[Objectives]To investigate the optimal extraction conditions for anthocyanins from defatted Lycium ruthenicum Murray using ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction.[Methods]Anthocyanins were extracted from wild L.ruthen...[Objectives]To investigate the optimal extraction conditions for anthocyanins from defatted Lycium ruthenicum Murray using ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction.[Methods]Anthocyanins were extracted from wild L.ruthenicum in Qinghai Province using ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction.Through single-factor and orthogonal experiments,the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows:temperature 50℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:15(g/mL),ethanol concentration 60%(v/v),and ultrasonic extraction time 25 min.Under these conditions,the anthocyanin content of L.ruthenicum was quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 280 nm.[Results]The extraction yield of anthocyanins from wild Qinghai L.ruthenicum was 17.0 mg/g,which is superior to the yield of 10.0 mg/g obtained by water solvent extraction,representing a 0.7%increase in extraction rate.The anthocyanin content in L.ruthenicum from different regions was determined,revealing that samples from the Chaidamu area in Qinghai had the highest content(17.3 mg/g),while samples from the Gansu area had the lowest(12.0 mg/g).[Conclusions]Ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction technology offers advantages including rapid operation,low energy consumption,high extraction yield,simple detection,and safety.展开更多
The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysac...The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.展开更多
Lycium ruthenicum Murray,a plant widely cultivated in northwestern China,is integral to traditional Chinese medicine,with applications in treating menstrual disorders,cardiovascular diseases,and menopausal symptoms.De...Lycium ruthenicum Murray,a plant widely cultivated in northwestern China,is integral to traditional Chinese medicine,with applications in treating menstrual disorders,cardiovascular diseases,and menopausal symptoms.Despite its recognized medicinal value and use as a functional food,comprehensive knowledge of its metabolites and their pharmacological effects remains limited.This study presents an innovative approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC–QTOF/MS)to conduct a detailed analysis of both wild and cultivated L.ruthenicum samples.A total of 62 peaks were detected in the total ion current profile,with 59 metabolites identified based on accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation patterns.Multivariate analyses revealed distinct chemical profiles that effectively differentiate between wild and cultivated samples,identifying six key chemical markers crucial for the classification of L.ruthenicum varieties.Furthermore,a comprehensive interaction network was constructed,highlighting the top 20 significant pathways,which elucidates the components–targets–pathways–disease relationships.These findings not only provide a robust methodology for quality assessment and geographical discrimination of L.ruthenicum but also lay a theoretical foundation for its future exploration in traditional Chinese medicine,thereby enhancing its potential as both a medicinal and functional food source.展开更多
Lycium ruthenicum(black goji)is a medicinal plant native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Cao et al.,2021),known for its high anthocyanin content(Avula et al.,2023)in fruit.In contrast,the white and purple variants contai...Lycium ruthenicum(black goji)is a medicinal plant native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Cao et al.,2021),known for its high anthocyanin content(Avula et al.,2023)in fruit.In contrast,the white and purple variants contain little anthocyanin(Zong et al.,2019).The evolutionary relationship of the variants and the genetic basis underlying their color differentiation has rarely been well studied at the whole genome level(Li et al.,2024).In this study,we present a near-complete genome assembly of L.ruthenicum,providing a valuable resource for investigating its evolutionary relationships with other Lycium species and fruit color variants.Through integrated genomic,transcriptomic,and functional analyses,we identify a key structural variation of AN1,a bHLH transcription factor essential for anthocyanin biosynthesis,which underlies the formation of white and purple goji in L.ruthenicum.展开更多
Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antio...Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antioxidant activity,and anti-inflammatory activity.In addition,whether and how consuming dried black wolfberry affects gut microbiota has not been reported.This study assessed the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of black wolfberry dried through different methods,and subsequently characterized changes in human fecal microbiota associated with freeze-dried black wolfberry in vitro.The results showed that freeze-dried samples retained higher total phenolics((49.68±1.62)mg GAE/g DM),tannins((38.64±1.35)mg GAE/g DM),and proanthocyanidins((3.35±0.30)mg/g DM)compared to sun drying or hot air drying(P<0.05),and exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.In human fecal inoculum bioreactor fermentations,freeze-dried black wolfberry was associated with increased species richness andα-diversity.At the genus level,fermentations treated with black wolfberry had a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus,Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Pediococcus,and Weissella,as well as butyrate-producing bacteria compared to the untreated samples,suggesting enrichment for taxa associated with a healthy gut microbiome.In addition,the black wolfberry treatment group had higher levels of short-chain fatty acids,which were consistent with PICRUSt2 inference.This study defines an optimal method for black wolfberry preservation to retain the beneficial compounds,and provides a foundation for further exploration of its potential benefits for human gut microbiota.展开更多
[Objective]To study the seeds germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.under different concentrations of NaCl,as well as to find the optimal concentration of NaCl for the germination of L.ruthenicum.[Method]The seeds of ...[Objective]To study the seeds germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.under different concentrations of NaCl,as well as to find the optimal concentration of NaCl for the germination of L.ruthenicum.[Method]The seeds of L.ruthenicum were treated with different concentrations of NaCl,and the state of seed germination was measured.[Result]With the increasing of concentration of NaCl,the seed germination rate of L.ruthenicum showed an obvious increasing trend.when the concentration was of 0.3%-0.4 %,the germination rate was the highest,and when the concentration of NaCl was greater than 0.4,the germination rate showed a decline trend.[Conclusion]After treated with appropriate concentrations of NaCl before sowing,the germination rate of seeds of L.ruthenicum would increase.展开更多
Karyotype analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. was carried out in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24; the arm index was 48; the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one wa...Karyotype analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. was carried out in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24; the arm index was 48; the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one was 1.31; the proportions of chromosomes with arm ratio higher than 2 was 0.08; the asymmetry index was 57.02; the karyotype type was 2A; and the karyotype formula was 2n=-24=20m＋4sm.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system for Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[Method] Using tender stems of L.ruthenicum as explants,MS as basic culture medium,the effects of diff...[Objective] This study aimed to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system for Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[Method] Using tender stems of L.ruthenicum as explants,MS as basic culture medium,the effects of different factors on primary culture,subculture and rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets were investigated.[Result] The most appropriate medium for primary culture of L.ruthenicum was MS ＋ ZT 0.2 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which axillary buds grew well and were rarely vitrified with the germination rate of 88.73%.In addition,ZT exerted significantly better effects on subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets than 6-BA.The most appropriate medium for subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ ZT 0.15 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew rapidly and robustly without vitrification,and the proliferation multiple reached 5.83 times.The most appropriate medium for rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ IBA 1.0 mg/L,in which the rooting rate reached 100%.The most appropriate substrate for transplanting and hardening of L.ruthenicum plantlets was humus soil：perlite = 1：1,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew well with the survival rate of 92.37%.[Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for largescale production and popularization of L.ruthenicum.展开更多
Lycium ruthenicum is a perennial shrub species that has attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to its nutritional value and ability to thrive in a harsh environment. However, only extremely limited tran...Lycium ruthenicum is a perennial shrub species that has attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to its nutritional value and ability to thrive in a harsh environment. However, only extremely limited transcriptomic and genomic data related to this species can be found in public databases, thereby limiting breeding research and molecular function analysis. In this study, we characterized the physiological and biochemical responses to saline- alkaline mixed stress by measuring photochemical efficiency, chlorophyll content, and protective enzyme activity. We performed global transcriptomic profiling analysis using the IIlumina platform. After optimizing the assembly, a total of 68063 unique transcript sequences with an average length of 877 bp were obtained. Among these sequences, 4096 unigenes were upregulated and 4381 unigenes were down-regulated after saline-alkaline mixed treatment. The most abundant transcripts and over-represented items were assigned to gene ontology （GO） terms or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and the Genomes （KEGG） categories for overall unigenes, and differentially expressed unigenes were analyzed in detail. Based on this set of RNA-sequencing data, a total of 9216 perfect potential simple sequence re- peats （SSRs） were identified within 7940 unigenes with a frequency of 1/6.48 kb. A total of 77 primer pairs were synthesized and examined in wet-laboratory experiments, of which 68 loci （88.3%） were successfully amplified with specific products. Eleven pairs of polymorphic primers were verified in 225 individuals from nine populations. The inbreeding coefficient and the polymorphism information content value ranged from 0.011 to 0.179 and from 0.1112 to 0.6750, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.064 to 0.840 and from 0.115 to 0.726, respectively. Nine populations were clustered into three groups based on a genetic diversity study using these novel markers. Our data will be useful for functional genomic investigations of L. ruthenicum and could be used as a basis for further research on the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow of L. ruthenicum and other closely related species.展开更多
[Objectives] To study structural characteristics of Lycium ruthenicum community and soil properties on different types of desert rangeland in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, and provide theoretical basis for ecolo...[Objectives] To study structural characteristics of Lycium ruthenicum community and soil properties on different types of desert rangeland in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, and provide theoretical basis for ecological protection and management in the lower reaches of Shiyang River. [Methods] One-way ANOVA analysis and correlation analysis were carried out with the aid of SPSS19.0 software for different types of desert rangeland soils. [Results](i) Among the communities surveyed, there are 31 species belonging to 9 families and 28 genera, including 12 shrub plants, 8 perennial herbs and 11 annual herbs. There are more single genus, occupying 50% of total genus. L. ruthenicum occupies an important position in the community with relatively higher importance value. It plays a dominated role in the community.(ii) In the soils with depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm in different types of desert rangeland, the organic carbon contents in the saline alkali soil were the highest, with the values of 1.08%, 0.98%, 0.89% and 0.972%, respectively. Compared with that in sandy land, soil organic carbon in saline alkali land(0-10 cm) had the significant difference(P<0.05), available soil potassium in saline alkali land(except the depth of 20-40 cm) and the total phosphorus content in saline alkali land(0-10 cm) had the significant difference(P<0.05), the total soil nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and the total potassium content had no significant difference(P>0.05). Soil organic carbon, available soil phosphorus in saline alkali land, total soil potassium on sand dune and total soil phosphorus in saline alkali land and gravel in different soil layers of the same type of desert rangeland had distinct aggregation effect.(iii) The soil microbial biomass in different types of desert rangeland displayed from high to low as saline alkali land > sandy land > fixed and semi fixed sandy land > gravel. The discrepancy of soil microbial biomass varied in different types of desert rangeland. The four soil enzyme activities in salinization was the highest. Soil invertase activity in saline alkali land in different soil layers were the highest. For different soil layers in the same type of desert rangeland, soil microbial biomass and invertase decreased gradually with the deepening of soil layer.(iv) There was a significant positive correlation between soil organic matter and microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, phosphatase and sucrase(P<0.01), and a significant positive correlation with urease and catalase(P<0.05). Phosphorus content was significant positively correlated with urease, phosphatase and invertase(P<0.01), and positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon(P<0.05). Soil available potassium content was significant positively correlated with microbial and phosphatase(P<0.01). [Conclusions] The species of L. ruthenicum community and soil properties on different types of desert rangeland in the lower reaches of Shiyang River clearly shows that most species belong to a few families, and a few species belong to most families, and many species are single genus or single family. Soil organic carbon, soil available phosphorus, total phosphorus, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in salinization land had distinct surface aggregation effects, so salinization land provides excellent growth environment for the growth of L. ruthenicum, which is of great significance for the protection of L. ruthenicum population.展开更多
[Objectives]To compare content of proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides in wild Lycium ruthenicum.[Methods]The wild L.ruthenicum collected from different regions such as Qinghai,Inner Mongolia,Ningxia and Gansu Provin...[Objectives]To compare content of proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides in wild Lycium ruthenicum.[Methods]The wild L.ruthenicum collected from different regions such as Qinghai,Inner Mongolia,Ningxia and Gansu Province were taken as the research objects.The conventional indicators such as proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides of the experimental materials were determined,and the proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides of the experimental materials in different regions were compared and analyzed.The difference in content and correlation,and the cluster analysis method were used to divide clusters of the experimental materials.[Results]The absorbance of proanthocyanidins in the fruit of wild L.ruthenicum was No.4>No.1>No.5>No.6>No.3>No.2,among which the absorbance of anthocyanin(2.43)of wild L.ruthenicum variety No.4 was significantly higher than other experimental materials(P<0.05),and proanthocyanidin of No.2 had the lowest absorbance value of 1.35.There was no significant difference between No.3 and No.6(P>0.05),and there were significant differences among other experimental materials(P<0.05).The content of polysaccharides was:No.3>No.7>No.2>No.4>No.5>No.6>No.1;there was no significant difference between No.3 and No.7(P>0.05),but significantly higher than other materials(P<0.05).Besides,proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides showed significant variability,but there was no consistency in the correlation between them.[Conclusions]In terms of the absorbance of proanthocyanidins,the experimental materials No.1 and No.4 can be classified into a cluster;experimental materials No.2,No.3,No.5 and No.6 can be classified into another cluster.This can provide a theoretical basis for the introduction and breeding of fine varieties.展开更多
An eco-friendly and visual pH indicator was developed based on cotton fabrics dyed with natural Lycium ruthenicum extract(LRE),whose color changed from red to purple,blue and green at pH of 2-10.Three methods for dyei...An eco-friendly and visual pH indicator was developed based on cotton fabrics dyed with natural Lycium ruthenicum extract(LRE),whose color changed from red to purple,blue and green at pH of 2-10.Three methods for dyeing cotton fabrics with LRE were attempted,namely pre-mordanting,simultaneous mordanting,and post-mordanting methods with different dyeing temperatures,dyeing times and dyebath pH values.The cotton fabrics exhibited the highest K/S value when they were dyed under a dyebath of pH 6 at 20℃for 90 min in the case of the simultaneous mordanting method.Meanwhile,the dyed cotton fabrics also showed reversible pH-dependent color changes.The developed flexible pH indicator based on renewable natural materials is suitable for multiple applications in environmental monitoring and smart textiles.展开更多
The effects of three fixation methods( steaming,blanching and microwave fixation) on chemical composition and sensory quality of Lycium ruthenicum bud-tea were investigated.The results showed the fixation technique( t...The effects of three fixation methods( steaming,blanching and microwave fixation) on chemical composition and sensory quality of Lycium ruthenicum bud-tea were investigated.The results showed the fixation technique( the leaf weight 3 g/cm^2,the time 1.5 min,and the temperature 100 ℃) was the best,which was beneficial to the conservation of free amino acid and soluble sugar in L.ruthenicum bud-tea.The loss of chlorophyll was limited,and the score of sensory quality review was higher.展开更多
[Objectives]The quality of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.from different producing areas was studied.[Methods]The content of proanthocyanidins(UV spectrophotometry),water-soluble vitamins(VB 2,VB 6,VB 12,Vc,niacinamide,and fo...[Objectives]The quality of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.from different producing areas was studied.[Methods]The content of proanthocyanidins(UV spectrophotometry),water-soluble vitamins(VB 2,VB 6,VB 12,Vc,niacinamide,and folic acid)),fat-soluble vitamins(VD,and VK 1)(high performance liquid chromatography),and trace elements Cu,Zn,and Fe(flame atomic absorption method)in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner of Inner Mongolia,Nuomuhong of Qinghai and Korla of Xinjiang were measured.[Results]The content of proanthocyanidins,VB 2,nicotinamide and VB 12 in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was higher,and the content of Vc,VB 6,Cu,Zn,VD and VK 1 in L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong was higher,while the content of folic acid and Fe in L.ruthenicum from Korla was higher.The proanthocyanidin content of L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was the highest,so it is an ideal plant for extracting proanthocyanidins.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the research,development and utilization of L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong,Ejin Banner and Korla.展开更多
[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction ...[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.展开更多
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the optimal extraction conditions for anthocyanins from defatted Lycium ruthenicum Murray using ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction.[Methods]Anthocyanins were extracted from wild L.ruthenicum in Qinghai Province using ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction.Through single-factor and orthogonal experiments,the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows:temperature 50℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:15(g/mL),ethanol concentration 60%(v/v),and ultrasonic extraction time 25 min.Under these conditions,the anthocyanin content of L.ruthenicum was quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 280 nm.[Results]The extraction yield of anthocyanins from wild Qinghai L.ruthenicum was 17.0 mg/g,which is superior to the yield of 10.0 mg/g obtained by water solvent extraction,representing a 0.7%increase in extraction rate.The anthocyanin content in L.ruthenicum from different regions was determined,revealing that samples from the Chaidamu area in Qinghai had the highest content(17.3 mg/g),while samples from the Gansu area had the lowest(12.0 mg/g).[Conclusions]Ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction technology offers advantages including rapid operation,low energy consumption,high extraction yield,simple detection,and safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360058)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(2023ZYZX1224)Xinjiang University Excellent Doctoral Student Innovation Project(XJU2022BS051)。
文摘The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.
基金supported by Qinghai Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Project(2021-SF-149),awarded to C.ChenInnovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(S202410373040),awarded to C.ChenAnhui Provincial College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(20221502032),awarded to C.Chen.
文摘Lycium ruthenicum Murray,a plant widely cultivated in northwestern China,is integral to traditional Chinese medicine,with applications in treating menstrual disorders,cardiovascular diseases,and menopausal symptoms.Despite its recognized medicinal value and use as a functional food,comprehensive knowledge of its metabolites and their pharmacological effects remains limited.This study presents an innovative approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC–QTOF/MS)to conduct a detailed analysis of both wild and cultivated L.ruthenicum samples.A total of 62 peaks were detected in the total ion current profile,with 59 metabolites identified based on accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation patterns.Multivariate analyses revealed distinct chemical profiles that effectively differentiate between wild and cultivated samples,identifying six key chemical markers crucial for the classification of L.ruthenicum varieties.Furthermore,a comprehensive interaction network was constructed,highlighting the top 20 significant pathways,which elucidates the components–targets–pathways–disease relationships.These findings not only provide a robust methodology for quality assessment and geographical discrimination of L.ruthenicum but also lay a theoretical foundation for its future exploration in traditional Chinese medicine,thereby enhancing its potential as both a medicinal and functional food source.
基金supported by the Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding[2023-1-1].
文摘Lycium ruthenicum(black goji)is a medicinal plant native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Cao et al.,2021),known for its high anthocyanin content(Avula et al.,2023)in fruit.In contrast,the white and purple variants contain little anthocyanin(Zong et al.,2019).The evolutionary relationship of the variants and the genetic basis underlying their color differentiation has rarely been well studied at the whole genome level(Li et al.,2024).In this study,we present a near-complete genome assembly of L.ruthenicum,providing a valuable resource for investigating its evolutionary relationships with other Lycium species and fruit color variants.Through integrated genomic,transcriptomic,and functional analyses,we identify a key structural variation of AN1,a bHLH transcription factor essential for anthocyanin biosynthesis,which underlies the formation of white and purple goji in L.ruthenicum.
基金supported by Key Research and Development Program in Xizang Autonomous Region(XZ202301ZY0018N)Xizang Autonomous Region financial special project(XZCZ-SS-2024)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA463)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2023A0505050104)。
文摘Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antioxidant activity,and anti-inflammatory activity.In addition,whether and how consuming dried black wolfberry affects gut microbiota has not been reported.This study assessed the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of black wolfberry dried through different methods,and subsequently characterized changes in human fecal microbiota associated with freeze-dried black wolfberry in vitro.The results showed that freeze-dried samples retained higher total phenolics((49.68±1.62)mg GAE/g DM),tannins((38.64±1.35)mg GAE/g DM),and proanthocyanidins((3.35±0.30)mg/g DM)compared to sun drying or hot air drying(P<0.05),and exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.In human fecal inoculum bioreactor fermentations,freeze-dried black wolfberry was associated with increased species richness andα-diversity.At the genus level,fermentations treated with black wolfberry had a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus,Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Pediococcus,and Weissella,as well as butyrate-producing bacteria compared to the untreated samples,suggesting enrichment for taxa associated with a healthy gut microbiome.In addition,the black wolfberry treatment group had higher levels of short-chain fatty acids,which were consistent with PICRUSt2 inference.This study defines an optimal method for black wolfberry preservation to retain the beneficial compounds,and provides a foundation for further exploration of its potential benefits for human gut microbiota.
文摘[Objective]To study the seeds germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.under different concentrations of NaCl,as well as to find the optimal concentration of NaCl for the germination of L.ruthenicum.[Method]The seeds of L.ruthenicum were treated with different concentrations of NaCl,and the state of seed germination was measured.[Result]With the increasing of concentration of NaCl,the seed germination rate of L.ruthenicum showed an obvious increasing trend.when the concentration was of 0.3%-0.4 %,the germination rate was the highest,and when the concentration of NaCl was greater than 0.4,the germination rate showed a decline trend.[Conclusion]After treated with appropriate concentrations of NaCl before sowing,the germination rate of seeds of L.ruthenicum would increase.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31100401)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(13ZLZLZF05700)+1 种基金Fund for Special Science and Technology Correspondents of Tianjin City(15JCTPJC59500)College Students'Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Program of Tianjin City(201610061102)~~
文摘Karyotype analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. was carried out in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24; the arm index was 48; the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one was 1.31; the proportions of chromosomes with arm ratio higher than 2 was 0.08; the asymmetry index was 57.02; the karyotype type was 2A; and the karyotype formula was 2n=-24=20m＋4sm.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system for Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[Method] Using tender stems of L.ruthenicum as explants,MS as basic culture medium,the effects of different factors on primary culture,subculture and rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets were investigated.[Result] The most appropriate medium for primary culture of L.ruthenicum was MS ＋ ZT 0.2 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which axillary buds grew well and were rarely vitrified with the germination rate of 88.73%.In addition,ZT exerted significantly better effects on subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets than 6-BA.The most appropriate medium for subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ ZT 0.15 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew rapidly and robustly without vitrification,and the proliferation multiple reached 5.83 times.The most appropriate medium for rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ IBA 1.0 mg/L,in which the rooting rate reached 100%.The most appropriate substrate for transplanting and hardening of L.ruthenicum plantlets was humus soil：perlite = 1：1,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew well with the survival rate of 92.37%.[Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for largescale production and popularization of L.ruthenicum.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2016ZCQ05)the Forestry Industry Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects(No.201504101)the Ningxia Goji Special Funds of Establishment and Application of Technical System of Molecular Breeding for Wolfberry,China
文摘Lycium ruthenicum is a perennial shrub species that has attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to its nutritional value and ability to thrive in a harsh environment. However, only extremely limited transcriptomic and genomic data related to this species can be found in public databases, thereby limiting breeding research and molecular function analysis. In this study, we characterized the physiological and biochemical responses to saline- alkaline mixed stress by measuring photochemical efficiency, chlorophyll content, and protective enzyme activity. We performed global transcriptomic profiling analysis using the IIlumina platform. After optimizing the assembly, a total of 68063 unique transcript sequences with an average length of 877 bp were obtained. Among these sequences, 4096 unigenes were upregulated and 4381 unigenes were down-regulated after saline-alkaline mixed treatment. The most abundant transcripts and over-represented items were assigned to gene ontology （GO） terms or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and the Genomes （KEGG） categories for overall unigenes, and differentially expressed unigenes were analyzed in detail. Based on this set of RNA-sequencing data, a total of 9216 perfect potential simple sequence re- peats （SSRs） were identified within 7940 unigenes with a frequency of 1/6.48 kb. A total of 77 primer pairs were synthesized and examined in wet-laboratory experiments, of which 68 loci （88.3%） were successfully amplified with specific products. Eleven pairs of polymorphic primers were verified in 225 individuals from nine populations. The inbreeding coefficient and the polymorphism information content value ranged from 0.011 to 0.179 and from 0.1112 to 0.6750, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.064 to 0.840 and from 0.115 to 0.726, respectively. Nine populations were clustered into three groups based on a genetic diversity study using these novel markers. Our data will be useful for functional genomic investigations of L. ruthenicum and could be used as a basis for further research on the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow of L. ruthenicum and other closely related species.
基金Supported by Regional Fund Project of Gansu Province,China(31560128,31760709,31860175,31460134,31460223)Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Gansu Province(GSDC201506)Youth Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(18JR3RA019)
文摘[Objectives] To study structural characteristics of Lycium ruthenicum community and soil properties on different types of desert rangeland in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, and provide theoretical basis for ecological protection and management in the lower reaches of Shiyang River. [Methods] One-way ANOVA analysis and correlation analysis were carried out with the aid of SPSS19.0 software for different types of desert rangeland soils. [Results](i) Among the communities surveyed, there are 31 species belonging to 9 families and 28 genera, including 12 shrub plants, 8 perennial herbs and 11 annual herbs. There are more single genus, occupying 50% of total genus. L. ruthenicum occupies an important position in the community with relatively higher importance value. It plays a dominated role in the community.(ii) In the soils with depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm in different types of desert rangeland, the organic carbon contents in the saline alkali soil were the highest, with the values of 1.08%, 0.98%, 0.89% and 0.972%, respectively. Compared with that in sandy land, soil organic carbon in saline alkali land(0-10 cm) had the significant difference(P<0.05), available soil potassium in saline alkali land(except the depth of 20-40 cm) and the total phosphorus content in saline alkali land(0-10 cm) had the significant difference(P<0.05), the total soil nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and the total potassium content had no significant difference(P>0.05). Soil organic carbon, available soil phosphorus in saline alkali land, total soil potassium on sand dune and total soil phosphorus in saline alkali land and gravel in different soil layers of the same type of desert rangeland had distinct aggregation effect.(iii) The soil microbial biomass in different types of desert rangeland displayed from high to low as saline alkali land > sandy land > fixed and semi fixed sandy land > gravel. The discrepancy of soil microbial biomass varied in different types of desert rangeland. The four soil enzyme activities in salinization was the highest. Soil invertase activity in saline alkali land in different soil layers were the highest. For different soil layers in the same type of desert rangeland, soil microbial biomass and invertase decreased gradually with the deepening of soil layer.(iv) There was a significant positive correlation between soil organic matter and microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, phosphatase and sucrase(P<0.01), and a significant positive correlation with urease and catalase(P<0.05). Phosphorus content was significant positively correlated with urease, phosphatase and invertase(P<0.01), and positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon(P<0.05). Soil available potassium content was significant positively correlated with microbial and phosphatase(P<0.01). [Conclusions] The species of L. ruthenicum community and soil properties on different types of desert rangeland in the lower reaches of Shiyang River clearly shows that most species belong to a few families, and a few species belong to most families, and many species are single genus or single family. Soil organic carbon, soil available phosphorus, total phosphorus, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in salinization land had distinct surface aggregation effects, so salinization land provides excellent growth environment for the growth of L. ruthenicum, which is of great significance for the protection of L. ruthenicum population.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia(201602083)Special Fund for Scientific Research of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University"Special Program for Breeding(Selection)of Animal and Plant Varieties"(YZGC2017023)
文摘[Objectives]To compare content of proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides in wild Lycium ruthenicum.[Methods]The wild L.ruthenicum collected from different regions such as Qinghai,Inner Mongolia,Ningxia and Gansu Province were taken as the research objects.The conventional indicators such as proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides of the experimental materials were determined,and the proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides of the experimental materials in different regions were compared and analyzed.The difference in content and correlation,and the cluster analysis method were used to divide clusters of the experimental materials.[Results]The absorbance of proanthocyanidins in the fruit of wild L.ruthenicum was No.4>No.1>No.5>No.6>No.3>No.2,among which the absorbance of anthocyanin(2.43)of wild L.ruthenicum variety No.4 was significantly higher than other experimental materials(P<0.05),and proanthocyanidin of No.2 had the lowest absorbance value of 1.35.There was no significant difference between No.3 and No.6(P>0.05),and there were significant differences among other experimental materials(P<0.05).The content of polysaccharides was:No.3>No.7>No.2>No.4>No.5>No.6>No.1;there was no significant difference between No.3 and No.7(P>0.05),but significantly higher than other materials(P<0.05).Besides,proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides showed significant variability,but there was no consistency in the correlation between them.[Conclusions]In terms of the absorbance of proanthocyanidins,the experimental materials No.1 and No.4 can be classified into a cluster;experimental materials No.2,No.3,No.5 and No.6 can be classified into another cluster.This can provide a theoretical basis for the introduction and breeding of fine varieties.
基金Quanzhou City Science&Technology Program of China(No.2019C014R)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Quanzhou Normal University,China(No.S202110399067)。
文摘An eco-friendly and visual pH indicator was developed based on cotton fabrics dyed with natural Lycium ruthenicum extract(LRE),whose color changed from red to purple,blue and green at pH of 2-10.Three methods for dyeing cotton fabrics with LRE were attempted,namely pre-mordanting,simultaneous mordanting,and post-mordanting methods with different dyeing temperatures,dyeing times and dyebath pH values.The cotton fabrics exhibited the highest K/S value when they were dyed under a dyebath of pH 6 at 20℃for 90 min in the case of the simultaneous mordanting method.Meanwhile,the dyed cotton fabrics also showed reversible pH-dependent color changes.The developed flexible pH indicator based on renewable natural materials is suitable for multiple applications in environmental monitoring and smart textiles.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(NKYJ-17-18)
文摘The effects of three fixation methods( steaming,blanching and microwave fixation) on chemical composition and sensory quality of Lycium ruthenicum bud-tea were investigated.The results showed the fixation technique( the leaf weight 3 g/cm^2,the time 1.5 min,and the temperature 100 ℃) was the best,which was beneficial to the conservation of free amino acid and soluble sugar in L.ruthenicum bud-tea.The loss of chlorophyll was limited,and the score of sensory quality review was higher.
基金Supported by Support Fund for Young Graduate Tutors(No.GAU-QNDS-201715)Sheng Tongsheng Innovation Fund(No.GSAU-STS-1736)+1 种基金Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science,Gansu Agricultural University(No.GSCS-2012-14)Study on Breeding and Propagation Techniques of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.(NLKY[2015]No.3)
文摘[Objectives]The quality of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.from different producing areas was studied.[Methods]The content of proanthocyanidins(UV spectrophotometry),water-soluble vitamins(VB 2,VB 6,VB 12,Vc,niacinamide,and folic acid)),fat-soluble vitamins(VD,and VK 1)(high performance liquid chromatography),and trace elements Cu,Zn,and Fe(flame atomic absorption method)in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner of Inner Mongolia,Nuomuhong of Qinghai and Korla of Xinjiang were measured.[Results]The content of proanthocyanidins,VB 2,nicotinamide and VB 12 in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was higher,and the content of Vc,VB 6,Cu,Zn,VD and VK 1 in L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong was higher,while the content of folic acid and Fe in L.ruthenicum from Korla was higher.The proanthocyanidin content of L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was the highest,so it is an ideal plant for extracting proanthocyanidins.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the research,development and utilization of L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong,Ejin Banner and Korla.
基金Supported by 2016 Instrument Functional Development Project of Lanzhou Regional Center of Resources and Environmental Science Instrument,CAS(2018gl11)
文摘[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.
