Arginine （ARG） exerts many beneficial effects on animal body and enhanced angiogenesis, lactogenesis, which finally leads to the improvement in nitrogen （N） metabolism, reproduction, lactation, immunity and growth...Arginine （ARG） exerts many beneficial effects on animal body and enhanced angiogenesis, lactogenesis, which finally leads to the improvement in nitrogen （N） metabolism, reproduction, lactation, immunity and growth. Unfortunately, unprotected ARG will be degraded in the rumen and its price is high, thus feeding rumen-protected ARG seems to be uneconomical. Alternatively, N-carbamoyl glutamate （NCG） is structural analogue of N-acetyl glutamate, cofactor of cabamoyl phosphate synthetasel, is lower in rumen degradation compared to ARG. Additionally, rumen epithelial and duodenal cells have potentially utilized the NCG for ureagenesis. Supplementation of NCG to high yielding dairy cows increased plasma concentration of ARG and nitric oxide, decreased the plasma ammonia N and improved lactation performance and N utilization. Supplementation of NCG enhanced pregnancy rates in rats, improved litter size and fetal survival rate, thereby improved the reproductive performance of sows. Oral NCG supplementation increases plasma ARG and somatotropin levels, and increased growth rate and muscle protein synthesis in nursing piglets. The NCG is potential a relatively cheaper source of feed additive to offer vital compensation over oral administration of ARG, resulting in improved ruminant animal health and production. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AfiG biosynthesis by NCG and their significance in growth, reproduction, milk production and N utilization in ruminant animals.展开更多
Rosemary extract(RE)has shown potential as a plant-derived feed additive,but its effects on Sanhe dairy cows are still unknown.In this study,30 multiparous Sanhe dairy cows(days in milk 171±17 days)with similar b...Rosemary extract(RE)has shown potential as a plant-derived feed additive,but its effects on Sanhe dairy cows are still unknown.In this study,30 multiparous Sanhe dairy cows(days in milk 171±17 days)with similar body condition were randomly divided into two groups:the RE group(n=15)was fed the basal diet plus 20 g RE/d,and the CON group(n=15)was fed only the basal diet.The experiment lasted for 57 days,including a one-week adaptation period.Compared with the CON group,milk yield(P=0.022)increased significantly with RE supplementation,while milk fat(P=0.071)also tended to increase.Milk urea nitrogen(P=0.003)and serum urea nitrogen(P=0.013)contents were significantly reduced in the RE group compared with the CON group.In rumen fermentation,the content of butyric acid(P=0.035)in RE group was significantly increased,while valeric acid(P=0.080)content had an increasing trend.In addition,RE supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity of Sanhe dairy cows by significantly increasing the serum total antioxidant capacity(P<0.001),superoxide dismutase activity(P=0.001),immunoglobulin A content(P<0.001),and immunoglobulin G content(P=0.005),while decreasing serum malondialdehyde content(P<0.001),to improve immunity and also affect the composition of serum free amino acids.Metabolomic results showed that a total of 13 co-differential metabolites were identified in rumen and serum,including ursolic acid,a major component of RE,which was higher in both rumen and serum.The milk metabolome analysis identified glycerides,glycerophospholipids,and sphingolipids as the three lipid types that exhibited higher identification intensity in RE.Rumen metagenomic results showed that RE supplementation affected the composition of rumen microorganisms,and differential microbial Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)functional analyses revealed that the RE group was significantly enriched in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway;two pathways related to lipid synthesis.By associating the genus-level differential microorganisms in the rumen with the“rumen-serum-milk”metabolome and mapping the correlation network,it was found that g_Sharpea,g_Tistlia,and g_Acetobacter,which were more abundant in RE,correlated with more differential metabolites and clustered in the same module.Among the 10 microbial biomarkers screened in the rumen,g_Acetobacter and g_Prevotella were more abundant in the RE,and Mantel's analysis showed that they correlated with rumen fermentation parameters and oxidative and immunological indicators in serum.These results reveal the regulatory mechanism of RE supplementation feeding to enhance milk production and improve milk quality by improving oxidative stress capacity and immunity and reducing nitrogen loss in Sanhe dairy cows,suggesting that RE has the potential as a feed additive for dairy cows.展开更多
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-37)
文摘Arginine （ARG） exerts many beneficial effects on animal body and enhanced angiogenesis, lactogenesis, which finally leads to the improvement in nitrogen （N） metabolism, reproduction, lactation, immunity and growth. Unfortunately, unprotected ARG will be degraded in the rumen and its price is high, thus feeding rumen-protected ARG seems to be uneconomical. Alternatively, N-carbamoyl glutamate （NCG） is structural analogue of N-acetyl glutamate, cofactor of cabamoyl phosphate synthetasel, is lower in rumen degradation compared to ARG. Additionally, rumen epithelial and duodenal cells have potentially utilized the NCG for ureagenesis. Supplementation of NCG to high yielding dairy cows increased plasma concentration of ARG and nitric oxide, decreased the plasma ammonia N and improved lactation performance and N utilization. Supplementation of NCG enhanced pregnancy rates in rats, improved litter size and fetal survival rate, thereby improved the reproductive performance of sows. Oral NCG supplementation increases plasma ARG and somatotropin levels, and increased growth rate and muscle protein synthesis in nursing piglets. The NCG is potential a relatively cheaper source of feed additive to offer vital compensation over oral administration of ARG, resulting in improved ruminant animal health and production. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AfiG biosynthesis by NCG and their significance in growth, reproduction, milk production and N utilization in ruminant animals.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1300805)Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC(32261143467)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32402798)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Program(2024GXNSFAA010021).
文摘Rosemary extract(RE)has shown potential as a plant-derived feed additive,but its effects on Sanhe dairy cows are still unknown.In this study,30 multiparous Sanhe dairy cows(days in milk 171±17 days)with similar body condition were randomly divided into two groups:the RE group(n=15)was fed the basal diet plus 20 g RE/d,and the CON group(n=15)was fed only the basal diet.The experiment lasted for 57 days,including a one-week adaptation period.Compared with the CON group,milk yield(P=0.022)increased significantly with RE supplementation,while milk fat(P=0.071)also tended to increase.Milk urea nitrogen(P=0.003)and serum urea nitrogen(P=0.013)contents were significantly reduced in the RE group compared with the CON group.In rumen fermentation,the content of butyric acid(P=0.035)in RE group was significantly increased,while valeric acid(P=0.080)content had an increasing trend.In addition,RE supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity of Sanhe dairy cows by significantly increasing the serum total antioxidant capacity(P<0.001),superoxide dismutase activity(P=0.001),immunoglobulin A content(P<0.001),and immunoglobulin G content(P=0.005),while decreasing serum malondialdehyde content(P<0.001),to improve immunity and also affect the composition of serum free amino acids.Metabolomic results showed that a total of 13 co-differential metabolites were identified in rumen and serum,including ursolic acid,a major component of RE,which was higher in both rumen and serum.The milk metabolome analysis identified glycerides,glycerophospholipids,and sphingolipids as the three lipid types that exhibited higher identification intensity in RE.Rumen metagenomic results showed that RE supplementation affected the composition of rumen microorganisms,and differential microbial Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)functional analyses revealed that the RE group was significantly enriched in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway;two pathways related to lipid synthesis.By associating the genus-level differential microorganisms in the rumen with the“rumen-serum-milk”metabolome and mapping the correlation network,it was found that g_Sharpea,g_Tistlia,and g_Acetobacter,which were more abundant in RE,correlated with more differential metabolites and clustered in the same module.Among the 10 microbial biomarkers screened in the rumen,g_Acetobacter and g_Prevotella were more abundant in the RE,and Mantel's analysis showed that they correlated with rumen fermentation parameters and oxidative and immunological indicators in serum.These results reveal the regulatory mechanism of RE supplementation feeding to enhance milk production and improve milk quality by improving oxidative stress capacity and immunity and reducing nitrogen loss in Sanhe dairy cows,suggesting that RE has the potential as a feed additive for dairy cows.
