From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due...From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 35% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.展开更多
The chemistry of water samples collected in May of 1997 from snow, lakes, rivers, and spring on the north side of Mt. Qomolangma is reported. The pH value is between 7.35-8.52, the order of which is: lake water>riv...The chemistry of water samples collected in May of 1997 from snow, lakes, rivers, and spring on the north side of Mt. Qomolangma is reported. The pH value is between 7.35-8.52, the order of which is: lake water>river water>snow. All the samples are alkalinity. The pH values of the surface snow samples are relatively higher than the other China’s glacial regions. The conductivity of the samples is low, varying between 34.8-194?μs/cm. The conductivity values and total concentrations of the samples on the same glacier usually increase with decreasing altitude, but ones of the surface snow samples are converse for topographical causes. The anions are determined, the SO 2- 4 concentration is the highest in river and lake samples; in the surface snow samples, the Cl - concentration is the highest. Among the cations of all the samples, the Ca 2+ concentration is the highest. The relationships between SO 2- 4, Mg 2+ , F -, Ca 2+ , conductivity and the total concentrations show the increasing trend. On the other side, the conductivity, F -, Ca 2+ , the total concentration, SO 2- 4 and Mg 2+ of the river water samples all increase with decreasing altitude.展开更多
The δ18O variations in an 80.36 m ice core retrieved in the accumulation zone of the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Qomolangma (Everest), is not consistent with changes of air temperature from both southern and northern...The δ18O variations in an 80.36 m ice core retrieved in the accumulation zone of the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Qomolangma (Everest), is not consistent with changes of air temperature from both southern and northern slopes of Himalayas, as well as these of the temperature anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere. The negative relationship between the δ18O and the net accumulation records of the ice core suggests the "amount effect" of summer precipitation on the δ18O values in the region. Therefore, the δ18O records of the East Rongbuk ice core should be a proxy of Indian Summer Monsoon intensity, which shows lower δ18O values during strong monsoon phases and higher values during weak phases.展开更多
The bacterial diversity and abundance in the snow of East Rongbuk glacier, Mt. Everest were examined through 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. In total, 35 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtaine...The bacterial diversity and abundance in the snow of East Rongbuk glacier, Mt. Everest were examined through 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. In total, 35 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained, which belong to α, β, γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, CFB, Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic chloroplast, and TM7 candidate phylum respectively. γ-Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial group in this region, while the genera Acinetobacter and Leclercia were domi- nant on the genus level. The community structure varied seasonally. The bacterial abundance in sum- mer snow was higher than that in winter. Moreover, the snow bacterial community structures in both seasons were diverse, with not only common species but season-specific species. The common species most likely originated from the Tibet Plateau. Bacteria in summer snow are affiliated with marine environ- ment, whereas bacteria in winter snow are closely related to more diverse environments and show the feature of resistance to cold. Seasonal variations of abundance and bacterial diversity were most proba- bly due to the seasonal characteristics of climate and atmospheric circulation in Mt. Everest.展开更多
Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic tracer was applied, for the first time, to identifying the sources of the particles in the East Rongbuk ice core from Mt. Qomalangma (Everest). The results show that the particles in the dirty layers...Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic tracer was applied, for the first time, to identifying the sources of the particles in the East Rongbuk ice core from Mt. Qomalangma (Everest). The results show that the particles in the dirty layers originate mainly from local sources, while the particles in the non-dirty layers are consistent with the features of dust from the arid regions in northwestern India. The HYSPLIT model shows that the air trajectory goes first through northwestern India before reaching the drilling site of ice core when dust storms occur in northwestern India, confirming northwestern India as a possible source of dust in the East Rongbuk ice core.展开更多
Continuous Bi profile of the East Rongbuk(ER) ice core near Mt.Qomolangma reveals nine major volcanic events since AD 1800.Compared with Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI),it shows that the concentrations of Bi in the ER...Continuous Bi profile of the East Rongbuk(ER) ice core near Mt.Qomolangma reveals nine major volcanic events since AD 1800.Compared with Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI),it shows that the concentrations of Bi in the ER ice core can reflect the major volcanic events within the key areas.This provides a good horizon layer for ice core dating,as well as a basis for reconstructing a long sequence of volcanic records from the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau ice cores.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Project for Basic Research of China (No. 2007CB411503)Chinese COPES project (GYHY200706005)the National Basic Work Program of Chinese MST (Glacier Inventory of China II, Grant No.2006FY110200)
文摘From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 35% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.
文摘The chemistry of water samples collected in May of 1997 from snow, lakes, rivers, and spring on the north side of Mt. Qomolangma is reported. The pH value is between 7.35-8.52, the order of which is: lake water>river water>snow. All the samples are alkalinity. The pH values of the surface snow samples are relatively higher than the other China’s glacial regions. The conductivity of the samples is low, varying between 34.8-194?μs/cm. The conductivity values and total concentrations of the samples on the same glacier usually increase with decreasing altitude, but ones of the surface snow samples are converse for topographical causes. The anions are determined, the SO 2- 4 concentration is the highest in river and lake samples; in the surface snow samples, the Cl - concentration is the highest. Among the cations of all the samples, the Ca 2+ concentration is the highest. The relationships between SO 2- 4, Mg 2+ , F -, Ca 2+ , conductivity and the total concentrations show the increasing trend. On the other side, the conductivity, F -, Ca 2+ , the total concentration, SO 2- 4 and Mg 2+ of the river water samples all increase with decreasing altitude.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Found ation of China(Grant Nos.40205007,49901004 and G1999043400)the Knowledge Innouation Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(Grant Nos.KZCX1-10-02 KZCX2-108 and KZCX2-305),US NSF(ATM-013949 1)the interm tional cooperation project Sino-Amen can Ice Core Project on Ro ngbuk Glacier,Mt.Qomolangma
文摘The δ18O variations in an 80.36 m ice core retrieved in the accumulation zone of the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Qomolangma (Everest), is not consistent with changes of air temperature from both southern and northern slopes of Himalayas, as well as these of the temperature anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere. The negative relationship between the δ18O and the net accumulation records of the ice core suggests the "amount effect" of summer precipitation on the δ18O values in the region. Therefore, the δ18O records of the East Rongbuk ice core should be a proxy of Indian Summer Monsoon intensity, which shows lower δ18O values during strong monsoon phases and higher values during weak phases.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.2005CB422004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40121101&40401054)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX3-SW-339).
文摘The bacterial diversity and abundance in the snow of East Rongbuk glacier, Mt. Everest were examined through 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. In total, 35 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained, which belong to α, β, γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, CFB, Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic chloroplast, and TM7 candidate phylum respectively. γ-Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial group in this region, while the genera Acinetobacter and Leclercia were domi- nant on the genus level. The community structure varied seasonally. The bacterial abundance in sum- mer snow was higher than that in winter. Moreover, the snow bacterial community structures in both seasons were diverse, with not only common species but season-specific species. The common species most likely originated from the Tibet Plateau. Bacteria in summer snow are affiliated with marine environ- ment, whereas bacteria in winter snow are closely related to more diverse environments and show the feature of resistance to cold. Seasonal variations of abundance and bacterial diversity were most proba- bly due to the seasonal characteristics of climate and atmospheric circulation in Mt. Everest.
基金Supported jointly by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411501)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90411003)Hundred Talents Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-344)
文摘Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic tracer was applied, for the first time, to identifying the sources of the particles in the East Rongbuk ice core from Mt. Qomalangma (Everest). The results show that the particles in the dirty layers originate mainly from local sources, while the particles in the non-dirty layers are consistent with the features of dust from the arid regions in northwestern India. The HYSPLIT model shows that the air trajectory goes first through northwestern India before reaching the drilling site of ice core when dust storms occur in northwestern India, confirming northwestern India as a possible source of dust in the East Rongbuk ice core.
基金Supported jointly by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411501)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.90411003)+1 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZCX3-SW-344)Hundred Talents Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Continuous Bi profile of the East Rongbuk(ER) ice core near Mt.Qomolangma reveals nine major volcanic events since AD 1800.Compared with Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI),it shows that the concentrations of Bi in the ER ice core can reflect the major volcanic events within the key areas.This provides a good horizon layer for ice core dating,as well as a basis for reconstructing a long sequence of volcanic records from the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau ice cores.
