On November 13,King Maha Vajiralongkorn and Queen Suthida of Thailand began a five-day state visit to China.It was the king’s first visit to the country and the first time a Thai monarch has set foot on Chinese soil ...On November 13,King Maha Vajiralongkorn and Queen Suthida of Thailand began a five-day state visit to China.It was the king’s first visit to the country and the first time a Thai monarch has set foot on Chinese soil since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,before establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1975.展开更多
Royal jelly(RJ)is rich in various nutrients with multiple health-promoting properties.This study aims to evaluate whether RJ can modulate related metabolite in the natural aging mice.Male C57BL/6J mice drank RJ soluti...Royal jelly(RJ)is rich in various nutrients with multiple health-promoting properties.This study aims to evaluate whether RJ can modulate related metabolite in the natural aging mice.Male C57BL/6J mice drank RJ solution daily for 9 months.Determination of serum lipids and pathological analysis exhibited that triglycerides,serum cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased by 31.15%,9.96%,and 22.58%,respectively,the morphology of brain nerve cells was also effectively recovered after RJ intervention.Lipidomic analysis showed that RJ could improve the levels of different kinds of lipids in aging mice brain,especially by increasing the content of antioxidant ether ester,and that the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acid was up by 23.46%,which could alleviate oxidative stress.Moreover,the metabolism of glycerol phospholipids,glycerols,and fatty acids in aging mice could be regulated by RJ.RJ intervention can effectively improve lipid metabolism disorders caused by aging.展开更多
Keratinocytes,the major cell types of the epidermis,proliferate and migrate during wound healing to restore the epithelial barrier.Royal jelly is a traditional remedy used in wound repair.Our previous study found that...Keratinocytes,the major cell types of the epidermis,proliferate and migrate during wound healing to restore the epithelial barrier.Royal jelly is a traditional remedy used in wound repair.Our previous study found that the mixture of major royal jelly protein(MRJP)2,3 and 7 exhibited in vitro wound healing-promoting effects;however,the exact functional constituents and the associated underlying mechanisms of action are still largely unknown.In this study,a partial fragment of MRJP3 was recombinantly expressed as a fusion protein MRJP3-C113-Fc which promoted wound healing in vitro and in vivo.By employing protein inhibitors and immunoblots technology,it was initially found that the wound-repairing mechanisms of MRJP3-C113-Fc were correlated to the activation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway in keratinocytes(Ha Ca T cells).LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis demonstrated that the proteins present in the MRJP3-C113-Fc-treated Ha Ca T cells were different from the untreated ones,in which rhomboid 5 homolog 2(RHBDF2)might be the potential regulator for the EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway.Silencing of RHBDF2 diminished the proproliferative and-migratory effectiveness of MRJP3-C113-Fc on Ha Ca T cells,as well as the phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR,suggesting that the wound healing-promoting efficacy was attributable to the RHBDF2-mediated activation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway.Hence,this study is the first to discover the single fragment of MRJPs possessing pro-healing properties,and also the first to disclose the regulatory role of RHBDF2 in EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway-modulated wound healing.It will facilitate the development of MRJP3-C113-based therapeutic agent for skin wounds,and provide a novel target for treating cutaneous trauma.展开更多
Major royal jelly protein 1（MRJP1）, designated apalbumin 1, has been regarded as a freshness marker of royal jelly（RJ）. A MRJP1-specific peptide（IKEALPHVPIFD） identified by bioinformatics analysis of homologous ...Major royal jelly protein 1（MRJP1）, designated apalbumin 1, has been regarded as a freshness marker of royal jelly（RJ）. A MRJP1-specific peptide（IKEALPHVPIFD） identified by bioinformatics analysis of homologous members of the major royal protein family was synthesized and used to raise polyclonal anti-MRJP1 antibody（antiSP-MRJP1 antibody）. Western blot analysis showed that anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody only reacted with MRJP1 in RJ. In contrast, the previously reported antibody against recombinant MRJP1（anti-R-MRJP1 antibody） reacted with other members of MRJP family in RJ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） using anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody demonstrated that MRJP1 content in RJ stored at 40 °C significantly degraded by 37.3%, 55.9%, 58.0%, 60.6%, 65.7%, 72.7%, and 73.1% at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 d, respectively, when compared with MRJP1 content in fresh RJ（0 d）. Optical density analysis of MRJP bands from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） profiles demonstrated that the degradation of MRJP1, MRJP2, MRJP3, and MRJP5 in RJ was strongly and positively correlated with the period of storage（P〈0.0001）. Our results indicated anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody was highly specific for MRJP1, and ELISA using the antibody is a sensitive and easy-to-use method to determine the freshness and authenticity of RJ.展开更多
The aim of this work was to distinguish volatile organic compound（VOC） profiles of royal jelly（RJ） from different nectar plants. Headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME） was used to extract VOCs from raw R...The aim of this work was to distinguish volatile organic compound（VOC） profiles of royal jelly（RJ） from different nectar plants. Headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME） was used to extract VOCs from raw RJ harvested from 10 nectar plants in flowering seasons. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of VOCs extracts were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Results showed that VOC profiles of RJ from the samples were rich in acid, ester and aldehyde compound classes, however, contents of them were differential, exemplified by the data from acetic acid, benzoic acid methyl ester, hexanoic acid and octanoic acid. As a conclusion, these four VOCs can be used for distinguishing RJ harvested in the seasons of different nectar plants.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcala...The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.展开更多
Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs h...Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs have anti-senescence activity for human cells remains.Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I)cells were cultured in media containing no MRJPs (A),MRJPs at 0.1mg/ml (B),0.2mg/ml (C),or 0.3mg/ml (D),or bovine serum albumin (BSA)at 0.2mg/ml (E).The mean population doubling levels of cells in media B,C,D,and E were increased by 12.4%,31.2%,24.0%,and 10.4%,respectively,compared with that in medium A.The cells in medium C also exhibited the highest relative proliferation activity,the lowest senescence,and the longest telomeres.Moreover, MRJPs up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase-1(SOD1)and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR),catenin beta like-1(CTNNB1),and tumor protein p53(TP53).Raman spectra analysis showed that there were two unique bands related to DNA synthesis materials,amide carbonyl group vibrations and aromatic hydrogens.These results suggest that MRJPs possess anti-senescence activity for the HFL-I cell line,and provide new knowledge illustrating the molecular mechanism of MRJPs as anti-senescence factors.展开更多
Background:Nicotine administration can generate severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Royal jelly,with its antioxidant properties,acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species.This study describes the apithe...Background:Nicotine administration can generate severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Royal jelly,with its antioxidant properties,acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species.This study describes the apitherapy effects of royal jelly on testicular damage following nicotine administration.Methods:Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were divided into 8 groups(n=6):saline,3 different doses of royal jelly(100,150,and 200 mg/kg body weight(BW)per day),nicotine(1.5 mg/kg),and 3 different groups of Nic+Roy(1.5 mg/kg of Nic+100,150,and 200 mg/kg BW per day of royal jelly).Nicotine was administrated intraperitoneally,and royal jelly was prescribed orally for 10 consecutive days.Serum levels of hormones(testosterone,luteinizing hormone,and follicle-stimulating hormone),total antioxidant capacity,nitric oxide(NO)status,malondialdehyde levels,sperm DNA fragmentation,sperm parameters,histopathological changes(H&E staining),immunohistochemistry against apoptotic proteins,and gene expression of Bcl-2,p53,Caspase-3,and Nrf2(real-time PCR)were assessed to evaluate the molecular and histological changes.Results:Hormone levels,sperm parameters,and status of antioxidants were decreased significantly(p<.05)following nicotine administration.Moreover,royal jelly treatment normalized hormonal and antioxidant characteristics,decreased apoptotic gene expression,increased Nfr2 gene expression,and restored histopathological alteration to the physiological status significantly(p<.05).Conclusion:Royal jelly upregulates the antioxidant status,inhibits the mitochondrialdependent apoptosis pathway,and increases the rate of proliferation.This therapeutic agent effectively protected the testis against nicotine-associated damages by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.展开更多
The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on t...The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on the reproductive parameters in immature female mice(FM).Neonatal FM were divided into four groups fed MRJPs with doses of 0,125,250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight(M125,M250 and M500).The results in M125,M250 and M500 showed that the times of estrus were accelerated by 10.7%,15.5%and 10.7%,the secondary follicles number were increased by 50.7%,78.8%and 38.6%,the Graafian follicles were increased by 600.0%and 774.0%and 150.0%,respectively.M500 induced multi-oocyte follicles.The serum estradiol levels of the three groups were increased by 47.1%,64.9%and 31.1%,the action of MRJPs raising hormone secretion level is mainly via upregulating expression of ERˇgene.Antioxidant parameters of ovarian tissue showed that the malondialdehyde levels in M125 and M250 were decreased,the superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione peroxidase activities in M125 and M250 were increased.In conclusion,MRJPs may accelerate onset of puberty and promote follicular development in FM.Our findings would facilitate better understanding of the benefit effect of MRJPs as the key ingredient in royal jelly on promoting fertility performance.展开更多
Determining the influences of environmental factors on seedling growth and leaf color may improve our understanding of the chromogenic mechanisms in leaves and the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. To determine the optimum...Determining the influences of environmental factors on seedling growth and leaf color may improve our understanding of the chromogenic mechanisms in leaves and the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. To determine the optimum conditions for Betula 'Royal Frost' seedling cultivation, we assessed seedling growth and anthocyanin content under natural conditions. The temperature had a significant influence on height but not on radial growth. Between June and September, the anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with light intensity and air moisture and significantly negatively correlated with temperature. In single-factor experiments to determine the variation in anthocyanin content in the greenhouse, anthocyanin content increased with increasing soil water content and at first increased, then decreased with increasing pH of the irrigation water and temperature, but decreased with increasing light intensity. K2SO4 can increase the anthocyanin content. So to maintain leaf color, seedlings should be cultivated with < 200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) light intensity at 20 A degrees C and soil moisture content between 60 and 90%, and the irrigation water should be neutral or alkaline. Additionally, spraying with K2SO4 can be beneficial.展开更多
Important crystal faces that dominate the crystal morphology of royal demolition explosive （RDX） in vacuum were analyzed with the attachment energy （AE） method. Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations were used to c...Important crystal faces that dominate the crystal morphology of royal demolition explosive （RDX） in vacuum were analyzed with the attachment energy （AE） method. Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations were used to calculate the interaction energies between these crystal faces and different solvent molecules for an attachment energy correction. Growth habits in the presence of different solvents were generated. The results showed that some crystal faces in solutions became morphologically more important than that in vacuum while others became less important. Thus, crystal shape and surface property changed a lot with the variation of crystal faces. The results from calcula- tion were in agreement with those from the re-crystallization experiment, which indicated that cyclohexanone （CH） was a promising solvent to modify the crystal morphology of RDX for obtaining products with regular shape and high purity, while butyrolactone （BL） played a great role in improving the surface electrostatic property of RDX.展开更多
The protein composition of the egg development in the high royal jelly producing bees （Apis mellifera L.） was investigated. This pioneer study was to separate and quantify the proteins in the egg of the high royal j...The protein composition of the egg development in the high royal jelly producing bees （Apis mellifera L.） was investigated. This pioneer study was to separate and quantify the proteins in the egg of the high royal jelly producing worker bees （Apis mellifera L.） by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis along with their three-day development. The results showed that 160, 195, and 176 proteins, with a wide range of molecular weight （17-80 KDa） and relatively narrow scope of pI （4. 00-8.40） could be detected on day 1, day 2, and day 3, respectively, during the developmental process of the egg. Meanwhile 44 protein spots were constantly detected along with the egg development. Among them 36% were in the uptrend along with the egg development, 14% were in the downtrend, and 39% were of the largest expressed volume on day 2. In addition, the specific proteins were expressed on day 1, day 2, and day 3 （89, 77, and 80, respectively）. Besides the coexistent and specific proteins, 24 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 2, but silenced on day 3, 49 proteins were expressed on day 2 and day 3, but silenced on day 1, only 3 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 3, but silenced on day 2. The result indicates that egg development is a sequential and complex gene controlled process, where the eggs of day 2 express the most active proteins. The coexistent proteins suggest that it is conservative and indispensable for this event. These specific proteins suggest that the different developmental stage needs specific proteins to regulate it.展开更多
BACKGROUND Royal jelly(RJ)has been observed to have therapeutic properties in diabetic individuals,including the reduction of high blood sugar.This systematic review synthesized existing evidence to investigate the ef...BACKGROUND Royal jelly(RJ)has been observed to have therapeutic properties in diabetic individuals,including the reduction of high blood sugar.This systematic review synthesized existing evidence to investigate the effectiveness of RJ supplementation in managing measures of blood glucose.AIM To determine the effectiveness of RJ supplementation on glycemic responses in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic adults,as well as animal models of diabetes.METHODS This was a systematic review employing the PRISMA strategy.Peer-reviewed,published articles were extracted from several databases using key words related to target population,intervention and outcome and hand-selected for inclusion.Included articles proceeded to data extraction phase,where information on target parameters and effectiveness of treatment was summarized.Following this,the risk of bias for each included study was evaluated.Then,the long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ supplementation in glycemic control were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations(GRADE)tool,which rates the quality of evidence.RESULTS Of 168 articles extracted from database searching,eighteen were included for analysis in this systematic review.Across the studies,studied populations,intervention styles and outcome measures were largely heterogeneous.Despite this,the results in studies indicate a general trend of positive effect of RJ in glycemic regulation in vitro and in vivo.Additionally,some dose-dependent glycemic effects were observed,along with some large effect sizes.The risk of bias for human and animal studies is generally low-unclear risk,although lack of blinding is a serious concern in both categories.Overall,as per the GRADE tool,the quality of evidence is low,and very low for long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ,respectively.A major limitation affecting evidence quality is the heterogeneity among included studies.Fasting blood glucose and glucose clearance appear to be most affected by RJ supplementation.CONCLUSION Quality of evidence suggesting that RJ is an effective modulator of glycemic regulation is low for long-term effects of RJ,and very low for immediate effects.展开更多
Built in the middle and late 17th century, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh located in Scotland is one of the famous five botanic gardens in the world and one of the earliest botanic gardens in British history. This...Built in the middle and late 17th century, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh located in Scotland is one of the famous five botanic gardens in the world and one of the earliest botanic gardens in British history. This study sorted out the historical development and changes of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh for more than 300 years, and then made a comprehensive introduction and analysis of the botanic garden from three aspects of touring, education and scientific research. Finally, the rock garden, the peat garden, the Chinese hillside, the alpine house, glasshouses and the Queen Mother’s Memorial Garden were analyzed, in order to explore the historical, landscape and scientific value of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and to seek the effective way of landscape construction and development of the botanic garden.展开更多
Royal jelly （R J） is a well-known bioactive substance. It contains large amounts of major royal jelly proteins （MRJPs）, which express growth-factor-like activity in several animal and human cell lines. However, th...Royal jelly （R J） is a well-known bioactive substance. It contains large amounts of major royal jelly proteins （MRJPs）, which express growth-factor-like activity in several animal and human cell lines. However, the question on whether MRJPs possess growth-factor-like activity on all types of cell cultures remains. In order to determine whether MRJPs can be used as an alternative to fetal bovine serum （FBS） in different types of human cell culture, the prolif- eration of the complex serum with different ratios of MRJPs/FBS （M/F） was evaluated on five cell lines： 293T, HFL-I, 231, HCT116, and Changliver using MTT （3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide） assay. The proliferation activity of the combination of the complex M/F serum with cytokines on the test cell lines was also measured. The results demonstrated that the complex serum with M/F 6/4 possessed the highest proliferation activity similar to or in excess of FBS. However, no activity of complex medium with M/F 6/4 was observed in 231 cells, indicating a selectivity of MRJPs on cell types. Compared with the complex medium with M/F 6/4, the complex medium with M/F 6/4 together with two cytokines, epidermal growth factor （EGF） and insulin-transferrin-selenium （ITS）, pro- moted proliferations of Changliver, 293T, HCT116, and H FL-I by 18.73%-56.19% （P〈0.01）. Our findings demonstrate that MRJPs could partially replace FBS in culturing many human cell lines.展开更多
One of the main practices followed by beekeepers during the production of royal jelly (RJ) is the artificial sugar feeding. In this study, the effect of carbohydrate supplementary feeding on the composition of the thr...One of the main practices followed by beekeepers during the production of royal jelly (RJ) is the artificial sugar feeding. In this study, the effect of carbohydrate supplementary feeding on the composition of the three main sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and on the final quantity of the product was explored using one-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests. Also, the correlations among the parameters were examined. The average yield per colony for non-supplemented colonies (Group A) was 12.8 g, while the average content of fructose, glucose and sucrose was 4.32%, 3.78%, and 0.04%, respectively. For the colonies fed at the grafting day one time (Group B), these values were 12.76 g, 3.11%, 3.19% and 3.71%, and for the colonies fed from the insertion until the collection day (Group C), 12.81 g, 3.05%, 3.12% and 3.54% respectively. It should also be noted that the sucrose content in all samples from supplemented colonies was found greater than 1.97%. The statistical tests highlighted the impact of artificial feeding on fructose and glucose contents, while the produced quantity remained uninfluenced. Finally, the Spearman (rho) coefficient test showed statistically significantly negative correlation between the monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) and sucrose.展开更多
Due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotic,an increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria is evolving.Attention should be focused on natural alternatives to antibiotics,like propolis,royal jelly(R J)and ...Due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotic,an increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria is evolving.Attention should be focused on natural alternatives to antibiotics,like propolis,royal jelly(R J)and honeys.They all have strong antibacterial properties due to the active substances they contain.This study investigated the effect of combination of water soluble propolis(WSP)Greitl20 or fresh royal jelly(F-RJ)(MiZigoj)and Forest honeys as antibacterial against Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Proteus mirabilis,Acinetobacter baumanii,Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),Streptococcus pyogenes,Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans.These substances are also cell growth promoters for human macrophage(TLT)cell line.WSP Greitl20,F-RJ(M)and different Forest honeys were prepared in saline as 10%solutions.The antimicrobial activity was expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)in mg/mL.The growth promotion activity was measured at optical density(OD)595 nm.The combination ofWSP Greitl20 with different Forest honeys is better than F-RJ(M)in same combination with different Forest honeys.The best antibacterial/antifungal activity was found with the combination of 10%WSP Greit 120 in the Forest honey(1:10)from Italy or Spain.When measuring the growth promoting activity of TLT cell line,the best activity was detected at the combination of 10%WSP Greitl20 in the Forest honey from Italy(GI3=0.796±0.014 and GI5=1.133±0.022).Antimicrobial and growth promoting activities are correlated and WSP-dependent.展开更多
Background: In the previous decade, various benefits and biological activities of royal jelly, applied in alternative and modern medicine, and cosmetics, have been reported. However, the effects of royal jelly extract...Background: In the previous decade, various benefits and biological activities of royal jelly, applied in alternative and modern medicine, and cosmetics, have been reported. However, the effects of royal jelly extract (RJ) on keratinocytes have not been fully elucidated. Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to reveal the effects of RJ on keratinocytes and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: HaCaT cells, an immortal human epidermis-derived keratinocyte cell line, were used in this study. Laminin α3 (LAMA3), integrin β1 (ITGB1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA expression levels were determined using real-time PCR. Cell proliferation rate was measured using a bromodeoxyuridine uptake assay. Results: RJ treatment upregulated LAMA3, ITGB1 and HIF-1α mRNA expression, and accelerated HaCaT cell proliferation. Akt and mTOR inhibitors suppressed the RJ-induced HIF-1α expression and cell proliferation. HIF-1α silencing abrogated RJ-induced LAMA3 and ITGB1 mRNA expression and cell proliferation, whereas LAMA3 silencing and antibody-mediated ITGB1 blockade did not affect the effects of RJ. Conclusion: RJ upregulates LAMA3 and ITGB1 mRNA expression levels by HIF-1α expression enhancement. In addition, RJ accelerates keratinocyte proliferation via Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. These suggest that RJ is beneficial for anti-aging, as a skin care product ingredient.展开更多
Rockery building and stone stacking is a technique commonly used in building of classical gardens.Its emergence allows the fairy thought of"one pond and three mountains"to be reflected in different classical...Rockery building and stone stacking is a technique commonly used in building of classical gardens.Its emergence allows the fairy thought of"one pond and three mountains"to be reflected in different classical gardens.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the style of rockery building and stone stacking in the royal garden was an artistic climax in the history of the garden,and the technique of rockery building and stone stacking in Genyue Royal Garden was considered as the beginning of specialization.Through sorting out the records of the royal gardens in the Song Dynasty,this paper summarized the content of studying the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty,and systematically sorted out the development history of the techniques and styles of the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty and applied them into construction of some gardens.展开更多
文摘On November 13,King Maha Vajiralongkorn and Queen Suthida of Thailand began a five-day state visit to China.It was the king’s first visit to the country and the first time a Thai monarch has set foot on Chinese soil since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,before establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1975.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province(20212AEI91010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772067)+1 种基金Jiangxi Agriculture Research System(JXARS-14)Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology(SKFL-ZZB-2)。
文摘Royal jelly(RJ)is rich in various nutrients with multiple health-promoting properties.This study aims to evaluate whether RJ can modulate related metabolite in the natural aging mice.Male C57BL/6J mice drank RJ solution daily for 9 months.Determination of serum lipids and pathological analysis exhibited that triglycerides,serum cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased by 31.15%,9.96%,and 22.58%,respectively,the morphology of brain nerve cells was also effectively recovered after RJ intervention.Lipidomic analysis showed that RJ could improve the levels of different kinds of lipids in aging mice brain,especially by increasing the content of antioxidant ether ester,and that the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acid was up by 23.46%,which could alleviate oxidative stress.Moreover,the metabolism of glycerol phospholipids,glycerols,and fatty acids in aging mice could be regulated by RJ.RJ intervention can effectively improve lipid metabolism disorders caused by aging.
基金supported by the grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J01490,2019J01408)the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Fujian Province(2024L3006)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFb22071XA)the Outstanding Young Scientist Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(xjq201916)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272938)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF,and MARA(CARS-44)。
文摘Keratinocytes,the major cell types of the epidermis,proliferate and migrate during wound healing to restore the epithelial barrier.Royal jelly is a traditional remedy used in wound repair.Our previous study found that the mixture of major royal jelly protein(MRJP)2,3 and 7 exhibited in vitro wound healing-promoting effects;however,the exact functional constituents and the associated underlying mechanisms of action are still largely unknown.In this study,a partial fragment of MRJP3 was recombinantly expressed as a fusion protein MRJP3-C113-Fc which promoted wound healing in vitro and in vivo.By employing protein inhibitors and immunoblots technology,it was initially found that the wound-repairing mechanisms of MRJP3-C113-Fc were correlated to the activation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway in keratinocytes(Ha Ca T cells).LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis demonstrated that the proteins present in the MRJP3-C113-Fc-treated Ha Ca T cells were different from the untreated ones,in which rhomboid 5 homolog 2(RHBDF2)might be the potential regulator for the EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway.Silencing of RHBDF2 diminished the proproliferative and-migratory effectiveness of MRJP3-C113-Fc on Ha Ca T cells,as well as the phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR,suggesting that the wound healing-promoting efficacy was attributable to the RHBDF2-mediated activation of EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway.Hence,this study is the first to discover the single fragment of MRJPs possessing pro-healing properties,and also the first to disclose the regulatory role of RHBDF2 in EGFR/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway-modulated wound healing.It will facilitate the development of MRJP3-C113-based therapeutic agent for skin wounds,and provide a novel target for treating cutaneous trauma.
基金supported by the Public Beneficial Scientific&Technical Plan of Zhejiang(No.2011C22039)the Important Scientific & Technical Plan of Zhejiang(No.2011C12023)+2 种基金the Important Scientific & Technical Innovation Project of Hangzhou(No.20131812A25)the Foundation of Fuli Institute of Food Science of Zhejiang University(No.KY201404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31271848)
文摘Major royal jelly protein 1（MRJP1）, designated apalbumin 1, has been regarded as a freshness marker of royal jelly（RJ）. A MRJP1-specific peptide（IKEALPHVPIFD） identified by bioinformatics analysis of homologous members of the major royal protein family was synthesized and used to raise polyclonal anti-MRJP1 antibody（antiSP-MRJP1 antibody）. Western blot analysis showed that anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody only reacted with MRJP1 in RJ. In contrast, the previously reported antibody against recombinant MRJP1（anti-R-MRJP1 antibody） reacted with other members of MRJP family in RJ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） using anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody demonstrated that MRJP1 content in RJ stored at 40 °C significantly degraded by 37.3%, 55.9%, 58.0%, 60.6%, 65.7%, 72.7%, and 73.1% at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 d, respectively, when compared with MRJP1 content in fresh RJ（0 d）. Optical density analysis of MRJP bands from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） profiles demonstrated that the degradation of MRJP1, MRJP2, MRJP3, and MRJP5 in RJ was strongly and positively correlated with the period of storage（P〈0.0001）. Our results indicated anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody was highly specific for MRJP1, and ELISA using the antibody is a sensitive and easy-to-use method to determine the freshness and authenticity of RJ.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP)the Building of Modern Agricultural Industry (Bees) R&D Systems in China (NYCYTI-43-KXJ17)
文摘The aim of this work was to distinguish volatile organic compound（VOC） profiles of royal jelly（RJ） from different nectar plants. Headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME） was used to extract VOCs from raw RJ harvested from 10 nectar plants in flowering seasons. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of VOCs extracts were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Results showed that VOC profiles of RJ from the samples were rich in acid, ester and aldehyde compound classes, however, contents of them were differential, exemplified by the data from acetic acid, benzoic acid methyl ester, hexanoic acid and octanoic acid. As a conclusion, these four VOCs can be used for distinguishing RJ harvested in the seasons of different nectar plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872431)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (CARS-44)。
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2017C32033)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3127848)
文摘Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs have anti-senescence activity for human cells remains.Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I)cells were cultured in media containing no MRJPs (A),MRJPs at 0.1mg/ml (B),0.2mg/ml (C),or 0.3mg/ml (D),or bovine serum albumin (BSA)at 0.2mg/ml (E).The mean population doubling levels of cells in media B,C,D,and E were increased by 12.4%,31.2%,24.0%,and 10.4%,respectively,compared with that in medium A.The cells in medium C also exhibited the highest relative proliferation activity,the lowest senescence,and the longest telomeres.Moreover, MRJPs up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase-1(SOD1)and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR),catenin beta like-1(CTNNB1),and tumor protein p53(TP53).Raman spectra analysis showed that there were two unique bands related to DNA synthesis materials,amide carbonyl group vibrations and aromatic hydrogens.These results suggest that MRJPs possess anti-senescence activity for the HFL-I cell line,and provide new knowledge illustrating the molecular mechanism of MRJPs as anti-senescence factors.
基金funded by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences(grant no.96067)。
文摘Background:Nicotine administration can generate severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Royal jelly,with its antioxidant properties,acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species.This study describes the apitherapy effects of royal jelly on testicular damage following nicotine administration.Methods:Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were divided into 8 groups(n=6):saline,3 different doses of royal jelly(100,150,and 200 mg/kg body weight(BW)per day),nicotine(1.5 mg/kg),and 3 different groups of Nic+Roy(1.5 mg/kg of Nic+100,150,and 200 mg/kg BW per day of royal jelly).Nicotine was administrated intraperitoneally,and royal jelly was prescribed orally for 10 consecutive days.Serum levels of hormones(testosterone,luteinizing hormone,and follicle-stimulating hormone),total antioxidant capacity,nitric oxide(NO)status,malondialdehyde levels,sperm DNA fragmentation,sperm parameters,histopathological changes(H&E staining),immunohistochemistry against apoptotic proteins,and gene expression of Bcl-2,p53,Caspase-3,and Nrf2(real-time PCR)were assessed to evaluate the molecular and histological changes.Results:Hormone levels,sperm parameters,and status of antioxidants were decreased significantly(p<.05)following nicotine administration.Moreover,royal jelly treatment normalized hormonal and antioxidant characteristics,decreased apoptotic gene expression,increased Nfr2 gene expression,and restored histopathological alteration to the physiological status significantly(p<.05).Conclusion:Royal jelly upregulates the antioxidant status,inhibits the mitochondrialdependent apoptosis pathway,and increases the rate of proliferation.This therapeutic agent effectively protected the testis against nicotine-associated damages by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
基金The authors are grateful to Dr.Quanwei Wei from Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,China for his technical assistance.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31271848)。
文摘The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on the reproductive parameters in immature female mice(FM).Neonatal FM were divided into four groups fed MRJPs with doses of 0,125,250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight(M125,M250 and M500).The results in M125,M250 and M500 showed that the times of estrus were accelerated by 10.7%,15.5%and 10.7%,the secondary follicles number were increased by 50.7%,78.8%and 38.6%,the Graafian follicles were increased by 600.0%and 774.0%and 150.0%,respectively.M500 induced multi-oocyte follicles.The serum estradiol levels of the three groups were increased by 47.1%,64.9%and 31.1%,the action of MRJPs raising hormone secretion level is mainly via upregulating expression of ERˇgene.Antioxidant parameters of ovarian tissue showed that the malondialdehyde levels in M125 and M250 were decreased,the superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione peroxidase activities in M125 and M250 were increased.In conclusion,MRJPs may accelerate onset of puberty and promote follicular development in FM.Our findings would facilitate better understanding of the benefit effect of MRJPs as the key ingredient in royal jelly on promoting fertility performance.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LBHQ14003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31400535)
文摘Determining the influences of environmental factors on seedling growth and leaf color may improve our understanding of the chromogenic mechanisms in leaves and the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. To determine the optimum conditions for Betula 'Royal Frost' seedling cultivation, we assessed seedling growth and anthocyanin content under natural conditions. The temperature had a significant influence on height but not on radial growth. Between June and September, the anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with light intensity and air moisture and significantly negatively correlated with temperature. In single-factor experiments to determine the variation in anthocyanin content in the greenhouse, anthocyanin content increased with increasing soil water content and at first increased, then decreased with increasing pH of the irrigation water and temperature, but decreased with increasing light intensity. K2SO4 can increase the anthocyanin content. So to maintain leaf color, seedlings should be cultivated with < 200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) light intensity at 20 A degrees C and soil moisture content between 60 and 90%, and the irrigation water should be neutral or alkaline. Additionally, spraying with K2SO4 can be beneficial.
文摘Important crystal faces that dominate the crystal morphology of royal demolition explosive （RDX） in vacuum were analyzed with the attachment energy （AE） method. Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations were used to calculate the interaction energies between these crystal faces and different solvent molecules for an attachment energy correction. Growth habits in the presence of different solvents were generated. The results showed that some crystal faces in solutions became morphologically more important than that in vacuum while others became less important. Thus, crystal shape and surface property changed a lot with the variation of crystal faces. The results from calcula- tion were in agreement with those from the re-crystallization experiment, which indicated that cyclohexanone （CH） was a promising solvent to modify the crystal morphology of RDX for obtaining products with regular shape and high purity, while butyrolactone （BL） played a great role in improving the surface electrostatic property of RDX.
文摘The protein composition of the egg development in the high royal jelly producing bees （Apis mellifera L.） was investigated. This pioneer study was to separate and quantify the proteins in the egg of the high royal jelly producing worker bees （Apis mellifera L.） by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis along with their three-day development. The results showed that 160, 195, and 176 proteins, with a wide range of molecular weight （17-80 KDa） and relatively narrow scope of pI （4. 00-8.40） could be detected on day 1, day 2, and day 3, respectively, during the developmental process of the egg. Meanwhile 44 protein spots were constantly detected along with the egg development. Among them 36% were in the uptrend along with the egg development, 14% were in the downtrend, and 39% were of the largest expressed volume on day 2. In addition, the specific proteins were expressed on day 1, day 2, and day 3 （89, 77, and 80, respectively）. Besides the coexistent and specific proteins, 24 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 2, but silenced on day 3, 49 proteins were expressed on day 2 and day 3, but silenced on day 1, only 3 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 3, but silenced on day 2. The result indicates that egg development is a sequential and complex gene controlled process, where the eggs of day 2 express the most active proteins. The coexistent proteins suggest that it is conservative and indispensable for this event. These specific proteins suggest that the different developmental stage needs specific proteins to regulate it.
文摘BACKGROUND Royal jelly(RJ)has been observed to have therapeutic properties in diabetic individuals,including the reduction of high blood sugar.This systematic review synthesized existing evidence to investigate the effectiveness of RJ supplementation in managing measures of blood glucose.AIM To determine the effectiveness of RJ supplementation on glycemic responses in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic adults,as well as animal models of diabetes.METHODS This was a systematic review employing the PRISMA strategy.Peer-reviewed,published articles were extracted from several databases using key words related to target population,intervention and outcome and hand-selected for inclusion.Included articles proceeded to data extraction phase,where information on target parameters and effectiveness of treatment was summarized.Following this,the risk of bias for each included study was evaluated.Then,the long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ supplementation in glycemic control were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations(GRADE)tool,which rates the quality of evidence.RESULTS Of 168 articles extracted from database searching,eighteen were included for analysis in this systematic review.Across the studies,studied populations,intervention styles and outcome measures were largely heterogeneous.Despite this,the results in studies indicate a general trend of positive effect of RJ in glycemic regulation in vitro and in vivo.Additionally,some dose-dependent glycemic effects were observed,along with some large effect sizes.The risk of bias for human and animal studies is generally low-unclear risk,although lack of blinding is a serious concern in both categories.Overall,as per the GRADE tool,the quality of evidence is low,and very low for long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ,respectively.A major limitation affecting evidence quality is the heterogeneity among included studies.Fasting blood glucose and glucose clearance appear to be most affected by RJ supplementation.CONCLUSION Quality of evidence suggesting that RJ is an effective modulator of glycemic regulation is low for long-term effects of RJ,and very low for immediate effects.
基金Sponsored by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682018CX57)
文摘Built in the middle and late 17th century, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh located in Scotland is one of the famous five botanic gardens in the world and one of the earliest botanic gardens in British history. This study sorted out the historical development and changes of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh for more than 300 years, and then made a comprehensive introduction and analysis of the botanic garden from three aspects of touring, education and scientific research. Finally, the rock garden, the peat garden, the Chinese hillside, the alpine house, glasshouses and the Queen Mother’s Memorial Garden were analyzed, in order to explore the historical, landscape and scientific value of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and to seek the effective way of landscape construction and development of the botanic garden.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31271848)the Important Scientific&Technical Innovation Project of Hangzhou(No.20131812A25)the Foundation of Fuli Institute of Food Science of Zhejiang University(No.KY201404),China
文摘Royal jelly （R J） is a well-known bioactive substance. It contains large amounts of major royal jelly proteins （MRJPs）, which express growth-factor-like activity in several animal and human cell lines. However, the question on whether MRJPs possess growth-factor-like activity on all types of cell cultures remains. In order to determine whether MRJPs can be used as an alternative to fetal bovine serum （FBS） in different types of human cell culture, the prolif- eration of the complex serum with different ratios of MRJPs/FBS （M/F） was evaluated on five cell lines： 293T, HFL-I, 231, HCT116, and Changliver using MTT （3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide） assay. The proliferation activity of the combination of the complex M/F serum with cytokines on the test cell lines was also measured. The results demonstrated that the complex serum with M/F 6/4 possessed the highest proliferation activity similar to or in excess of FBS. However, no activity of complex medium with M/F 6/4 was observed in 231 cells, indicating a selectivity of MRJPs on cell types. Compared with the complex medium with M/F 6/4, the complex medium with M/F 6/4 together with two cytokines, epidermal growth factor （EGF） and insulin-transferrin-selenium （ITS）, pro- moted proliferations of Changliver, 293T, HCT116, and H FL-I by 18.73%-56.19% （P〈0.01）. Our findings demonstrate that MRJPs could partially replace FBS in culturing many human cell lines.
文摘One of the main practices followed by beekeepers during the production of royal jelly (RJ) is the artificial sugar feeding. In this study, the effect of carbohydrate supplementary feeding on the composition of the three main sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and on the final quantity of the product was explored using one-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests. Also, the correlations among the parameters were examined. The average yield per colony for non-supplemented colonies (Group A) was 12.8 g, while the average content of fructose, glucose and sucrose was 4.32%, 3.78%, and 0.04%, respectively. For the colonies fed at the grafting day one time (Group B), these values were 12.76 g, 3.11%, 3.19% and 3.71%, and for the colonies fed from the insertion until the collection day (Group C), 12.81 g, 3.05%, 3.12% and 3.54% respectively. It should also be noted that the sucrose content in all samples from supplemented colonies was found greater than 1.97%. The statistical tests highlighted the impact of artificial feeding on fructose and glucose contents, while the produced quantity remained uninfluenced. Finally, the Spearman (rho) coefficient test showed statistically significantly negative correlation between the monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) and sucrose.
文摘Due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotic,an increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria is evolving.Attention should be focused on natural alternatives to antibiotics,like propolis,royal jelly(R J)and honeys.They all have strong antibacterial properties due to the active substances they contain.This study investigated the effect of combination of water soluble propolis(WSP)Greitl20 or fresh royal jelly(F-RJ)(MiZigoj)and Forest honeys as antibacterial against Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Proteus mirabilis,Acinetobacter baumanii,Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),Streptococcus pyogenes,Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans.These substances are also cell growth promoters for human macrophage(TLT)cell line.WSP Greitl20,F-RJ(M)and different Forest honeys were prepared in saline as 10%solutions.The antimicrobial activity was expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)in mg/mL.The growth promotion activity was measured at optical density(OD)595 nm.The combination ofWSP Greitl20 with different Forest honeys is better than F-RJ(M)in same combination with different Forest honeys.The best antibacterial/antifungal activity was found with the combination of 10%WSP Greit 120 in the Forest honey(1:10)from Italy or Spain.When measuring the growth promoting activity of TLT cell line,the best activity was detected at the combination of 10%WSP Greitl20 in the Forest honey from Italy(GI3=0.796±0.014 and GI5=1.133±0.022).Antimicrobial and growth promoting activities are correlated and WSP-dependent.
文摘Background: In the previous decade, various benefits and biological activities of royal jelly, applied in alternative and modern medicine, and cosmetics, have been reported. However, the effects of royal jelly extract (RJ) on keratinocytes have not been fully elucidated. Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to reveal the effects of RJ on keratinocytes and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: HaCaT cells, an immortal human epidermis-derived keratinocyte cell line, were used in this study. Laminin α3 (LAMA3), integrin β1 (ITGB1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA expression levels were determined using real-time PCR. Cell proliferation rate was measured using a bromodeoxyuridine uptake assay. Results: RJ treatment upregulated LAMA3, ITGB1 and HIF-1α mRNA expression, and accelerated HaCaT cell proliferation. Akt and mTOR inhibitors suppressed the RJ-induced HIF-1α expression and cell proliferation. HIF-1α silencing abrogated RJ-induced LAMA3 and ITGB1 mRNA expression and cell proliferation, whereas LAMA3 silencing and antibody-mediated ITGB1 blockade did not affect the effects of RJ. Conclusion: RJ upregulates LAMA3 and ITGB1 mRNA expression levels by HIF-1α expression enhancement. In addition, RJ accelerates keratinocyte proliferation via Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. These suggest that RJ is beneficial for anti-aging, as a skin care product ingredient.
文摘Rockery building and stone stacking is a technique commonly used in building of classical gardens.Its emergence allows the fairy thought of"one pond and three mountains"to be reflected in different classical gardens.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the style of rockery building and stone stacking in the royal garden was an artistic climax in the history of the garden,and the technique of rockery building and stone stacking in Genyue Royal Garden was considered as the beginning of specialization.Through sorting out the records of the royal gardens in the Song Dynasty,this paper summarized the content of studying the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty,and systematically sorted out the development history of the techniques and styles of the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty and applied them into construction of some gardens.
