The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral...The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral trait can influence numerous biological functions,primarily the stress axis,affecting production characteristics and animal welfare.A crucial aspect of temperament expression lies in how individuals perceive stressors.Molecular research has begun to elucidate the central pathways involved in the expression of temperament.Recent investigations suggest that the rumen microbiome may influence temperament,like the way that the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain in monogastric species.Further research is necessary to understand the relationship between the gut microbiome and ruminant temperament.Future applications may include modifying the temperament of production animals through the manipulation of the rumen microbiota and potentially enhancing their health and welfare.展开更多
Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highl...Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.展开更多
Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenua...Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenuated PPR strain Nigeria 75/1 that has been produced in monolayers of Vero cells grown in static flasks. This study investigates the potential for scaling up PPR vaccine production using roller bottle technology, a more advanced method. A live, homologous vaccine against PPR in sheep and goats was successfully produced on a large scale in roller culture bottles, with DMEM supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum serving as the growth medium. The cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, and the vaccine was harvested when the cytopathic effect reached 80%. The vaccine was then freeze-dried to preserve its stability. A series of tests were conducted to ensure the safety and quality of the vaccine. Using PCR, the identity of vaccine was confirmed. It was found to be safe in both single and 100-times dose inoculations in sheep, with the produced batches showing a high titre of 6.4 ± 0.11 log10 TCID50/ml. All batches met the criteria of sterility, passing tests for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma. Furthermore, the vaccine proved effective in small ruminants, with antibodies persisting for over a year post-vaccination. The residual moisture content remained below 2.5%, and the vaccine successfully passed vacuum testing. Stability tests indicated that the vaccine has a shelf-life of at least one year when stored at temperatures of 2˚C - 8˚C and −20˚C. These results demonstrate the potential for applying roller bottle culture technology to PPR vaccine production, significantly streamlining the existing process and enhancing its efficiency. Further research is warranted to address the economic analyses of adopting roller bottle technology with existing PPR control program.展开更多
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cEL...Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit. Animals were kept healthy under field conditions, in four states: Blue Nile (n = 250), North Kordofan (n = 189), South Darfur (n = 225) and the Northern State (n = 191). Before vaccination, the overall sero-prevalence of PPRV antibodies was 54.6% (53.2% - 56%, 95% CI);high (64.8% - 76.4%, 95% CI) in Blue Nile State, medium (50.5% - 61.9%, 95% CI) in North Kordofan State and South Darfur State and low (28.6% - 35.2% 95%, CI) in Northern State. In high-risk areas (high sero-prevalence), Blue Nile (70.4%) and North Kordofan (57.7%), middle age groups (7 - 12 and 13 - 18 months) were identified as high-risk age. Middle age groups showed lower sero-prevalence than preceding (3 - 6 months) and subsequent (>18 months) age groups while the risk of exposure increased with age. Current and previous findings suggested a transmission pathway of PPRV involving the South Eastern border (Blue Nile) and neighbouring Central Sudan to North Kordofan. One month after vaccination 88.4% (343/388) of sero-negative animals were sero-converted suggesting the efficacy of the locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine. Even if only individuals in the high-risk age group (7 - 18 months) were vaccinated, the overall population immunity (OPI) in high-risk areas (the Blue Nile and North Kordofan) would have surpassed the threshold of 70%, which is indicated for blocking PPRV transmission. However, lower vaccination coverage is expected in wider vaccination programmes. These findings primarily justified the targeting of PPR control in Sudan through the vaccination of high-risk age groups in high-risk areas.展开更多
In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vac...In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vaccines,although sporadic cases still occurred.However,limited information is currently available regarding the peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)endemic in China.Here,a PPRV strain(HLJ/13)was isolated from a field sample in China using Vero cells expressing goat signalling lymphocyte activation molecule.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HLJ/13 belonged to lineage IV.Subsequent intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation of goats with a dose of 2×10~6 TCID50of HLJ/13 resulted in the development of typical clinical symptoms of PPR,including pyrexia,ocular and nasal discharges,stomatitis,and diarrhea.All infected goats succumbed to the disease by day 8.To gain further insight,viral loading,pathological examination and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted,elucidating the main targets of HLJ/13 as the respiratory system,digestive tract and lymphoid organs.Employing the goat infection model established above,the goat poxvirus-vectored PPR vaccine,which was previously developed and could be used as DIVA(differentiating infected from vaccinated animals)vaccine,provided complete protection against the challenge of HLJ/13.It is important to note that this study represents the first comprehensive report delineating the biology and pathogenicity characterization,and infection model of PPRV isolated in China.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the prevention and control of peste des petits ruminants(PPR)and goatpox(GTP).[Methods]Two experimental sheep farms in Northern Shandong were selected to conduct a compa...[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the prevention and control of peste des petits ruminants(PPR)and goatpox(GTP).[Methods]Two experimental sheep farms in Northern Shandong were selected to conduct a comparative experiment between separate vaccinations for PPR and GTP and immunization with a combined live vaccine for both diseases.Antibody levels were measured to assess immunization effect on days 7,14,21 and 28 after vaccination.[Results]The qualified rates of group immune antibodies in both the experimental and control groups exceeded 75%,achieving the goal of preventing both PPR and GTP through a single immunization.[Conclusions]This study provides clinical application references for the prevention of PPR and GTP in the local area.展开更多
Cutting farming-related methane emissions from ruminants is critical in the battle against climate change.Since scientists initially investigated the potential of marine macroalgae to reduce methane emissions,using se...Cutting farming-related methane emissions from ruminants is critical in the battle against climate change.Since scientists initially investigated the potential of marine macroalgae to reduce methane emissions,using seaweeds as an anti-methanogenic feed additive has become prevailing in recent years.Asparagopsis taxiformis is the preferred species because it contains a relatively higher concentration of bromoform.As a type of halogenated methane analogue,bromoform contained in A.taxiformis can specifically inhibit the activity of coenzyme M methyltransferase,thereby blocking the ruminal methanogenesis.However,bromoform is a potential toxin and ozone-depleting substance.In response,current research focuses on the effects of bromoform-enriched seaweed supplementation on ruminant productivity and safety,as well as the impact of large-scale cultivation of seaweeds on the atmospheric environment.The current research on seaweed still needs to be improved,especially in developing more species with low bromoform content,such as Bonnemaisonia hamifera,Dictyota bartayresii,and Cystoseira trinodis.Otherwise,seaweed is rich in bioactive substances and exhibits antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and other physiological properties,but research on the role of these bioactive compounds in methane emissions is lacking.It is worthy of deeper investigation to identify more potential bioactive compounds.As a new focus of attention,seaweed has attracted the interest of many scientists.Nevertheless,seaweed still faces some challenges as a feed additive to ruminants,such as the residues of heavy metals(iodine and bromine)and bromoform in milk or meat,as well as the establishment of a supply chain for seaweed cultivation,preservation,and processing.We have concluded that the methane-reducing efficacy of seaweed is indisputable.However,its application as a commercial feed additive is still influenced by factors such as safety,costs,policy incentives,and regulations.展开更多
The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sa...The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sampled across the country have been studied and 1622 samples of serum have been levied on the sheep and goat. The c-ELISA has been studied in order to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminants like an indicator of exposition to PPRV. The results revealed the circulation of PPRV in the country with a total sero-prevalence of 39% [95%CI;37 - 41] and a sero-prevalence of 63.2% [95%CI;57.2 - 69.2] at the herd level. Sero-prevalence was variable in the ten regions ranging from 7% [95% CI;6.2 - 8.4] to 73% [95% CI;62 - 84] with the northern zone (Adamawa, North and Far-North) having 52.3% [95% CI;37 - 60] and southern zone (including the remaining seven regions) recording 29% [95% CI;11 - 57]. Similarly, it was higher in animals found in urban/peri-urban areas than in rural areas with prevalence ratio of 2.9 [95% CI 2.54 - 3.4;p < 0.001] <em>i.e. </em>3 times more, 1.6 [95% CI 1.36 - 1.90;p < 0.001] <em>i.e.</em> 1.6 times more, and 5.02 [95% CI 3.91 - 6.85;p < 0.001] <em>i.e.</em> 5 times more at national level, in the northern zone and in the southern area, respectively. Five risk factors have been identified: the breeding environment, introduction of new animals into the herds, gathering of animals for pasture and watering, wandering and transhumance. The breeding area appeared to be the most important risk factor associated with disease exposure. The control measures for the eradication of this disease must take into account the epidemiological situation, the breeding environment, animal transhumance and breeding system.展开更多
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) super family that is expressed by oocytes and plays key roles in granulosa cell development and fertility in animal. This ...Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) super family that is expressed by oocytes and plays key roles in granulosa cell development and fertility in animal. This study investigated the molecular genetic variation of BMP15 gene of some selected mammalian species with a view to providing relevant genetic information for breeding and selection programmes in the studied species using computational methods. A total of thirty seven (37) BMP15 nucleotide sequences comprising goats (18), sheep (6), cattle (6), swine (4) and chicken (3) were retrieved from the GenBank. Sequence alignment, translation and comparison of the BMP15 gene of the various species were done with ClustalW. High degree of polymorphism of BMP15 gene was observed among the studied species. The significant value (P bovidae family (goat, sheep and cattle). The present information could guide future efforts involving selection of markers of fecundity to improve genetically livestock species in Nigeria.展开更多
In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed t...In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids.Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated,unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test(SNT).Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month.The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response(percentage inhibition of 76;SN titers >1:16),when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge.Similarly,the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge.Therefore,PPR vaccination is recommended in kids,aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats.This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.展开更多
For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restrict...For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial（DFM） can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria（LAB）, lactic acid utilizing bacteria（LUB）, or other microorganism＇s species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.展开更多
Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding...Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding of PPR virus(PPRV)pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. To achieve these goals,establishment of stable reverse genetics systems for PPRV would play a key role. Unfortunately, this powerful technology remains less accessible and poorly documented for PPRV. In this review, we discussed the current status of PPRV reverse genetics as well as the recent innovations and advances in the reverse genetics of other non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that could be applicable to PPRV. These strategies may contribute to the improvement of existing techniques and/or the development of new reverse genetics systems for PPRV.展开更多
This paper reports the confirmed diagnosis by nested RT-PCR of PPR cases in Tibet, China in 2007, and results of phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that the 11 tested samples were PPRV positive by nested RT-PCR, of...This paper reports the confirmed diagnosis by nested RT-PCR of PPR cases in Tibet, China in 2007, and results of phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that the 11 tested samples were PPRV positive by nested RT-PCR, of which 2 samples were genetically close to the X7443 strain (Nigeria 75/1) of lineage I, and 3 samples close to the strain AY560591 (Sungri96) of linage IV with 96.6%、97.3%、97.6% and 98% nucleotide sequence homogeneity respectively, based on partial sequencing of the F gene from 5 samples and complete sequencing of the N/M/F/H genes from one sample. This study suggested that there are at least 2 origins of PPRV in China.展开更多
Objective:To determine the tick species parasitizing domestic ruminants in Ghaemshahr county in Mazandaran,a Caspian province in the north of Iran.Methods:About 361 sheep, 54 goats and 10 cattle of 18 herds in several...Objective:To determine the tick species parasitizing domestic ruminants in Ghaemshahr county in Mazandaran,a Caspian province in the north of Iran.Methods:About 361 sheep, 54 goats and 10 cattle of 18 herds in several villages in Ghaemshahr were inspected for tick infestation.Separated ticks were preserved in 70% alcohol and identified.Results:About 323 ticks(207 female,116 male) were collected,the occurrence of ticks on sheep,goats and cattle were 28.3% .22.2% and 20.0% respectively.The mean number of ticks on each animal was low (3-5 ticks per animal).Rhipicephalus sanguineus,Rhipicephalus bursa.Ixodes ricinus,Boophilus annulalus,Haemaphysalis punctata and Haemaphysalis numidiana were the tick species we found.Rhipicephalus sanguineus were the most abundant species in the study area.The largest number of ticks were generally present from April to July,mostly in animal ears and tails. Ixodes,Boophilus and Haemaphysalis occurred in mountainous areas of Ghaemshahr.whereas Rhipicephalus were present in both mountains and plains of the study area.Conclusions:The result of this study is a survey of tick species from domestic animals in Iran and implication of possible prevention measures for diseases transmitted by ticks.展开更多
Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship...Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship between metabolism and nutrition could be investigated with cutting-edge "omics" and bioinformatics techniques. This review paper provides an overview of the use of omics technologies in nutritional research, with a particular emphasis on the new applications of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes in functional and biological activity research on ruminant livestock and products in the tropical regions. A wealth of knowledge has been uncovered regarding the regulation and use of numerous physiological and pathological processes by gene, m RNA, protein, and metabolite expressions under various physiological situations and guidelines. In particular, the components of meat and milk were assessed using omics research utilizing the various methods of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. The goal of this review is to use omics technologies—which have been steadily gaining popularity as technological tools—to develop new nutritional, genetic, and leadership strategies to improve animal products and their quality control. We also present an overview of the new applications of omics technologies in cattle production and employ nutriomics and foodomics technologies to investigate the microbes in the rumen ecology. Thus, the application of state-of-the-art omics technology may aid in our understanding of how species and/or breeds adapt, and the sustainability of tropical animal production, in the long run, is becoming increasingly important as a means of mitigating the consequences of climate change.展开更多
In complex digestion and metabolism of rumen, rumen microbes play a decisive role. Currently, the relationship between rumen microbial system and rumen metabolism has not been understood comprehensively, which will be...In complex digestion and metabolism of rumen, rumen microbes play a decisive role. Currently, the relationship between rumen microbial system and rumen metabolism has not been understood comprehensively, which will be reviewed in the paper, with particular focus on digestion and metabolism of bacteria, fungi and protozoa in the rumen of ruminants.展开更多
Peste ties petits ruminants is a kind of acute eontagious disease infecting goats anti sheep. In this study, antibtly monitoring and tracking of healthy goat and sheep immunized by peste des petits ruminants vaccine i...Peste ties petits ruminants is a kind of acute eontagious disease infecting goats anti sheep. In this study, antibtly monitoring and tracking of healthy goat and sheep immunized by peste des petits ruminants vaccine in Changping District of Beijing City were conducted, aiming at providing a reference for the devel- opment of effective immunization procedures.展开更多
Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normal...Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normally resident in the intestinal tract of ruminants but during favourable conditions, proliferate uncontrollably and release toxins which produce disease in the host. Different strains of C. perfringens are responsible for several clinical syndromes, including lamb dysentery, pulpy kidney disease and struck. However, the pathology and pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia is not well understood, with limited studies available in goats. Caprine enterotoxaemia can be controlled with the better understanding of its risk factors and pathogenesis. The diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in animals is complex and often requires group of tests than one single test for better specificity and sensitivity. Tentative diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats is based on the history, clinical signs and gross lesions during post-mortem examination of animals;however, confirmatory diagnosis of enterotoxaemia requires different laboratory diagnostic tools. Toxin detection of C. perfringens in case of enterotoxaemia is furthermost accepted benchmark in establishing a definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in intestinal contents. Measuring urine glucose or observing Gram-stained smears of intestinal mucosa can be used as supplementary tests. However, it is also imperative that enterotoxaemia cannot be ruled out in the event of negativity of aforementioned diagnostic tests. Hence, definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in goats can be achieved with the use of molecular techniques (PCR, ELISA and immune-fluorescence) coupled with toxin detection in intestine or biological assays including mouse inoculation test (MIT). In case of goats, vaccine efficacy is poor which may be due to need of high to moderate level of serum antibodies to protect against both systemic and enteric effects because intestinal form of disease is partially independent of the circulating anti-toxin antibodies. Thus, for the prevention and control of enterotoxaemia in goats and sheep, these aspects must be considered to develop more holistic control measures.展开更多
Respiratory viral infections are known for serious economic losses in ruminants. Bovine parain-fluenza 3 virus (bPI-3V) a member of Respirovirus genus in association with other respiratory viruses causes respiratory d...Respiratory viral infections are known for serious economic losses in ruminants. Bovine parain-fluenza 3 virus (bPI-3V) a member of Respirovirus genus in association with other respiratory viruses causes respiratory disease complex in ruminants. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of bPI-3V in non vaccinated cattle, sheep and goats from Grenada. Sera were collected randomly from 60 sheep, 60 goats and 60 cattle from all six parishes of Grenada. Sera were tested for antibodies to bPI-3V using an indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) kit. Antibodies to bPI-3V were detected in 13.4% (Confidence Level (CL): 95%;Confidence Interval (CI): 4.76% to 22.02%) in cattle;16.7% (CL: 95%;CI: 7.26% to 26.14%) in sheep and 11.7% (CL: 95%;CI: 3.57% to 19.83%) in goats. There was statistically no significant difference in prevalence (p > 0.05) of antibodies to bPI-3V in cattle, sheep and goats in Grenada. This is the first report on seroprevalence of bPI-3V in ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.展开更多
The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine （IL-4 and IFN-7） expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants （PPR） virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats. The infecte...The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine （IL-4 and IFN-7） expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants （PPR） virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats. The infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine （both TH1 and TH2） responses in the initial phase of the disease. The infected and dead goats had increased IFN-T response before their death; while IL-4 remained at the base level. The cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to that of vaccinated ones, where a unique biphasic response of IL-4 expression was observed with an up-regulation of IFN-T on 7th days post vaccination （dpv）. Analysis of PPR virus antigen and antibody kinetics in different components of blood from infected and vaccinated animais revealed that the PPR virus antigen load was highest in plasma followed by serum and blood of the infected animals, whereas vaccinated animals showed only marginal positivity on 9th dpv. The antibody titer was high in serum followed by plasma and blood in both vaccinated and infected animals. Therefore, it is inferred that the presence of antigen and antibody were significant with the expression of cytokine, and that a decreased response of IL-4 was noticed during intermediate phase of the disease i.e., 7 to 12m days post infection （dpi）. This indicates the ability to mount a functional TH2 response after 14th dpi could be a critical determinant in deciding the survival of the PPR infected animal.展开更多
基金funded by the Sub-Project of the 14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2023YFD1301705)the High-end Foreign Expert Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2023014066L)the State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of China(2021ZD07).
文摘The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral trait can influence numerous biological functions,primarily the stress axis,affecting production characteristics and animal welfare.A crucial aspect of temperament expression lies in how individuals perceive stressors.Molecular research has begun to elucidate the central pathways involved in the expression of temperament.Recent investigations suggest that the rumen microbiome may influence temperament,like the way that the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain in monogastric species.Further research is necessary to understand the relationship between the gut microbiome and ruminant temperament.Future applications may include modifying the temperament of production animals through the manipulation of the rumen microbiota and potentially enhancing their health and welfare.
文摘Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.
文摘Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenuated PPR strain Nigeria 75/1 that has been produced in monolayers of Vero cells grown in static flasks. This study investigates the potential for scaling up PPR vaccine production using roller bottle technology, a more advanced method. A live, homologous vaccine against PPR in sheep and goats was successfully produced on a large scale in roller culture bottles, with DMEM supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum serving as the growth medium. The cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, and the vaccine was harvested when the cytopathic effect reached 80%. The vaccine was then freeze-dried to preserve its stability. A series of tests were conducted to ensure the safety and quality of the vaccine. Using PCR, the identity of vaccine was confirmed. It was found to be safe in both single and 100-times dose inoculations in sheep, with the produced batches showing a high titre of 6.4 ± 0.11 log10 TCID50/ml. All batches met the criteria of sterility, passing tests for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma. Furthermore, the vaccine proved effective in small ruminants, with antibodies persisting for over a year post-vaccination. The residual moisture content remained below 2.5%, and the vaccine successfully passed vacuum testing. Stability tests indicated that the vaccine has a shelf-life of at least one year when stored at temperatures of 2˚C - 8˚C and −20˚C. These results demonstrate the potential for applying roller bottle culture technology to PPR vaccine production, significantly streamlining the existing process and enhancing its efficiency. Further research is warranted to address the economic analyses of adopting roller bottle technology with existing PPR control program.
文摘Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit. Animals were kept healthy under field conditions, in four states: Blue Nile (n = 250), North Kordofan (n = 189), South Darfur (n = 225) and the Northern State (n = 191). Before vaccination, the overall sero-prevalence of PPRV antibodies was 54.6% (53.2% - 56%, 95% CI);high (64.8% - 76.4%, 95% CI) in Blue Nile State, medium (50.5% - 61.9%, 95% CI) in North Kordofan State and South Darfur State and low (28.6% - 35.2% 95%, CI) in Northern State. In high-risk areas (high sero-prevalence), Blue Nile (70.4%) and North Kordofan (57.7%), middle age groups (7 - 12 and 13 - 18 months) were identified as high-risk age. Middle age groups showed lower sero-prevalence than preceding (3 - 6 months) and subsequent (>18 months) age groups while the risk of exposure increased with age. Current and previous findings suggested a transmission pathway of PPRV involving the South Eastern border (Blue Nile) and neighbouring Central Sudan to North Kordofan. One month after vaccination 88.4% (343/388) of sero-negative animals were sero-converted suggesting the efficacy of the locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine. Even if only individuals in the high-risk age group (7 - 18 months) were vaccinated, the overall population immunity (OPI) in high-risk areas (the Blue Nile and North Kordofan) would have surpassed the threshold of 70%, which is indicated for blocking PPRV transmission. However, lower vaccination coverage is expected in wider vaccination programmes. These findings primarily justified the targeting of PPR control in Sudan through the vaccination of high-risk age groups in high-risk areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500108)the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(ISTCP)(2015DFA31300)。
文摘In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vaccines,although sporadic cases still occurred.However,limited information is currently available regarding the peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)endemic in China.Here,a PPRV strain(HLJ/13)was isolated from a field sample in China using Vero cells expressing goat signalling lymphocyte activation molecule.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HLJ/13 belonged to lineage IV.Subsequent intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation of goats with a dose of 2×10~6 TCID50of HLJ/13 resulted in the development of typical clinical symptoms of PPR,including pyrexia,ocular and nasal discharges,stomatitis,and diarrhea.All infected goats succumbed to the disease by day 8.To gain further insight,viral loading,pathological examination and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted,elucidating the main targets of HLJ/13 as the respiratory system,digestive tract and lymphoid organs.Employing the goat infection model established above,the goat poxvirus-vectored PPR vaccine,which was previously developed and could be used as DIVA(differentiating infected from vaccinated animals)vaccine,provided complete protection against the challenge of HLJ/13.It is important to note that this study represents the first comprehensive report delineating the biology and pathogenicity characterization,and infection model of PPRV isolated in China.
基金Supported by Shandong Provincial Sheep Industry Technology System Position Expert Project(SDAIT-10-06)Binzhou Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Policy Guidance Plan Project for the Agricultural Social Service Field(2023SHFZ004).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the prevention and control of peste des petits ruminants(PPR)and goatpox(GTP).[Methods]Two experimental sheep farms in Northern Shandong were selected to conduct a comparative experiment between separate vaccinations for PPR and GTP and immunization with a combined live vaccine for both diseases.Antibody levels were measured to assess immunization effect on days 7,14,21 and 28 after vaccination.[Results]The qualified rates of group immune antibodies in both the experimental and control groups exceeded 75%,achieving the goal of preventing both PPR and GTP through a single immunization.[Conclusions]This study provides clinical application references for the prevention of PPR and GTP in the local area.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2022QC10)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-IFR-03,CAAS-IFR-ZDRW202302 and CAAS-IFR-ZDRW202404)the Basal Research Fund of the Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(1610382024009)。
文摘Cutting farming-related methane emissions from ruminants is critical in the battle against climate change.Since scientists initially investigated the potential of marine macroalgae to reduce methane emissions,using seaweeds as an anti-methanogenic feed additive has become prevailing in recent years.Asparagopsis taxiformis is the preferred species because it contains a relatively higher concentration of bromoform.As a type of halogenated methane analogue,bromoform contained in A.taxiformis can specifically inhibit the activity of coenzyme M methyltransferase,thereby blocking the ruminal methanogenesis.However,bromoform is a potential toxin and ozone-depleting substance.In response,current research focuses on the effects of bromoform-enriched seaweed supplementation on ruminant productivity and safety,as well as the impact of large-scale cultivation of seaweeds on the atmospheric environment.The current research on seaweed still needs to be improved,especially in developing more species with low bromoform content,such as Bonnemaisonia hamifera,Dictyota bartayresii,and Cystoseira trinodis.Otherwise,seaweed is rich in bioactive substances and exhibits antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and other physiological properties,but research on the role of these bioactive compounds in methane emissions is lacking.It is worthy of deeper investigation to identify more potential bioactive compounds.As a new focus of attention,seaweed has attracted the interest of many scientists.Nevertheless,seaweed still faces some challenges as a feed additive to ruminants,such as the residues of heavy metals(iodine and bromine)and bromoform in milk or meat,as well as the establishment of a supply chain for seaweed cultivation,preservation,and processing.We have concluded that the methane-reducing efficacy of seaweed is indisputable.However,its application as a commercial feed additive is still influenced by factors such as safety,costs,policy incentives,and regulations.
文摘The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sampled across the country have been studied and 1622 samples of serum have been levied on the sheep and goat. The c-ELISA has been studied in order to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminants like an indicator of exposition to PPRV. The results revealed the circulation of PPRV in the country with a total sero-prevalence of 39% [95%CI;37 - 41] and a sero-prevalence of 63.2% [95%CI;57.2 - 69.2] at the herd level. Sero-prevalence was variable in the ten regions ranging from 7% [95% CI;6.2 - 8.4] to 73% [95% CI;62 - 84] with the northern zone (Adamawa, North and Far-North) having 52.3% [95% CI;37 - 60] and southern zone (including the remaining seven regions) recording 29% [95% CI;11 - 57]. Similarly, it was higher in animals found in urban/peri-urban areas than in rural areas with prevalence ratio of 2.9 [95% CI 2.54 - 3.4;p < 0.001] <em>i.e. </em>3 times more, 1.6 [95% CI 1.36 - 1.90;p < 0.001] <em>i.e.</em> 1.6 times more, and 5.02 [95% CI 3.91 - 6.85;p < 0.001] <em>i.e.</em> 5 times more at national level, in the northern zone and in the southern area, respectively. Five risk factors have been identified: the breeding environment, introduction of new animals into the herds, gathering of animals for pasture and watering, wandering and transhumance. The breeding area appeared to be the most important risk factor associated with disease exposure. The control measures for the eradication of this disease must take into account the epidemiological situation, the breeding environment, animal transhumance and breeding system.
文摘Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) super family that is expressed by oocytes and plays key roles in granulosa cell development and fertility in animal. This study investigated the molecular genetic variation of BMP15 gene of some selected mammalian species with a view to providing relevant genetic information for breeding and selection programmes in the studied species using computational methods. A total of thirty seven (37) BMP15 nucleotide sequences comprising goats (18), sheep (6), cattle (6), swine (4) and chicken (3) were retrieved from the GenBank. Sequence alignment, translation and comparison of the BMP15 gene of the various species were done with ClustalW. High degree of polymorphism of BMP15 gene was observed among the studied species. The significant value (P bovidae family (goat, sheep and cattle). The present information could guide future efforts involving selection of markers of fecundity to improve genetically livestock species in Nigeria.
基金Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance(PD_ADMAS)
文摘In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids.Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated,unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test(SNT).Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month.The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response(percentage inhibition of 76;SN titers >1:16),when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge.Similarly,the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge.Therefore,PPR vaccination is recommended in kids,aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats.This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.
文摘For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial（DFM） can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria（LAB）, lactic acid utilizing bacteria（LUB）, or other microorganism＇s species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0500108 and 2016YFE0204100)the International Cooperation Project of CAAS Innovation Program (CAAS-GJHZ201700X)
文摘Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding of PPR virus(PPRV)pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. To achieve these goals,establishment of stable reverse genetics systems for PPRV would play a key role. Unfortunately, this powerful technology remains less accessible and poorly documented for PPRV. In this review, we discussed the current status of PPRV reverse genetics as well as the recent innovations and advances in the reverse genetics of other non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that could be applicable to PPRV. These strategies may contribute to the improvement of existing techniques and/or the development of new reverse genetics systems for PPRV.
基金This work was supported by project from MOA [2006-G57(3)B-Z1] Project from Yunnan Province (2008LA019)
文摘This paper reports the confirmed diagnosis by nested RT-PCR of PPR cases in Tibet, China in 2007, and results of phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that the 11 tested samples were PPRV positive by nested RT-PCR, of which 2 samples were genetically close to the X7443 strain (Nigeria 75/1) of lineage I, and 3 samples close to the strain AY560591 (Sungri96) of linage IV with 96.6%、97.3%、97.6% and 98% nucleotide sequence homogeneity respectively, based on partial sequencing of the F gene from 5 samples and complete sequencing of the N/M/F/H genes from one sample. This study suggested that there are at least 2 origins of PPRV in China.
基金supported by the School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective:To determine the tick species parasitizing domestic ruminants in Ghaemshahr county in Mazandaran,a Caspian province in the north of Iran.Methods:About 361 sheep, 54 goats and 10 cattle of 18 herds in several villages in Ghaemshahr were inspected for tick infestation.Separated ticks were preserved in 70% alcohol and identified.Results:About 323 ticks(207 female,116 male) were collected,the occurrence of ticks on sheep,goats and cattle were 28.3% .22.2% and 20.0% respectively.The mean number of ticks on each animal was low (3-5 ticks per animal).Rhipicephalus sanguineus,Rhipicephalus bursa.Ixodes ricinus,Boophilus annulalus,Haemaphysalis punctata and Haemaphysalis numidiana were the tick species we found.Rhipicephalus sanguineus were the most abundant species in the study area.The largest number of ticks were generally present from April to July,mostly in animal ears and tails. Ixodes,Boophilus and Haemaphysalis occurred in mountainous areas of Ghaemshahr.whereas Rhipicephalus were present in both mountains and plains of the study area.Conclusions:The result of this study is a survey of tick species from domestic animals in Iran and implication of possible prevention measures for diseases transmitted by ticks.
基金the Program Management Unit Human&Resources Institutional Development Research and Innovation (PMU-B)(PMU no. 660000050309) for financial support for the authors’ fellowship。
文摘Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship between metabolism and nutrition could be investigated with cutting-edge "omics" and bioinformatics techniques. This review paper provides an overview of the use of omics technologies in nutritional research, with a particular emphasis on the new applications of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes in functional and biological activity research on ruminant livestock and products in the tropical regions. A wealth of knowledge has been uncovered regarding the regulation and use of numerous physiological and pathological processes by gene, m RNA, protein, and metabolite expressions under various physiological situations and guidelines. In particular, the components of meat and milk were assessed using omics research utilizing the various methods of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. The goal of this review is to use omics technologies—which have been steadily gaining popularity as technological tools—to develop new nutritional, genetic, and leadership strategies to improve animal products and their quality control. We also present an overview of the new applications of omics technologies in cattle production and employ nutriomics and foodomics technologies to investigate the microbes in the rumen ecology. Thus, the application of state-of-the-art omics technology may aid in our understanding of how species and/or breeds adapt, and the sustainability of tropical animal production, in the long run, is becoming increasingly important as a means of mitigating the consequences of climate change.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31040081)
文摘In complex digestion and metabolism of rumen, rumen microbes play a decisive role. Currently, the relationship between rumen microbial system and rumen metabolism has not been understood comprehensively, which will be reviewed in the paper, with particular focus on digestion and metabolism of bacteria, fungi and protozoa in the rumen of ruminants.
文摘Peste ties petits ruminants is a kind of acute eontagious disease infecting goats anti sheep. In this study, antibtly monitoring and tracking of healthy goat and sheep immunized by peste des petits ruminants vaccine in Changping District of Beijing City were conducted, aiming at providing a reference for the devel- opment of effective immunization procedures.
文摘Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normally resident in the intestinal tract of ruminants but during favourable conditions, proliferate uncontrollably and release toxins which produce disease in the host. Different strains of C. perfringens are responsible for several clinical syndromes, including lamb dysentery, pulpy kidney disease and struck. However, the pathology and pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia is not well understood, with limited studies available in goats. Caprine enterotoxaemia can be controlled with the better understanding of its risk factors and pathogenesis. The diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in animals is complex and often requires group of tests than one single test for better specificity and sensitivity. Tentative diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats is based on the history, clinical signs and gross lesions during post-mortem examination of animals;however, confirmatory diagnosis of enterotoxaemia requires different laboratory diagnostic tools. Toxin detection of C. perfringens in case of enterotoxaemia is furthermost accepted benchmark in establishing a definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in intestinal contents. Measuring urine glucose or observing Gram-stained smears of intestinal mucosa can be used as supplementary tests. However, it is also imperative that enterotoxaemia cannot be ruled out in the event of negativity of aforementioned diagnostic tests. Hence, definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in goats can be achieved with the use of molecular techniques (PCR, ELISA and immune-fluorescence) coupled with toxin detection in intestine or biological assays including mouse inoculation test (MIT). In case of goats, vaccine efficacy is poor which may be due to need of high to moderate level of serum antibodies to protect against both systemic and enteric effects because intestinal form of disease is partially independent of the circulating anti-toxin antibodies. Thus, for the prevention and control of enterotoxaemia in goats and sheep, these aspects must be considered to develop more holistic control measures.
文摘Respiratory viral infections are known for serious economic losses in ruminants. Bovine parain-fluenza 3 virus (bPI-3V) a member of Respirovirus genus in association with other respiratory viruses causes respiratory disease complex in ruminants. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of bPI-3V in non vaccinated cattle, sheep and goats from Grenada. Sera were collected randomly from 60 sheep, 60 goats and 60 cattle from all six parishes of Grenada. Sera were tested for antibodies to bPI-3V using an indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) kit. Antibodies to bPI-3V were detected in 13.4% (Confidence Level (CL): 95%;Confidence Interval (CI): 4.76% to 22.02%) in cattle;16.7% (CL: 95%;CI: 7.26% to 26.14%) in sheep and 11.7% (CL: 95%;CI: 3.57% to 19.83%) in goats. There was statistically no significant difference in prevalence (p > 0.05) of antibodies to bPI-3V in cattle, sheep and goats in Grenada. This is the first report on seroprevalence of bPI-3V in ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.
文摘The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine （IL-4 and IFN-7） expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants （PPR） virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats. The infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine （both TH1 and TH2） responses in the initial phase of the disease. The infected and dead goats had increased IFN-T response before their death; while IL-4 remained at the base level. The cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to that of vaccinated ones, where a unique biphasic response of IL-4 expression was observed with an up-regulation of IFN-T on 7th days post vaccination （dpv）. Analysis of PPR virus antigen and antibody kinetics in different components of blood from infected and vaccinated animais revealed that the PPR virus antigen load was highest in plasma followed by serum and blood of the infected animals, whereas vaccinated animals showed only marginal positivity on 9th dpv. The antibody titer was high in serum followed by plasma and blood in both vaccinated and infected animals. Therefore, it is inferred that the presence of antigen and antibody were significant with the expression of cytokine, and that a decreased response of IL-4 was noticed during intermediate phase of the disease i.e., 7 to 12m days post infection （dpi）. This indicates the ability to mount a functional TH2 response after 14th dpi could be a critical determinant in deciding the survival of the PPR infected animal.
