司匹林。每例患者口服阿司匹林100mg/d,盐酸沙格雷酯100mg,3次/d,服用130d。观察患者的临床表现、Rutherford分型、踝肱指数(ABI)和药物不良反应。结果:治疗组患者感觉疼痛改善,步行距离增加,Rutherford分型0级和I级患者的改善具有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。治疗后间歇性跛行从56.6%降低为28.3%,跛行距离显著延长(116.3±72.3m vs 243.5±175.3m,P<0.01),ABI指数显著改善(0.74±0.17 vs 0.86±0.18,P<0.01)。结论:盐酸沙格雷酯对ASO患者有明显的治疗作用。展开更多
目的探讨经皮腔内血管成形术治疗下肢缺血膝下病变在RutherfordⅡ~Ⅵ不同分级的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院及北京协和医院血管外科2011年至2013年收治的189例下肢缺血膝下病变（blow the knee,BTK）行腔...目的探讨经皮腔内血管成形术治疗下肢缺血膝下病变在RutherfordⅡ~Ⅵ不同分级的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院及北京协和医院血管外科2011年至2013年收治的189例下肢缺血膝下病变（blow the knee,BTK）行腔内血管成形术患者（207条肢体）。术前按Rutherford分级分组,术后随访并计算其临床症状缓解率、一期通畅率、生存率和保肢率。结果共入选患者189例,207条患肢。患者平均年龄（71.33±6.90）岁。其中,糖尿病148例、吸烟60例、高血压病124例、高脂血症90例、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（以下简称冠心病）58例、肾功能不全21例、脑血管病30例。患肢Rutherford分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级45条、Ⅳ级71条、Ⅴ~Ⅵ级91条。平均随访时间（21.8±5.2）个月,总体病死率7.41%。RutherfordⅡ~Ⅲ级术后第1年、第2年保肢率分别为97.56%和93.81%,Ⅳ级术后第1年、第2年的保肢率分别为92.55%和87.86%,Ⅴ~Ⅵ级术后第1年、第2年的保肢率分别86.50%和77.58%。术后1年一期通畅率分别为86.85%、67.12%、50.54%,2年的一期通畅率分别为65.14%、54.67%、37.68%。结论经皮腔内血管成形术治疗严重下肢缺血合并膝下病变安全、有效,虽然中期随访通畅率较低,但保肢率较高,可以作为首选治疗方法。展开更多
Ferromagnetism is induced in pure TiO2 single crystals by oxygen ion irradiation. The ferro- magnetism is observed up to room temperature and is with weak temperature dependence. By combining X-ray diffraction, Ruther...Ferromagnetism is induced in pure TiO2 single crystals by oxygen ion irradiation. The ferro- magnetism is observed up to room temperature and is with weak temperature dependence. By combining X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backseattering/channelling, Raman scattering, and electron-spin resonance spectroscopy, supperconducting quantum interference device, displacement per atom, we measured tile lattice damage accumulation with increasing flu- ences. A defect complex, i.e., Ti3＋ on the substitutional accoiflpanied by oxygen vacancies, has been identified in the irradiated Ti02. This kind of defect complex results in a local （TiO6-x） stretching Raman mode. We elucidate that Ti3＋ with one unpaired 3d electron provide the local magnetic moments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91226202)
文摘An Al0.2Ga0.8N/AlN/Al0.2Ga0.8N heterostructure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a sapphire （0001） substrate with a thick （〉 1 μm） GaN intermediate layer. The Al composition was determined by Rutherford backscattering （RBS）. Using the channeling scan around an off-normal [1213] axis in the （1010） plane of the Al0.2Ga0.8N layer, the tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the epilayer, is investigated. The results show that eT in the high-quality Al0.2Ga0.8N layer is dramatically released by the AIN interlayer from 0.66% to 0.27%.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10875004)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB832904)
文摘A 240-nm thick Al0.4In0.02Ga0.58N layer is grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition, with an over 1-μm thick GaN layer used as a buffer layer on a substrate of sapphire （0001）. Rutherford backscattering and channeling are used to characterize the microstructure of AlInGaN. The results show a good crystalline quality of AIInGaN （χmin = 1.5%） with GaN buffer layer. The channeling angular scan around an off-normal {1213} axis in the {1010} plane of the AlInGaN layer is used to determine tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the AIInGaN. The resulting AlInGaN is subjected to an elastic strain at interracial layer, and the strain decreases gradually towards the near-surface layer. It is expected that an epitaxial AlInGaN thin film with a thickness of 850 nm will be fully relaxed （^eT = 0）.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10875004the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2010CB832904。
文摘Dislocation information and strain-related tetragonal distortion as well as crystalline qualities of a 2-μm-thick InN film grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are characterized by Rutherford backscattering/channeling (RBS/C) and synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction (SR-XRD).The minimum yield xmin=2.5% deduced from the RBS/C results indicates a fairly good crystalline quality.From the SR-XRD results,we obtain the values of the screw and edge densities to be ρscrew =7.0027 X 10^(9) and ρedge =8.6115 × 10^(9) cm-2,respectively.The tetragonal distortion of the sample is found to be -0.27 % by angular scans,which is close to the -0.28 % derived by SR-XRD.The value of |e(⊥)/e‖| =0.6742 implies that the InN layer is much stiffer along the a axis than that along the c axis,where e‖ is the parallel elastic strain,and e⊥ is the perpendicular elastic strain.Photoluminescence results reveal a main peak of 0.653eV with the linewidth of 60meV,additional shoulder band could be due to impurities and related defects.
文摘After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is the so-called Coulomb electric force, in 1/r, only positive thus repulsive in official nuclear physics, explaining the Rutherford scattering at low kinetic energy of the impacting alpha particles. At high kinetic energy the Rutherford scattering formula doesn’t work, thus called “anomalous scattering”. I have discovered that, to solve the problem, it needs only to replace, at high kinetic energy, the Coulomb repulsive electric potential in 1/r, by the also repulsive magnetic Poisson potential in 1/r<sup>3</sup>. In log-log coordinates, one observes two straight lines of slopes, respectively −2 and −6. They correspond with the −1 and −3 exponents of the only repulsive electric and magnetic interactions, multiplied by 2 due to the cross-sections. Both Rutherford (normal and anomalous) scattering have been calculated electromagnetically. No attractive force needed.
文摘Rutherford classical scattering theory, as its quantum mechanical analogue, is modified for scattering cross-section and the impact parameter by using quantum mechanical momentum, (de Broglie hypothesis), energy relationship for matter oscillator (Einstein’s oscillator) and quantum mechanical wave vectors, and , respectively. It is observed that the quantum mechanical scattering cross-section and the impact parameter depended on inverse square law of quantum action (Planck’s constant). Born approximation is revisited for quantum mechanical scattering. Using Bessel and Neumann asymptotic functions and response of nuclear surface potential barrier, born approximations were modified. The coulombic fields inside the nucleus of the atom are studied for reflection and transmission with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions Bulk quantum mechanical tunneling and reflection scattering, both for ruptured and unruptured nucleus of the atom, are deciphered with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunction. Similar calculation ware accomplished for quantum surface tunneling and reflection scattering with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions. Such diverse quantum mechanical scattering cross-section with corresponding wave vectors for tunneling and reflection, phase shifts and eigenfunctions will pave a new dimension to understanding the behavior of exchange fields in the nucleus of the atom with insides layers both ruptured and unruptured. Phase shifts, δ<sub>l</sub> for each of the energy profile (partial) will be different and indeed their corresponding wave vectors for exchange energy eigenvalues.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11925506,12475090).
文摘We investigate the soft behavior of the tree-level Rutherford scattering process.We consider two types of Rutherford scattering processes:One in which a low-energy massless point-like projectile(say,a spin-1/2 or spin-0 electron)hits a static massive composite target particle carrying various spins(up to spin-2),and one where a slowly-moving light projectile hits a heavy static composite target.For the first type,the unpolarized cross sections in the laboratory frame are found to exhibit universal forms in the first two orders of 1/M expansion yet differ at the next-to-next-to-leading order(though some terms at this order still remain universal or depend on the target spin in a definite manner).For the second type,at the lowest order in electron velocity expansion,through all orders in 1/M,the unpolarized cross section is universal(also not sensitive to the projectile spin).The universality partially breaks down at relative order-v^(2)/M^(2),though some terms at this order are still universal or depend on the target spin in a specific manner.We also employ the effective field theory approach to reproduce the soft behavior of the differential cross sections for when the target particle is a composite spin-1/2 fermion.
基金funded by the EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia under the project No.09I04-03-V02-00039.
文摘A fine-filamentary CuZn sheathed MgB_(2)wires produced by Hyper Tech Inc were used for 12 strand Rutherford cable of thickness 0.70-0.76 mm.Critical currents of short cable samples were measured at 4.2 K and external fields 4.0-8.0 T and also at temperatures 15-25 K and magnetic fields 1.0-5.5 T.The threshold of engineering current density J_(e)=10^(4)Acm^(-2)for the cable size of 0.72 mm×2.55 mm was obtained at field of 4.5 T and temperature 4.2 K and at 2.3 T for 20 K,respectively.Magnetization measurements of the cable with transposed strands and twisted 20μm filaments have shown reduced AC losses,but,the coupling currents loss contribution was still visible.AC losses measured for the same size Rutherford cable made of single-core wires demonstrate the effect of well decoupled filaments.Consequently,the cabling of thin single-core MgB_(2)wires shows a promising way for low loss conductors suitable for AC applications.
文摘我既是一个市场营销人士,也是品牌研究者,同时身兼360度整合策划专员,我很幸运可以站在这样一个时代的临界点上,对于这样的多重身份欢喜异常。Alan Rutherford先生是Axis Business Consulting的合伙人兼联合创始人。他目前也在几家广告传播及媒体相关机构担任主席或非执行董事职务,包括：Volume,（www.volume.co.uk）设于英国及美国,专营数字营销广告及传播公司;Molinare,
文摘目的:研究盐酸沙格雷酯对下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)患者的疗效。方法:ASO患者分为盐酸沙格雷酯治疗组(n=46)和对照组(n=42)。治疗组口服盐酸沙格雷酯、阿司匹林,对照组仅口服阿司匹林。每例患者口服阿司匹林100mg/d,盐酸沙格雷酯100mg,3次/d,服用130d。观察患者的临床表现、Rutherford分型、踝肱指数(ABI)和药物不良反应。结果:治疗组患者感觉疼痛改善,步行距离增加,Rutherford分型0级和I级患者的改善具有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。治疗后间歇性跛行从56.6%降低为28.3%,跛行距离显著延长(116.3±72.3m vs 243.5±175.3m,P<0.01),ABI指数显著改善(0.74±0.17 vs 0.86±0.18,P<0.01)。结论:盐酸沙格雷酯对ASO患者有明显的治疗作用。
文摘目的探讨经皮腔内血管成形术治疗下肢缺血膝下病变在RutherfordⅡ~Ⅵ不同分级的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院及北京协和医院血管外科2011年至2013年收治的189例下肢缺血膝下病变（blow the knee,BTK）行腔内血管成形术患者（207条肢体）。术前按Rutherford分级分组,术后随访并计算其临床症状缓解率、一期通畅率、生存率和保肢率。结果共入选患者189例,207条患肢。患者平均年龄（71.33±6.90）岁。其中,糖尿病148例、吸烟60例、高血压病124例、高脂血症90例、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（以下简称冠心病）58例、肾功能不全21例、脑血管病30例。患肢Rutherford分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级45条、Ⅳ级71条、Ⅴ~Ⅵ级91条。平均随访时间（21.8±5.2）个月,总体病死率7.41%。RutherfordⅡ~Ⅲ级术后第1年、第2年保肢率分别为97.56%和93.81%,Ⅳ级术后第1年、第2年的保肢率分别为92.55%和87.86%,Ⅴ~Ⅵ级术后第1年、第2年的保肢率分别86.50%和77.58%。术后1年一期通畅率分别为86.85%、67.12%、50.54%,2年的一期通畅率分别为65.14%、54.67%、37.68%。结论经皮腔内血管成形术治疗严重下肢缺血合并膝下病变安全、有效,虽然中期随访通畅率较低,但保肢率较高,可以作为首选治疗方法。
文摘Ferromagnetism is induced in pure TiO2 single crystals by oxygen ion irradiation. The ferro- magnetism is observed up to room temperature and is with weak temperature dependence. By combining X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backseattering/channelling, Raman scattering, and electron-spin resonance spectroscopy, supperconducting quantum interference device, displacement per atom, we measured tile lattice damage accumulation with increasing flu- ences. A defect complex, i.e., Ti3＋ on the substitutional accoiflpanied by oxygen vacancies, has been identified in the irradiated Ti02. This kind of defect complex results in a local （TiO6-x） stretching Raman mode. We elucidate that Ti3＋ with one unpaired 3d electron provide the local magnetic moments.
