Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of stan...Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of standardization and uni-formity in current model building methods,which led us to conduct this study.Background:The aim was to investigate the time-and dose-related changes in the behavioral and pathological characteristics in the MIA-induced KOA model rat.Methods:MIA(40,50,and 60 mg/mL)was injected into the left joint of male Sprague-Dawley rats.After 2 weeks,the changes in the KOA rat model were observed by be-havioral evaluation,imaging-level evaluation,and histological-level evaluation.The changes were also compared after 40-mg/mL MIA injection for 2 and 6 weeks.Results:MIA-induced bone surface defects,osteophyte hyperplasia around the artic-ular rim,increased subchondral bone density,thinning of the sparse trabecular bone,structural disorder,and local clustering were observed.The degree of injury gradually increased with the increase in MIA concentration.After 6 weeks,subchondral bone density and sparse trabecular bone increased in the KOA model.Conclusions:The severity of the model also increased significantly with the changes in dose and time.In dose-dependent experiments,this study revealed that 40 mg/mL was the optimal dose to induce significant pathological changes without causing undue discomfort or death in animals.This dose may induce pathological changes stably and is suitable for long-term observation.展开更多
Objective:To explore clinicopathological predictors of adverse pathological changes(APCs)(upgrading,upstaging,and positive surgical margin[PSM])after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP)in clinical tumor stage 2...Objective:To explore clinicopathological predictors of adverse pathological changes(APCs)(upgrading,upstaging,and positive surgical margin[PSM])after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP)in clinical tumor stage 2c(cT2c)prostate cancer(PCa)patients.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2022,cT2cN0M0 PCa patients who underwent prostate biopsies and subsequent RARP at the Peking University First Hospital with an interval between biopsy and RARP of ≤90 days were included.Univariable and stepwise multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with APCs.Nomograms were constructed based on these predictive models.The performance of the nomograms was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves,decision curve analyses,and calibration plots.Results:A total of 423 eligible cT2cN0M0 PCa patients were included.The rates of upgrading,upstaging,and PSM in our cohortwere 33%,51%,and 35%,respectively.The stepwise multivariate logistic analysis suggested that PSA density and the percentage of positive cores in systematic biopsy were significantly associated with the occurrence of APCs.The score of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System,PSA density,and the International Society of Urological Pathology grade group(IGG)of needle-biopsy specimens(or clinical IGG[cIGG])were significantly associated with upgrading.The PSA density,percentage of positive cores in systematic biopsy,and largest tumor percentage in all cores of each patient(LTP)were significantly associated with upstaging.The PSA density and LTP were significantly associatedwith the PSM.Based on these results,four nomogramswere developed.Receiver operating characteristic curves,decision curve analyses,and calibration plots implied that the nomograms exhibited excellent accuracy.Conclusion:The predictive models we developed could help to identify high-risk PCa early,and optimize clinical decisions of cT2cN0M0 PCa patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a commonly seen acute abdominal syndrome characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality rate. The damage in peripheral organs may be more severe than...BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a commonly seen acute abdominal syndrome characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality rate. The damage in peripheral organs may be more severe than that in the pancreas, and can even lead to multiple organ dysfunction. It is critical to recognize early pathological changes in multiple organs. This study aimed to assess the early pathological features of damaged organs in a rat model of SAP. METHODS: Thirty clean grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into a model control group (n=15) and a sham-operated group (n=15). The SAP rat model was induced by sodium taurocholate. Samples of blood and from multiple organs were collected 3 hours after operation. We assessed the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1, MDA, amylases and endotoxin in blood and observed the early pathological changes in multiple damaged organs. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1 and MDA in serum and of amylase and endotoxin in plasma of the model control group rats were significantly higher than those of the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Different degrees of pathological change were observed in multiple damaged organs. CONCLUSION: Multiple organ injury may occur at the early stage of SAP in rats.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) features fatal pathogenetic conditions and high mortality rate. The study of SAP complicated with multiple organ injuries is of important significance. In this study, we exp...BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) features fatal pathogenetic conditions and high mortality rate. The study of SAP complicated with multiple organ injuries is of important significance. In this study, we explored the protective effect of baicalin on multiple organs of SAP rats and compared it with that of octreotide through light and electron microscopic observations of the pathological changes. METHODS: The improved Aho method was used to prepare SAP rat models. These rats were then randomly divided into a sham-operated group (n=45), a model control group (n=45), baicalin-treated group (n=45) and octreotide-treated group (n=45). Based on the difference in time points after operation, these groups were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 hour subgroups (n=15). At the corresponding time point after operation, the mortality rate of rats was recorded, and then the rats were humanely killed to take samples of multiple organs that were subsequently examined for pathological changes under light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: At 12 hours after operation, the mortality rate of rats in the baicalin- and octreotide-treated groups was lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). Compared to the model control group, the pathological changes and pathological scores in the baicalin- and octreotide-treated groups were mitigated and relieved to varying degrees. The pathological changes under electron microscopy were also improved. CONCLUSIONS: Both baicalin and octreotide show good protective effects on multiple organs of SAP rats. Baicalin as a new drug has good prospects in the treatment of SAP.展开更多
Non-traumatic injury accounts for approximately half of clinical spinal cord injury, including chronic spinal cord compression. However, previous rodent spinal cord compression models are mainly designed for rats, few...Non-traumatic injury accounts for approximately half of clinical spinal cord injury, including chronic spinal cord compression. However, previous rodent spinal cord compression models are mainly designed for rats, few are available for mice. Our aim is to develop a thoracic progressive compression mice model of spinal cord injury. In this study, adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups： in the surgery group, a screw was inserted at T9 lamina to compress the spinal cord, and the compression was increased by turning it further into the canal（0.2 mm） post-surgery every 2 weeks up to 8 weeks. In the control group, a hole was drilled into the lamina without inserting a screw. The results showed that Basso Mouse Scale scores were lower and gait worsened. In addition, the degree of hindlimb dysfunction in mice was consistent with the degree of spinal cord compression. The number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was reduced in all groups of mice, whereas astrocytes and microglia were gradually activated and proliferated. In conclusion, this progressive compression of thoracic spinal cord injury in mice is a preferable model for chronic progressive spinal cord compression injury.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Heatstroke often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） with a death rate of 40% or a neurological morbidity of 30%. These high rates in patients with heatstroke are largely due to the prog...BACKGROUND： Heatstroke often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） with a death rate of 40% or a neurological morbidity of 30%. These high rates in patients with heatstroke are largely due to the progression of heat stress to MODS, resulting in no specifi c treatment available. This study aimed to develop a mouse model of heat stress and determine the pathological changes in the lung and brain during heat stress and cooling treatment.METHODS： A mouse model of heat stress was established in a pre-warmed incubator set at 35.5 ± 0.5°C and with a relative humidity of 60% ± 5%. Rectal temperature was monitored, and at a temperature of 39 °C, 40 °C, 41 °C, or 42 °C, the mice were sacrifi ced. The remaining animals were removed from the incubator and cooled at an ambient temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C and a humidity of 35% ± 5% for 12 or 24 hours at a temperature of 41 °C or for 6 hours at a temperature of 42 °C. The control mice were sham-heated at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C and a humidity of 35% ± 5%. The lungs and brains of all animals were isolated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and light microscopy were performed to detect pathological changes.RESULTS： All mice demonstrated a uniform response to heat stress. A low degree of heat stress induced marked pathological changes of the lungs. With the rise of the temperature to 42°C, progressively greater damage to the lungs with further congestion of the lung matrix, asystematic hemorrhage of alveolar space, abscission of alveolar epithelial cells, and disappearance of pulmonary alveolus tissue structure were detected. However, absorption of congestion and hemorrhage as well as recovery of pulmonary alveolus tissue structure was observed following cooling treatment at an ambient temperature. With a low degree of heat stress, the brain only showed moderate edema. Neuronal denaturation and necrosis were detected at a temperature of 42°C. Interestingly, the lesions in the brain were further aggravated at 42 °C regardless of cooling treatment, but recovery was observed after cooling treatment at 41 °C.CONCLUSIONS： The pathological changes of the lungs and brain of mice showed distinctive lesions following heat stress and cooling treatment, and they were correlated with the time and duration of cooling treatment. The results of this study are helpful for further study of the mechanisms linking heatstroke.展开更多
To observe microwave induced dynamic pathological changes in the sinus nodes, wistar rats were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 50 mW/cm^2 microwave. In 10 and 50 mW/cm^2 groups, disorganized sinoatrial node cells, cell swelling,...To observe microwave induced dynamic pathological changes in the sinus nodes, wistar rats were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 50 mW/cm^2 microwave. In 10 and 50 mW/cm^2 groups, disorganized sinoatrial node cells, cell swelling, cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear pyknosis, and anachromasis, swollen, and empty mitochondria, and blurred and focally dissolved myofibrils could be detected from 1 to 28 d, while reduced parenchymal cells, increased collagen fibers, and extracellular matrix remodeling of interstitial cells were observed from 6 to 12 months. In conclusion, 10 and 50 mW/cm^2 microwave could cause structural damages in the sinoatrial node and extracellular matrix remodeling in rats.展开更多
Purpose:To observe the pathological changes in rabbit retinas and the measure of glutamic acid levels in the vitreous body after suffering from high-speed bullet injuries.Methods:Rabbits eyeball contusion models were ...Purpose:To observe the pathological changes in rabbit retinas and the measure of glutamic acid levels in the vitreous body after suffering from high-speed bullet injuries.Methods:Rabbits eyeball contusion models were established with high-speed bullets,i.e,the rabbits eyes were shot with a fixed air rifle at a speed of 90 m/s.(using plastic bullets,weighing 0.201 g,on average).Retinal tissues treated with HE staining and were prepared for light microscopy examination and glutamate levels were tested at different time points after the injury.Results:Edema,exudation,hemorrhage,and rupture were evident in rabbit retinas following bullet injuries.Meanwhile,glutamate levels gradually increased as time proceeded.Conclusion:Visual impairment is related with retinal damages after high-speed bullet injuries.Increased glutamate concentration serves as a potential factor for aggravating retinal injuries.展开更多
To determine whether the pathological changes caused by injury to the spinal cord can be correlated with values obtained by the Magnetic Motor Evoked Potential (MEPs) technique, we studied spinal cords from 41 adult ...To determine whether the pathological changes caused by injury to the spinal cord can be correlated with values obtained by the Magnetic Motor Evoked Potential (MEPs) technique, we studied spinal cords from 41 adult cats who were divided into 4 groups. The groups ranged from normal cats whose spinal cords were not compressed, to slightly, moderately and severely injured. MEPs were recorded before compression and in 30 minutes, 6 hours, 1 week, 2 week and 4 week after the compression unit was installed. Pathological changes with increased pressure were seen in blood vessels, nerve cells and fibers, Nissl substance and the central canal. A reversal of pathological changes was observed in slight or moderate injury during the 4 weeks of the experiment. Extensive injury, however, caused irreversible changes in the nerve cells with loss of motor function. The latency of MEPs at 30 minutes and 6 hours in the slightly injured group was 037 and 038 times greater than the baseline and returned to normal levels in 4 weeks. In the moderately injured group, the latency was increased 077 and 081 times and in the severely injured 132 and 136 times over the baseline. Recovery in the second group was partial and not at all in the severely injured. Thus, there appears to be good correlation between observed pathological changes, motor functions and MEPs.展开更多
对痰、瘀等因素与股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的相关病因病机以及化痰祛瘀法治疗ONFH的机制研究进行梳理,指出痰瘀互结是ONFH常见致病因素,亦是ONFH重要的病因病机,痰瘀互结能够诱发股骨头脂代谢紊乱,阻碍股骨...对痰、瘀等因素与股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的相关病因病机以及化痰祛瘀法治疗ONFH的机制研究进行梳理,指出痰瘀互结是ONFH常见致病因素,亦是ONFH重要的病因病机,痰瘀互结能够诱发股骨头脂代谢紊乱,阻碍股骨头血液供应,影响骨髓微环境变化,引发骨细胞代谢失衡,且贯穿于ONFH发生发展的全过程。中医药在辨证施治的基础上结合“化痰祛瘀”法治疗ONFH可能疗效更佳;同时应注重整体观念,考虑痰瘀形成的病机,从肝、脾、肾等多脏腑进行综合论治。展开更多
AIM: To systematically review pathological changes of gastric mucosa in gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication.
Ultrastructural pathological changes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of sacculus rotundus (SR) of rabbits infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) were first observed. There were numerous holes at...Ultrastructural pathological changes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of sacculus rotundus (SR) of rabbits infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) were first observed. There were numerous holes at the luminal and basement membrane surfaces of the dome epithelium (DE), consistently accompanied by necrosis of lymphocytes and M-cells, and pronounced depletion of lymphocytes in the domes and follicles, decrease of DE complex with formation of pseudomembranous structure on the surface of the dome epithelium. A specific finding in lymphocytes and macrophages was that severe destruction detraction of the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) was accompanied by conspicious increase of solitary, ribo-some-like particles in the cytoplasm, with appearances of intranuclear particles and intranuclear inclusions. It was found that there were many round and dense virion-like particles, with 26 nm in diameter, in the nuclei and cytoplasm of lymphoctes, plasma cells, macrophages and fibroblasts, or in degenerated cells and cellular debris. At the same time, another round virion-like particles about 34 nm in diameter were also seen in the cytoplasm of some cells and interstitium. The results indicated that the appearances of the ribosome-like particles, virion-like particles and inclusion bodies were related to the replication and assembly of RHDV. The present observations suggested that DE of sacculus rotundus could be a open pathway and a transporting route for the entry of antigens into hosts. While the antigen is profoundly deleterious, DE may be as a closed portal or a barrier preventing the foreign antigenic materials from invading.展开更多
The pathological changes of hemocytes in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas were examined in experimentally and naturally WSSV(white spot syndrome virus) infected Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that the p...The pathological changes of hemocytes in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas were examined in experimentally and naturally WSSV(white spot syndrome virus) infected Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that the pathological manifesta-tions of hemocytes were similar among moribund shrimps infected via injection,feeding and by nature. Firstly,the total hemocyte counts(THCs) in WSSV-infected shrimp were significantly lower than those in healthy shrimp. Secondly,necrotic,broken and dis-integrated cells were often observed,and a typical hematolysis was present in the haemolymph smear of WSSV-infected shrimp. Thirdly,necrosis and typical apoptosis of hemocytes were detected with TEM in the peripheral haemolymph of WSSV-infected shrimp. Hyalinocytes and semi-granulocytes with masses of WSSVs in their nuclei often appeared,whereas no granular hemocytes with WSSV were found in the hepatopancreas of moribund infected shrimps. All our results supported that hemocytes were the main target cells of WSSV,and hyalinocytes and semigranular hemocytes seemed to be more favorable for WSSV infection in F. chinensis.展开更多
Since December 2019,the novel coronavirus(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2))has spread to many countries around the world,developing into a global pandemic with increasing numbers of deaths r...Since December 2019,the novel coronavirus(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2))has spread to many countries around the world,developing into a global pandemic with increasing numbers of deaths reported worldwide.To data,although some vaccines have been developed,there are no ideal drugs to treat novel coronavirus pneumonia(coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)).By examining the structure of the coronavirus and briefly describing its possible pathogenesis based on recent autopsy reports conducted by various teams worldwide,this review analyzes the possible structural and functional changes of the human body upon infection with SARS-CoV-2.We observed that the most prominent pathological changes in COVID-19 patients are diffuse alveolar damage(DAD)of the lungs and microthrombus formation,resulting in an imbalance of the ventilation/perfusion ratio and respiratory failure.Although direct evidence of viral infection can also be found in other organs and tissues,the viral load is relatively small.The conclusion that the injuries of the extrapulmonary organs are directly caused by the virus needs further investigation.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the pathological features and chronological changes of 1003 cases with gastric cancer in Zhuanghe high-risk area during 1992-2005 and the relationship between the changes and etiology factor...Objective： To investigate the pathological features and chronological changes of 1003 cases with gastric cancer in Zhuanghe high-risk area during 1992-2005 and the relationship between the changes and etiology factors in order to make a clue for gastric cancer prevention. Methods： A total of 1003 gastric cancer specimens resected surgically between 1992-2005 in Zhuanghe Center Hospital were studied. The specimens were fixed in formalin and diagnosed by routine pathology. Results： The incidence of patients with gastric cancer was highest at age of 60-69, the next high was at age of 50-59 and it was significantly higher in male than in female （P〈0.001）, the ratio was 3.0：1. During the past 14 years, there were 159 （15.9%） EGC, 195 （19.4%） moderate and 649 （64.7%） advanced gastric cancer detected. In macroscopical features, type Ⅲ remained dominant in EGC, the next was mixed type in EGC. In advanced gastric cancer the Borrmann＇s type Ⅲ remained the dominant, the next was type Ⅱ. For nodal metastasis, positive cases were decreasing and negative were increasing in EGC, moreover negative cases were higher than positive ones each year. There was no obvious trend in advanced cancer but positive cases were higher than negative ones each year. In histological features, papillary, moderately and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma remained downtrend, mucus adenocarcinoma and undifferentiation cancer remained uptrend year after year. The radio of intestinal to diffuse type decreased from 0.78 to 0.62 during the past 14 years. Conclusion： There were significant chorological trends of pathological characteristic of gastric cancer in Zhuanghe high-risk area during the past 14 years.展开更多
Objectvie: to study the specific methods of gastroscopic diagnosis and pathological diagnosis in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis, evaluate its application value, and analyze the results of gastroscopic and patholog...Objectvie: to study the specific methods of gastroscopic diagnosis and pathological diagnosis in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis, evaluate its application value, and analyze the results of gastroscopic and pathological examinations, the pathological changes of gastroscopy, and the manifestations under gastroscopy. Methods: in this experiment, from February 28, 2020 to March 30, 2022, patients with chronic gastritis were used as research samples, a total of 100 cases and all cases were examined by gastroscopy and pathological examination, and pathological examination was used as the gold indicator with evaluation above clinical efficacy. Results: there was no significant difference between gastroscope and pathological examination. ( P>0.05 );among 100 cases of chronic gastritis, 37 cases of chronic gastritis were diagnosed by gastroscopy in 37 cases ( 37.00% ), 63 cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis ( 63.00% ), 33 cases of pathological examination ( 33.00% ), and 33 cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis (33.00%). There were 67 cases ( 67.00% ) of gastritis;in gastroscopy, the missed diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate were 9.09%, and the misdiagnosis rate was 10.45%;sensitivity, accuracy, specificity;positive predictive value 90.91% (30/33), 90.00% (90/100), 89.55% (60/67), 81.08% (30/37), 95.24 (60/63) );the incidence of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis was lower than that in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, and the comparison was significant ( P<0.05 ). The incidence of erythema and red and white ( mainly red ) was higher than that of the latter, and the incidence of red and white ( mainly white ) was lower than that of the latter;P<0.05, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: the application value of gastroscopic diagnosis is high, which can improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis, and promote the improvement of disease prognosis and the implementation of targeted treatment measures, which is suitable for popular use.展开更多
基金Construction Project of High-Level Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Discipline of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Grant/Award Number:zyyzdxk-2023022Key Team of Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents of Shanxi Province with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Preventing and Treating Rheumatological Diseases,Grant/Award Number:202204051002033+4 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine+Stem Cell Innovation Project,Grant/Award Number:2024KJZY0062023 Shanxi Graduate Research Practice Project,Grant/Award Number:2023KY6762023 Graduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Grant/Award Number:2023CX023 and 2023CX027Science and Technology Innovation Project for University in Shanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2022L358Key Laboratory of Rheumatological and Immunological Diseases Treated by Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine,Grant/Award Number:zyyyjs2024021。
文摘Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of standardization and uni-formity in current model building methods,which led us to conduct this study.Background:The aim was to investigate the time-and dose-related changes in the behavioral and pathological characteristics in the MIA-induced KOA model rat.Methods:MIA(40,50,and 60 mg/mL)was injected into the left joint of male Sprague-Dawley rats.After 2 weeks,the changes in the KOA rat model were observed by be-havioral evaluation,imaging-level evaluation,and histological-level evaluation.The changes were also compared after 40-mg/mL MIA injection for 2 and 6 weeks.Results:MIA-induced bone surface defects,osteophyte hyperplasia around the artic-ular rim,increased subchondral bone density,thinning of the sparse trabecular bone,structural disorder,and local clustering were observed.The degree of injury gradually increased with the increase in MIA concentration.After 6 weeks,subchondral bone density and sparse trabecular bone increased in the KOA model.Conclusions:The severity of the model also increased significantly with the changes in dose and time.In dose-dependent experiments,this study revealed that 40 mg/mL was the optimal dose to induce significant pathological changes without causing undue discomfort or death in animals.This dose may induce pathological changes stably and is suitable for long-term observation.
基金supported by the Interdepartmental Research Project of Peking University First Hospital(No.2023IR27 to Liu Y)the Scientific Research Seed Fund of Peking University First Hospital(No.2023SF40 to Qiu J)+3 种基金the High Quality Clinical Research Project of Peking University First Hospital(No.2022CR75 to Gong K)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.QY23068 to Deng R)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82141103,No.82172617,and No.81872081 to Gong K)the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2022-2-4074 to Gong K).
文摘Objective:To explore clinicopathological predictors of adverse pathological changes(APCs)(upgrading,upstaging,and positive surgical margin[PSM])after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP)in clinical tumor stage 2c(cT2c)prostate cancer(PCa)patients.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2022,cT2cN0M0 PCa patients who underwent prostate biopsies and subsequent RARP at the Peking University First Hospital with an interval between biopsy and RARP of ≤90 days were included.Univariable and stepwise multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with APCs.Nomograms were constructed based on these predictive models.The performance of the nomograms was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves,decision curve analyses,and calibration plots.Results:A total of 423 eligible cT2cN0M0 PCa patients were included.The rates of upgrading,upstaging,and PSM in our cohortwere 33%,51%,and 35%,respectively.The stepwise multivariate logistic analysis suggested that PSA density and the percentage of positive cores in systematic biopsy were significantly associated with the occurrence of APCs.The score of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System,PSA density,and the International Society of Urological Pathology grade group(IGG)of needle-biopsy specimens(or clinical IGG[cIGG])were significantly associated with upgrading.The PSA density,percentage of positive cores in systematic biopsy,and largest tumor percentage in all cores of each patient(LTP)were significantly associated with upstaging.The PSA density and LTP were significantly associatedwith the PSM.Based on these results,four nomogramswere developed.Receiver operating characteristic curves,decision curve analyses,and calibration plots implied that the nomograms exhibited excellent accuracy.Conclusion:The predictive models we developed could help to identify high-risk PCa early,and optimize clinical decisions of cT2cN0M0 PCa patients.
基金supported by grants from the Intensive Foundation Project for Technology of Hangzhou (2004Z006)
文摘BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a commonly seen acute abdominal syndrome characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality rate. The damage in peripheral organs may be more severe than that in the pancreas, and can even lead to multiple organ dysfunction. It is critical to recognize early pathological changes in multiple organs. This study aimed to assess the early pathological features of damaged organs in a rat model of SAP. METHODS: Thirty clean grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into a model control group (n=15) and a sham-operated group (n=15). The SAP rat model was induced by sodium taurocholate. Samples of blood and from multiple organs were collected 3 hours after operation. We assessed the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1, MDA, amylases and endotoxin in blood and observed the early pathological changes in multiple damaged organs. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1 and MDA in serum and of amylase and endotoxin in plasma of the model control group rats were significantly higher than those of the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Different degrees of pathological change were observed in multiple damaged organs. CONCLUSION: Multiple organ injury may occur at the early stage of SAP in rats.
文摘BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) features fatal pathogenetic conditions and high mortality rate. The study of SAP complicated with multiple organ injuries is of important significance. In this study, we explored the protective effect of baicalin on multiple organs of SAP rats and compared it with that of octreotide through light and electron microscopic observations of the pathological changes. METHODS: The improved Aho method was used to prepare SAP rat models. These rats were then randomly divided into a sham-operated group (n=45), a model control group (n=45), baicalin-treated group (n=45) and octreotide-treated group (n=45). Based on the difference in time points after operation, these groups were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 hour subgroups (n=15). At the corresponding time point after operation, the mortality rate of rats was recorded, and then the rats were humanely killed to take samples of multiple organs that were subsequently examined for pathological changes under light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: At 12 hours after operation, the mortality rate of rats in the baicalin- and octreotide-treated groups was lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). Compared to the model control group, the pathological changes and pathological scores in the baicalin- and octreotide-treated groups were mitigated and relieved to varying degrees. The pathological changes under electron microscopy were also improved. CONCLUSIONS: Both baicalin and octreotide show good protective effects on multiple organs of SAP rats. Baicalin as a new drug has good prospects in the treatment of SAP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31400824a grant from the Science and Technology Program of Jiangmen City of China,No.2015751the Scientific Research and Cultivating Foundation of the First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University of China,No.2013208
文摘Non-traumatic injury accounts for approximately half of clinical spinal cord injury, including chronic spinal cord compression. However, previous rodent spinal cord compression models are mainly designed for rats, few are available for mice. Our aim is to develop a thoracic progressive compression mice model of spinal cord injury. In this study, adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups： in the surgery group, a screw was inserted at T9 lamina to compress the spinal cord, and the compression was increased by turning it further into the canal（0.2 mm） post-surgery every 2 weeks up to 8 weeks. In the control group, a hole was drilled into the lamina without inserting a screw. The results showed that Basso Mouse Scale scores were lower and gait worsened. In addition, the degree of hindlimb dysfunction in mice was consistent with the degree of spinal cord compression. The number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was reduced in all groups of mice, whereas astrocytes and microglia were gradually activated and proliferated. In conclusion, this progressive compression of thoracic spinal cord injury in mice is a preferable model for chronic progressive spinal cord compression injury.
文摘BACKGROUND： Heatstroke often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） with a death rate of 40% or a neurological morbidity of 30%. These high rates in patients with heatstroke are largely due to the progression of heat stress to MODS, resulting in no specifi c treatment available. This study aimed to develop a mouse model of heat stress and determine the pathological changes in the lung and brain during heat stress and cooling treatment.METHODS： A mouse model of heat stress was established in a pre-warmed incubator set at 35.5 ± 0.5°C and with a relative humidity of 60% ± 5%. Rectal temperature was monitored, and at a temperature of 39 °C, 40 °C, 41 °C, or 42 °C, the mice were sacrifi ced. The remaining animals were removed from the incubator and cooled at an ambient temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C and a humidity of 35% ± 5% for 12 or 24 hours at a temperature of 41 °C or for 6 hours at a temperature of 42 °C. The control mice were sham-heated at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C and a humidity of 35% ± 5%. The lungs and brains of all animals were isolated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and light microscopy were performed to detect pathological changes.RESULTS： All mice demonstrated a uniform response to heat stress. A low degree of heat stress induced marked pathological changes of the lungs. With the rise of the temperature to 42°C, progressively greater damage to the lungs with further congestion of the lung matrix, asystematic hemorrhage of alveolar space, abscission of alveolar epithelial cells, and disappearance of pulmonary alveolus tissue structure were detected. However, absorption of congestion and hemorrhage as well as recovery of pulmonary alveolus tissue structure was observed following cooling treatment at an ambient temperature. With a low degree of heat stress, the brain only showed moderate edema. Neuronal denaturation and necrosis were detected at a temperature of 42°C. Interestingly, the lesions in the brain were further aggravated at 42 °C regardless of cooling treatment, but recovery was observed after cooling treatment at 41 °C.CONCLUSIONS： The pathological changes of the lungs and brain of mice showed distinctive lesions following heat stress and cooling treatment, and they were correlated with the time and duration of cooling treatment. The results of this study are helpful for further study of the mechanisms linking heatstroke.
文摘To observe microwave induced dynamic pathological changes in the sinus nodes, wistar rats were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 50 mW/cm^2 microwave. In 10 and 50 mW/cm^2 groups, disorganized sinoatrial node cells, cell swelling, cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear pyknosis, and anachromasis, swollen, and empty mitochondria, and blurred and focally dissolved myofibrils could be detected from 1 to 28 d, while reduced parenchymal cells, increased collagen fibers, and extracellular matrix remodeling of interstitial cells were observed from 6 to 12 months. In conclusion, 10 and 50 mW/cm^2 microwave could cause structural damages in the sinoatrial node and extracellular matrix remodeling in rats.
基金Medicine and health scientific research fund supported by Nanjing Military Region (06MA118)
文摘Purpose:To observe the pathological changes in rabbit retinas and the measure of glutamic acid levels in the vitreous body after suffering from high-speed bullet injuries.Methods:Rabbits eyeball contusion models were established with high-speed bullets,i.e,the rabbits eyes were shot with a fixed air rifle at a speed of 90 m/s.(using plastic bullets,weighing 0.201 g,on average).Retinal tissues treated with HE staining and were prepared for light microscopy examination and glutamate levels were tested at different time points after the injury.Results:Edema,exudation,hemorrhage,and rupture were evident in rabbit retinas following bullet injuries.Meanwhile,glutamate levels gradually increased as time proceeded.Conclusion:Visual impairment is related with retinal damages after high-speed bullet injuries.Increased glutamate concentration serves as a potential factor for aggravating retinal injuries.
文摘To determine whether the pathological changes caused by injury to the spinal cord can be correlated with values obtained by the Magnetic Motor Evoked Potential (MEPs) technique, we studied spinal cords from 41 adult cats who were divided into 4 groups. The groups ranged from normal cats whose spinal cords were not compressed, to slightly, moderately and severely injured. MEPs were recorded before compression and in 30 minutes, 6 hours, 1 week, 2 week and 4 week after the compression unit was installed. Pathological changes with increased pressure were seen in blood vessels, nerve cells and fibers, Nissl substance and the central canal. A reversal of pathological changes was observed in slight or moderate injury during the 4 weeks of the experiment. Extensive injury, however, caused irreversible changes in the nerve cells with loss of motor function. The latency of MEPs at 30 minutes and 6 hours in the slightly injured group was 037 and 038 times greater than the baseline and returned to normal levels in 4 weeks. In the moderately injured group, the latency was increased 077 and 081 times and in the severely injured 132 and 136 times over the baseline. Recovery in the second group was partial and not at all in the severely injured. Thus, there appears to be good correlation between observed pathological changes, motor functions and MEPs.
文摘对痰、瘀等因素与股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的相关病因病机以及化痰祛瘀法治疗ONFH的机制研究进行梳理,指出痰瘀互结是ONFH常见致病因素,亦是ONFH重要的病因病机,痰瘀互结能够诱发股骨头脂代谢紊乱,阻碍股骨头血液供应,影响骨髓微环境变化,引发骨细胞代谢失衡,且贯穿于ONFH发生发展的全过程。中医药在辨证施治的基础上结合“化痰祛瘀”法治疗ONFH可能疗效更佳;同时应注重整体观念,考虑痰瘀形成的病机,从肝、脾、肾等多脏腑进行综合论治。
文摘AIM: To systematically review pathological changes of gastric mucosa in gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39200092,39870584).
文摘Ultrastructural pathological changes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of sacculus rotundus (SR) of rabbits infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) were first observed. There were numerous holes at the luminal and basement membrane surfaces of the dome epithelium (DE), consistently accompanied by necrosis of lymphocytes and M-cells, and pronounced depletion of lymphocytes in the domes and follicles, decrease of DE complex with formation of pseudomembranous structure on the surface of the dome epithelium. A specific finding in lymphocytes and macrophages was that severe destruction detraction of the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) was accompanied by conspicious increase of solitary, ribo-some-like particles in the cytoplasm, with appearances of intranuclear particles and intranuclear inclusions. It was found that there were many round and dense virion-like particles, with 26 nm in diameter, in the nuclei and cytoplasm of lymphoctes, plasma cells, macrophages and fibroblasts, or in degenerated cells and cellular debris. At the same time, another round virion-like particles about 34 nm in diameter were also seen in the cytoplasm of some cells and interstitium. The results indicated that the appearances of the ribosome-like particles, virion-like particles and inclusion bodies were related to the replication and assembly of RHDV. The present observations suggested that DE of sacculus rotundus could be a open pathway and a transporting route for the entry of antigens into hosts. While the antigen is profoundly deleterious, DE may be as a closed portal or a barrier preventing the foreign antigenic materials from invading.
文摘The pathological changes of hemocytes in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas were examined in experimentally and naturally WSSV(white spot syndrome virus) infected Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that the pathological manifesta-tions of hemocytes were similar among moribund shrimps infected via injection,feeding and by nature. Firstly,the total hemocyte counts(THCs) in WSSV-infected shrimp were significantly lower than those in healthy shrimp. Secondly,necrotic,broken and dis-integrated cells were often observed,and a typical hematolysis was present in the haemolymph smear of WSSV-infected shrimp. Thirdly,necrosis and typical apoptosis of hemocytes were detected with TEM in the peripheral haemolymph of WSSV-infected shrimp. Hyalinocytes and semi-granulocytes with masses of WSSVs in their nuclei often appeared,whereas no granular hemocytes with WSSV were found in the hepatopancreas of moribund infected shrimps. All our results supported that hemocytes were the main target cells of WSSV,and hyalinocytes and semigranular hemocytes seemed to be more favorable for WSSV infection in F. chinensis.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1105100)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY19H090021)。
文摘Since December 2019,the novel coronavirus(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2))has spread to many countries around the world,developing into a global pandemic with increasing numbers of deaths reported worldwide.To data,although some vaccines have been developed,there are no ideal drugs to treat novel coronavirus pneumonia(coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)).By examining the structure of the coronavirus and briefly describing its possible pathogenesis based on recent autopsy reports conducted by various teams worldwide,this review analyzes the possible structural and functional changes of the human body upon infection with SARS-CoV-2.We observed that the most prominent pathological changes in COVID-19 patients are diffuse alveolar damage(DAD)of the lungs and microthrombus formation,resulting in an imbalance of the ventilation/perfusion ratio and respiratory failure.Although direct evidence of viral infection can also be found in other organs and tissues,the viral load is relatively small.The conclusion that the injuries of the extrapulmonary organs are directly caused by the virus needs further investigation.
基金supported by the National"Tenth-Five"Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2004BA703B04-02)
文摘Objective： To investigate the pathological features and chronological changes of 1003 cases with gastric cancer in Zhuanghe high-risk area during 1992-2005 and the relationship between the changes and etiology factors in order to make a clue for gastric cancer prevention. Methods： A total of 1003 gastric cancer specimens resected surgically between 1992-2005 in Zhuanghe Center Hospital were studied. The specimens were fixed in formalin and diagnosed by routine pathology. Results： The incidence of patients with gastric cancer was highest at age of 60-69, the next high was at age of 50-59 and it was significantly higher in male than in female （P〈0.001）, the ratio was 3.0：1. During the past 14 years, there were 159 （15.9%） EGC, 195 （19.4%） moderate and 649 （64.7%） advanced gastric cancer detected. In macroscopical features, type Ⅲ remained dominant in EGC, the next was mixed type in EGC. In advanced gastric cancer the Borrmann＇s type Ⅲ remained the dominant, the next was type Ⅱ. For nodal metastasis, positive cases were decreasing and negative were increasing in EGC, moreover negative cases were higher than positive ones each year. There was no obvious trend in advanced cancer but positive cases were higher than negative ones each year. In histological features, papillary, moderately and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma remained downtrend, mucus adenocarcinoma and undifferentiation cancer remained uptrend year after year. The radio of intestinal to diffuse type decreased from 0.78 to 0.62 during the past 14 years. Conclusion： There were significant chorological trends of pathological characteristic of gastric cancer in Zhuanghe high-risk area during the past 14 years.
文摘Objectvie: to study the specific methods of gastroscopic diagnosis and pathological diagnosis in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis, evaluate its application value, and analyze the results of gastroscopic and pathological examinations, the pathological changes of gastroscopy, and the manifestations under gastroscopy. Methods: in this experiment, from February 28, 2020 to March 30, 2022, patients with chronic gastritis were used as research samples, a total of 100 cases and all cases were examined by gastroscopy and pathological examination, and pathological examination was used as the gold indicator with evaluation above clinical efficacy. Results: there was no significant difference between gastroscope and pathological examination. ( P>0.05 );among 100 cases of chronic gastritis, 37 cases of chronic gastritis were diagnosed by gastroscopy in 37 cases ( 37.00% ), 63 cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis ( 63.00% ), 33 cases of pathological examination ( 33.00% ), and 33 cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis (33.00%). There were 67 cases ( 67.00% ) of gastritis;in gastroscopy, the missed diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate were 9.09%, and the misdiagnosis rate was 10.45%;sensitivity, accuracy, specificity;positive predictive value 90.91% (30/33), 90.00% (90/100), 89.55% (60/67), 81.08% (30/37), 95.24 (60/63) );the incidence of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis was lower than that in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, and the comparison was significant ( P<0.05 ). The incidence of erythema and red and white ( mainly red ) was higher than that of the latter, and the incidence of red and white ( mainly white ) was lower than that of the latter;P<0.05, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: the application value of gastroscopic diagnosis is high, which can improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis, and promote the improvement of disease prognosis and the implementation of targeted treatment measures, which is suitable for popular use.
