On the basis of the equivalent axle load action frequency, the traffic classifications of rural roads as well as their corresponding types are classified. The asphalt pavement structure, road surface types and thickne...On the basis of the equivalent axle load action frequency, the traffic classifications of rural roads as well as their corresponding types are classified. The asphalt pavement structure, road surface types and thickness of the rural roads are suggested for the various action frequency of the equivalent axle load. Furthermore, the roadbase thickness graphs are provided according to different equivalent axle load action frequency with different roadbed modulus and road surface modulus taken into account.展开更多
Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or ...Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or probabilistic approach. The main goal is to ensure safety and continuity of road traffic on road network with low intensity and lower technical requirements. Article presents PMS used for Slovakia rural road network based on road construction diagnostics, traffic volume, climate factors and evaluation of maintenance works economics effectives by using of software tools like HDM-4 developed by World Bank. Local road administrators of rural road networks often lack the software equipment, most PMS, however effective, are often cumbersome, demanding in regard to energy, know-how and software equipment. The majority of local road administrators of rural road networks thus resort to non-effective reactive maintenance strategies. This article describes an easy to use method, based on predetermined maintenance repair and rehabilitation standards. A simple method, based on road user cost, is introduced that administrator can use to prepare a list of road section eligible for repair according to their repair priority.展开更多
In order to shorten the gap between urban and rural areas, the state builds roads and bridges in rural areas, which not only drives the development of rural production but also facilitates peoples daily travel. The tr...In order to shorten the gap between urban and rural areas, the state builds roads and bridges in rural areas, which not only drives the development of rural production but also facilitates peoples daily travel. The traffic volume of roads in rural areas is lower than that in cities. In contrast, the performance requirements of roads in rural areas are lower, and cement concrete pavement is often used. Concrete pavement is widely used in rural road construction because of its advantages such as high strength, strong pavement stability and long service life, but it is affected by factors such as low quality of technicians and limited construction equipment. Many rural cement concrete pavements have a short service life. This paper will focus on the analysis of the construction process, key difficulties and how to improve the construction quality of cement concrete pavement in rural areas. I hope this article can provide reference for rural highway engineering construction.展开更多
In order to make rural transportation more convenient and speed up the development of agricultural mechanization, China is also gradually improving the structure of the rural road network. In order to make the road su...In order to make rural transportation more convenient and speed up the development of agricultural mechanization, China is also gradually improving the structure of the rural road network. In order to make the road surface of rural roads meet the requirements of hardening, we need to reform and build new rural roads, which can not only improve the basis of the rural road network, but also promote the development of the countryside. How to effectively construct and manage the highway is an important link to reduce the project cost, improve the construction efficiency and improve the construction quality. Based on this, the paper analyzes the problems in the current rural road construction, and according to the practice, gives the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions on how to strengthen the management of rural road construction.展开更多
At present, in the construction of Chinas national road network, the construction of rural roads is a very important part of the construction process, and its construction efficiency directly affects the travel situat...At present, in the construction of Chinas national road network, the construction of rural roads is a very important part of the construction process, and its construction efficiency directly affects the travel situation of rural people. Therefore, in order to ensure the development and management of agriculture, it is necessary to do a good job in rural road construction and ensure the rural road traffic safety, which is of very critical significance for accelerating rural revitalization. However, as far as the actual situation of China is concerned, the rural road safety problems are becoming increasingly prominent, especially the emergence of road safety accidents, resulting in more and more casualties and increasing economic losses. Therefore, the government attaches great importance to the rural road traffic safety, and hopes to take relevant measures to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents. This paper will study the importance of rural road traffic safety, the influencing factors, and put forward a series of feasible measures for reference.展开更多
More than 32,000 motorists are killed on U.S. roads and streets annually, and approximately 54% of the accidents occur on rural roads. In an attempt to address and reduce these fatalities, the current transportation a...More than 32,000 motorists are killed on U.S. roads and streets annually, and approximately 54% of the accidents occur on rural roads. In an attempt to address and reduce these fatalities, the current transportation act, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equality Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETY-LU), elevated the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) to a core program and included a $90,000,000 High-Risk Rural Road Program (HRRRP) to address and significantly reduce traffic fatalities and incapacitating injuries on rural major or minor collectors, and/or rural local roads. While there were many challenges to properly implement the HRRRP in counties, this study provided important information that was needed to identify the predominant crash types on HRRRP-eligible roads and compiled a list of countermeasures for the predominant crash types that were identified on Kansas’ high-risk rural roads. For the gathered countermeasures, crash reduction factors (CRFs) were also provided from the literature review, and their values were validated by conducting interviews with Kansas county engineers/officials. This study provided valuable information for the county engineers and local government officials while they worked on improving the safety of high-risk rural roads using HRRRP funds.展开更多
The relationship between rural road①systems and economic systems is interconnectedness.The stimulating effects of investments in rural road infrastructure can be divided into three stages:investment,use,and upgrading...The relationship between rural road①systems and economic systems is interconnectedness.The stimulating effects of investments in rural road infrastructure can be divided into three stages:investment,use,and upgrading.This paper presents this three-stage model of rural road construction to explain the process of stimulating economic growth by investing in rural roads.The investment stage produces a multiplier effect as the investment stimulates the economy.The use stage promotes the development of industries,which determines the stimulation effects of the investment.The upgrading stage produces economic growth leading to the upgrading of additional infrastructure,which generates more investments and also has a multiplier effect.Finally,the total revenue from the three stages,minus their total costs,allows for the calculation of Net Present Value(NPV).The investments can be deemed effective if the NPV is greater than zero.展开更多
In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and the continuous progress of society, under the strategic concept of strengthening the country by traffic, in order to better promote the improvement of rural r...In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and the continuous progress of society, under the strategic concept of strengthening the country by traffic, in order to better promote the improvement of rural road quality and make rural development more in line with the needs of modern market, China should constantly strengthen the construction of rural roads and enhance the construction level of rural road projects. This paper mainly expounds the important value of rural highway construction, analyzes the current situation of rural highway facilities management, and puts forward the optimization measures of rural highway construction for reference.展开更多
AT peak tourist season, 32-year-old Li Lianfen sees her husband and son just once a week. She has converted her home in Shicheng (Stone City) Village in Beijing’s Miyun County into an inn. City people come here to st...AT peak tourist season, 32-year-old Li Lianfen sees her husband and son just once a week. She has converted her home in Shicheng (Stone City) Village in Beijing’s Miyun County into an inn. City people come here to stay and enjoy the beauty and tran-quility of the mountains around her village. As she has no time to look after her son, he attends a primary school in the county seat 20 kilometers away. His father is a teacher at the middle school nearby. They both stay there in the accommodation provided.展开更多
There has been no precise information regarding occupants’ status and their portion in traffic accident. By using traffic police information, epidemiological pattern of road traffic injuries among occupants’ vehicle...There has been no precise information regarding occupants’ status and their portion in traffic accident. By using traffic police information, epidemiological pattern of road traffic injuries among occupants’ vehicles was analyzed in 2012. It was a cross sectional study. In this study, traffic police registered data in 2012 were used. Subjects were all occupants who had accident record in 2012 (81585: 77841 injured and 3744 death). Before analyzing, various preparatory steps including data control and merging were done after which data were processed. Findings showed that the mean age of the studied population was 28.7 ± 15.11 years. The highest percentage of accident occurred among car and motorcycle occupants respectively. The risk of death among the injured aged 30 - 59 years and 60+ were 1.20 and 2.23 times more than 30 years (as reference) respectively (p < 0.001). Risk of death among the injured in high ways, main roads and rural roads was 2.84 times more than in urban roads (p < 0.001). The risk of death among the injured was 2 times higher in high ways, main roads and rural secondary roads than streets (p < 0.001). Hence car and motorcycle occupants need urgent attention especially in motorways and high ways, main roads and rural secondary.展开更多
Safety performance functions（SPFs） are crucial to science-based road safety management.Success in developing and applying SPFs, apart data quality and availability, depends fundamentally on two key factors： the val...Safety performance functions（SPFs） are crucial to science-based road safety management.Success in developing and applying SPFs, apart data quality and availability, depends fundamentally on two key factors： the validity of the statistical inferences for the available data and on how well the data can be organized into distinct homogeneous entities. The latter aspect plays a key role in the identification and treatment of road sections or corridors with problems related to safety. Indeed, the segmentation of a road network could be especially critical in the development of SPFs that could be used in safety management for roadway types, such as motorways（freeways in North America）, which have a large number of variables that could result in very short segments if these are desired to be homogeneous. This consequence, from an analytical point of view, can be a problem when the location of crashes is not precise and when there is an overabundance of segments with zero crashes. Lengthening the segments for developing and applying SPFs can mitigate this problem, but at a sacrifice of homogeneity. This paper seeks to address this dilemma by investigating four approaches for segmentation for motorways, using sample data from Italy. The best results were obtained for the segmentation based on two curves and two tangents within a segment and with fixed length segments. The segmentation characterized by a constant value of all original variables inside each segment was the poorest approach by all measures.展开更多
文摘On the basis of the equivalent axle load action frequency, the traffic classifications of rural roads as well as their corresponding types are classified. The asphalt pavement structure, road surface types and thickness of the rural roads are suggested for the various action frequency of the equivalent axle load. Furthermore, the roadbase thickness graphs are provided according to different equivalent axle load action frequency with different roadbed modulus and road surface modulus taken into account.
文摘Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or probabilistic approach. The main goal is to ensure safety and continuity of road traffic on road network with low intensity and lower technical requirements. Article presents PMS used for Slovakia rural road network based on road construction diagnostics, traffic volume, climate factors and evaluation of maintenance works economics effectives by using of software tools like HDM-4 developed by World Bank. Local road administrators of rural road networks often lack the software equipment, most PMS, however effective, are often cumbersome, demanding in regard to energy, know-how and software equipment. The majority of local road administrators of rural road networks thus resort to non-effective reactive maintenance strategies. This article describes an easy to use method, based on predetermined maintenance repair and rehabilitation standards. A simple method, based on road user cost, is introduced that administrator can use to prepare a list of road section eligible for repair according to their repair priority.
文摘In order to shorten the gap between urban and rural areas, the state builds roads and bridges in rural areas, which not only drives the development of rural production but also facilitates peoples daily travel. The traffic volume of roads in rural areas is lower than that in cities. In contrast, the performance requirements of roads in rural areas are lower, and cement concrete pavement is often used. Concrete pavement is widely used in rural road construction because of its advantages such as high strength, strong pavement stability and long service life, but it is affected by factors such as low quality of technicians and limited construction equipment. Many rural cement concrete pavements have a short service life. This paper will focus on the analysis of the construction process, key difficulties and how to improve the construction quality of cement concrete pavement in rural areas. I hope this article can provide reference for rural highway engineering construction.
文摘In order to make rural transportation more convenient and speed up the development of agricultural mechanization, China is also gradually improving the structure of the rural road network. In order to make the road surface of rural roads meet the requirements of hardening, we need to reform and build new rural roads, which can not only improve the basis of the rural road network, but also promote the development of the countryside. How to effectively construct and manage the highway is an important link to reduce the project cost, improve the construction efficiency and improve the construction quality. Based on this, the paper analyzes the problems in the current rural road construction, and according to the practice, gives the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions on how to strengthen the management of rural road construction.
文摘At present, in the construction of Chinas national road network, the construction of rural roads is a very important part of the construction process, and its construction efficiency directly affects the travel situation of rural people. Therefore, in order to ensure the development and management of agriculture, it is necessary to do a good job in rural road construction and ensure the rural road traffic safety, which is of very critical significance for accelerating rural revitalization. However, as far as the actual situation of China is concerned, the rural road safety problems are becoming increasingly prominent, especially the emergence of road safety accidents, resulting in more and more casualties and increasing economic losses. Therefore, the government attaches great importance to the rural road traffic safety, and hopes to take relevant measures to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents. This paper will study the importance of rural road traffic safety, the influencing factors, and put forward a series of feasible measures for reference.
文摘More than 32,000 motorists are killed on U.S. roads and streets annually, and approximately 54% of the accidents occur on rural roads. In an attempt to address and reduce these fatalities, the current transportation act, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equality Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETY-LU), elevated the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) to a core program and included a $90,000,000 High-Risk Rural Road Program (HRRRP) to address and significantly reduce traffic fatalities and incapacitating injuries on rural major or minor collectors, and/or rural local roads. While there were many challenges to properly implement the HRRRP in counties, this study provided important information that was needed to identify the predominant crash types on HRRRP-eligible roads and compiled a list of countermeasures for the predominant crash types that were identified on Kansas’ high-risk rural roads. For the gathered countermeasures, crash reduction factors (CRFs) were also provided from the literature review, and their values were validated by conducting interviews with Kansas county engineers/officials. This study provided valuable information for the county engineers and local government officials while they worked on improving the safety of high-risk rural roads using HRRRP funds.
文摘The relationship between rural road①systems and economic systems is interconnectedness.The stimulating effects of investments in rural road infrastructure can be divided into three stages:investment,use,and upgrading.This paper presents this three-stage model of rural road construction to explain the process of stimulating economic growth by investing in rural roads.The investment stage produces a multiplier effect as the investment stimulates the economy.The use stage promotes the development of industries,which determines the stimulation effects of the investment.The upgrading stage produces economic growth leading to the upgrading of additional infrastructure,which generates more investments and also has a multiplier effect.Finally,the total revenue from the three stages,minus their total costs,allows for the calculation of Net Present Value(NPV).The investments can be deemed effective if the NPV is greater than zero.
文摘In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and the continuous progress of society, under the strategic concept of strengthening the country by traffic, in order to better promote the improvement of rural road quality and make rural development more in line with the needs of modern market, China should constantly strengthen the construction of rural roads and enhance the construction level of rural road projects. This paper mainly expounds the important value of rural highway construction, analyzes the current situation of rural highway facilities management, and puts forward the optimization measures of rural highway construction for reference.
文摘AT peak tourist season, 32-year-old Li Lianfen sees her husband and son just once a week. She has converted her home in Shicheng (Stone City) Village in Beijing’s Miyun County into an inn. City people come here to stay and enjoy the beauty and tran-quility of the mountains around her village. As she has no time to look after her son, he attends a primary school in the county seat 20 kilometers away. His father is a teacher at the middle school nearby. They both stay there in the accommodation provided.
文摘There has been no precise information regarding occupants’ status and their portion in traffic accident. By using traffic police information, epidemiological pattern of road traffic injuries among occupants’ vehicles was analyzed in 2012. It was a cross sectional study. In this study, traffic police registered data in 2012 were used. Subjects were all occupants who had accident record in 2012 (81585: 77841 injured and 3744 death). Before analyzing, various preparatory steps including data control and merging were done after which data were processed. Findings showed that the mean age of the studied population was 28.7 ± 15.11 years. The highest percentage of accident occurred among car and motorcycle occupants respectively. The risk of death among the injured aged 30 - 59 years and 60+ were 1.20 and 2.23 times more than 30 years (as reference) respectively (p < 0.001). Risk of death among the injured in high ways, main roads and rural roads was 2.84 times more than in urban roads (p < 0.001). The risk of death among the injured was 2 times higher in high ways, main roads and rural secondary roads than streets (p < 0.001). Hence car and motorcycle occupants need urgent attention especially in motorways and high ways, main roads and rural secondary.
基金made possible by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
文摘Safety performance functions（SPFs） are crucial to science-based road safety management.Success in developing and applying SPFs, apart data quality and availability, depends fundamentally on two key factors： the validity of the statistical inferences for the available data and on how well the data can be organized into distinct homogeneous entities. The latter aspect plays a key role in the identification and treatment of road sections or corridors with problems related to safety. Indeed, the segmentation of a road network could be especially critical in the development of SPFs that could be used in safety management for roadway types, such as motorways（freeways in North America）, which have a large number of variables that could result in very short segments if these are desired to be homogeneous. This consequence, from an analytical point of view, can be a problem when the location of crashes is not precise and when there is an overabundance of segments with zero crashes. Lengthening the segments for developing and applying SPFs can mitigate this problem, but at a sacrifice of homogeneity. This paper seeks to address this dilemma by investigating four approaches for segmentation for motorways, using sample data from Italy. The best results were obtained for the segmentation based on two curves and two tangents within a segment and with fixed length segments. The segmentation characterized by a constant value of all original variables inside each segment was the poorest approach by all measures.
