In the era of big data,the dual risk-based damage associated with personal information leakage presents unique challenges.The unrealistic nature of objective risk-based damage without benchmarks and the high threshold...In the era of big data,the dual risk-based damage associated with personal information leakage presents unique challenges.The unrealistic nature of objective risk-based damage without benchmarks and the high threshold for determining subjective risk-based damage have become obstacles for information subjects seeking compensation.Traditional approaches to supporting risk-based damage are inadequate in the realm of personal information.The theoretical support and compensation mechanisms for dual risk-based damage to personal information need re-exploration.The information subject’s control over the value of personal information assets based on the right to know forms the theoretical basis for objective risk-based damage.Additionally,the independence of mental suffering and the relaxation of the“serious”standard allow for a broader interpretation of subjective risk-based damage.In addressing claims by information subjects,first,courts need to assess and quantify the level of risk-based damage;second,legislation should introduce a statutory compensation system to define the range of personal information asset value,with a focus on the fault of personal information processors in civil liability;finally,establishing a special representative litigation mechanism can effectively address collective disputes over personal information infringement and alleviate the litigation burden on information subjects.展开更多
In the USA,risk-based decision making has not been a common approach to tunnel safety in the past,but this is changing,as concepts such as“equivalency”in the NFPA 502 framework gain acceptance in the USA and elsewhe...In the USA,risk-based decision making has not been a common approach to tunnel safety in the past,but this is changing,as concepts such as“equivalency”in the NFPA 502 framework gain acceptance in the USA and elsewhere.In other regions,in particular in Europe,risk assessment techniques have been used for nearly two decades in many jurisdictions as an additional tool to complement the application of prescriptive guidelines and support decisions related to tunnel safety.After some initial difficulties these methods are meanwhile a well-established element of tunnel safety management.There are several tools available which have been practically applied and further developed over years,such as the Austrian tunnel risk model TuRisMo,or the PIARC owned DG-QRAM model.Whereas TuRisMo is a holistic,system-based model,which is best suited to quantify and assess fire risk and associated mitigation measures,DG-QRAM focusses on the risks related to the transport of hazardous materials.Depending on the objectives and the scope of the investigation and the regulatory environment,tunnel risk assessment tools are in use for different purposes,mainly to demonstrate a sufficient level of safety and to decide on and select(additional)risk mitigation measures.The international experience substantiates that the general approach is flexible and that the methods and tools are mature and can be applied for different problems in different environments.First case studies like the risk study on conditions and permissibility of the transport of hazardous materials through the Eisenhower-Johnson-Memorial Tunnel in Colorado demonstrate the applicability of a risk-based concept for decision making in the US-American environment.展开更多
In the past fifteen years, the attention of ship safety treatment as an objective rather than a constraint has started to sweep through the whole maritime industry. The risk-based ship design （RBD） methodology, advo...In the past fifteen years, the attention of ship safety treatment as an objective rather than a constraint has started to sweep through the whole maritime industry. The risk-based ship design （RBD） methodology, advocating systematic integration of risk assessment within the conventional design process has started to takeoff. Despite this wide recognition and increasing popularity, important factors that could potentially undermine the quality of the results come from both quantitative and qualitative aspects during the risk assessment process. This paper details a promising solution by developing a formalized methodology for risk assessment through effective storing and processing of historical data combined with data generated through first-principle approaches. This method should help to generate appropriate risk models in the selected platform （Bayesian networks） which can be employed for decision making at design stare.展开更多
The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to it...The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.展开更多
Based on a new perspective in coordinating with the traditional"N-1"criteria and system risk,a real-time electricity market model is presented,in which the system risk is employed to model the system’s over...Based on a new perspective in coordinating with the traditional"N-1"criteria and system risk,a real-time electricity market model is presented,in which the system risk is employed to model the system’s overall security level.This new model is called the risk-based security-constrained economic dispatch(RB-SCED).Relative to the securityconstrained economic dispatch(SCED)used in the power industry today,the RB-SCED finds more secure and economic operating conditions.It does this by obtaining solutions that achieve a better balance between post-contingency flows on individual branches and the overall system risk.The method exploits the fact that,in a SCED solution,some postcontingency branch flows which exceed their limits impose little risk while other post-contingency branch flows which are within their limits impose significant risk.The RB-SCED softens constraints for the former and hardens constraints for the latter,thus achieving simultaneous improvement in both security and economy.In this work,the basic concept and the mathematical formulation of the RB-SCED model are systematically described.Experimental results on a 9-bus system and the ISO New England actual system have demonstrated the advantages of RB-SCED over SCED.展开更多
Due to the lack of support from the main grid,the intermittency of renewable energy sources(RESs)and the fluctuation of load will derive uncertainties to the operation of islanded microgrids(IMGs).It is crucial to all...Due to the lack of support from the main grid,the intermittency of renewable energy sources(RESs)and the fluctuation of load will derive uncertainties to the operation of islanded microgrids(IMGs).It is crucial to allocate appropriate reserve capacity for the economic and reliable operation of IMGs.With the high penetration of RESs,it faces both economic and environmental challenges if we only use spinning reserve for reserve support.To solve these problems,a multi-type reserve scheme for IMGs is proposed according to different operation characteristics of generation,load,and storage.The operation risk due to reserve shortage is modeled by the conditional value-at-risk(CVaR)method.The correlation of input variables is considered for the forecasting error modeling of RES and load,and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)is adopted to generate the random scenarios of the forecasting error,so as to avoid the dimension disaster caused by conventional large-scale scenario sampling approaches.Furthermore,an optimal day-ahead scheduling model of joint energy and reserve considering riskbased reserve decision is established to coordinate the security and economy of the operation of IMGs.Finally,the comparison of numerical results of different schemes demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed scheme and model.展开更多
In 1999, the first International Maritime Confere- nce on Design for Safety was successfully held in Glasgow, UK as a WEGEMT Euro Conference with the sponsorship of the European Commission. Respo- nding to the expecta...In 1999, the first International Maritime Confere- nce on Design for Safety was successfully held in Glasgow, UK as a WEGEMT Euro Conference with the sponsorship of the European Commission. Respo- nding to the expectation from the world maritime safety community, the second was held in 2004 in Japan. The third and fourth were held in USA, 2007 and Italy, 2010, respectively. This year the Design for Safety conference including a single event of the 4th Workshop on Risk-Based Approaches in the Marine Industries will be held in Shanghai on November 25- 27, 2013. The conference is organized by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and is co-organized/sponsored by Marine Design and Research Institute of China （MARIC） and China Classification Society （CCS~.展开更多
The pharmaceutical industry’s increasing adoption of cloud-based technologies has introduced new challenges in computerized systems validation (CSV). This paper explores the evolving landscape of cloud validation in ...The pharmaceutical industry’s increasing adoption of cloud-based technologies has introduced new challenges in computerized systems validation (CSV). This paper explores the evolving landscape of cloud validation in pharmaceutical manufacturing, focusing on ensuring data integrity and regulatory compliance in the digital era. We examine the unique characteristics of cloud-based systems and their implications for traditional validation approaches. A comprehensive review of current regulatory frameworks, including FDA and EMA guidelines, provides context for discussing cloud-specific validation challenges. The paper introduces a risk-based approach to cloud CSV, detailing methodologies for assessing and mitigating risks associated with cloud adoption in pharmaceutical environments. Key considerations for maintaining data integrity in cloud systems are analyzed, particularly when applying ALCOA+ principles in distributed computing environments. The article presents strategies for adapting traditional Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ) models to cloud-based systems, highlighting the importance of continuous validation in dynamic cloud environments. The paper also explores emerging trends, including integrating artificial intelligence and edge computing in pharmaceutical manufacturing and their implications for future validation strategies. This research contributes to the evolving body of knowledge on cloud validation in pharmaceuticals by proposing a framework that balances regulatory compliance with the agility offered by cloud technologies. The findings suggest that while cloud adoption presents unique challenges, a well-structured, risk-based approach to validation can ensure the integrity and compliance of cloud-based systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing.展开更多
With a growing population, an increasing number of petrochemical facilities are built with larger capacity and more complexity, which pose a great risk to assets, community and environment. The value of inherently saf...With a growing population, an increasing number of petrochemical facilities are built with larger capacity and more complexity, which pose a great risk to assets, community and environment. The value of inherently safer design is recognized with time by all stakeholders, and an effective tool is needed to evaluate and compare inherent safety of alternative technologies. This study developed a safety index to evaluate existing technologies for their safety levels and guide inherently safer design. The Integrated Risk-based Safety Index(IRSI) was developed based on a comprehensive review of petrochemical processes, incident cases from Sinopec and US Chemical Safety Board, and existing safety index systems. The IRSI included all major hazards, including fire, explosion,toxic release, dust explosion, physical explosion, and runaway. Also, the integrated life cycle approach considered chemical hazards, equipment failure rates and safety measures in this risk-based index. Advanced modeling techniques, PHAST simulation and Neural Network, were used in the development of three novel sub-indices in the projects, fire, explosion and toxic release. The index system could be easily incorporated into a user friendly tool for the ease of application. A case study of hydrogen dioxide was conducted using the IRSI, which showed its capability for evaluating the safety level of process facilities.展开更多
The primary objective of the present literature review is to provide a constructive and systematical discussion based on the relevant development,unsolved issues,gaps,and misconceptions in the literature regarding the...The primary objective of the present literature review is to provide a constructive and systematical discussion based on the relevant development,unsolved issues,gaps,and misconceptions in the literature regarding the fields of study that are building blocks of artificial intelligence-aided life extension assessment for offshore wind turbine support structures.The present review aims to set up the needed guidelines to develop a multi-disciplinary framework for life extension management and certification of the support structures for offshore wind turbines using artificial intelligence.The main focus of the literature review centres around the intelligent risk-based life extension management of offshore wind turbine support structures.In this regard,big data analytics,advanced signal processing techniques,supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods are discussed within the structural health monitoring and condition-based maintenance planning,the development of digital twins.Furthermore,the present review discusses the critical failure mechanisms affecting the structural condition,such as high-cycle fatigue,low-cycle fatigue,fracture,ultimate strength,and corrosion,considering deterministic and probabilistic approaches.展开更多
When designing an arctic cargo ship, it is necessary to consider multiple stochastic factors. This paper evaluates the merits of a simulation-based probabilistic design method specifically developed to deal with this...When designing an arctic cargo ship, it is necessary to consider multiple stochastic factors. This paper evaluates the merits of a simulation-based probabilistic design method specifically developed to deal with this challenge. The outcome of the paper indicates that the incorporation of simulations and probabilistic design parameters into the design process enables more informed design decisions. For instance, it enables the assessment of the stochastic transport capacity of an arctic ship, as well as of its long-term ice exposure that can be used to determine an appropriate level of ice-strengthening. The outcome of the paper also indicates that significant gains in transport system cost-efficiency can be obtained by extending the boundaries of the design task beyond the individual vessel. In the case of industrial shipping, this allows for instance the consideration of port-based cargo storage facilities allowing for temporary shortages in transport capacity and thus a reduction in the required fleet size / ship capacity.展开更多
The main business of Life Insurers is Long Term contractual obligations with a typical lifetime of 20 - 40 years. Therefore, the Solvency metric is defined by the adequacy of capital to service the cash flow requireme...The main business of Life Insurers is Long Term contractual obligations with a typical lifetime of 20 - 40 years. Therefore, the Solvency metric is defined by the adequacy of capital to service the cash flow requirements arising from the said obligations. The main component inducing volatility in Capital is market sensitive Assets, such as Bonds and Equity. Bond and Equity prices in Sri Lanka are highly sensitive to macro-economic elements such as investor sentiment, political stability, policy environment, economic growth, fiscal stimulus, utility environment and in the case of Equity, societal sentiment on certain companies and industries. Therefore, if an entity is to accurately forecast the impact on solvency through asset valuation, the impact of macro-economic variables on asset pricing must be modelled mathematically. This paper explores mathematical, actuarial and statistical concepts such as Brownian motion, Markov Processes, Derivation and Integration as well as Probability theorems such as the Probability Density Function in determining the optimum mathematical model which depicts the accurate relationship between macro-economic variables and asset pricing.展开更多
Test case prioritization techniques have been focused on regression testing which is conducted on an already executed test suite. In fact, the test case prioritization for new testing is also required. In this paper, ...Test case prioritization techniques have been focused on regression testing which is conducted on an already executed test suite. In fact, the test case prioritization for new testing is also required. In this paper, we propose a method to prioritize new test cases by calculating risk exposure value for requirements and analyzing risk items based on the calculation to evaluate relevant test cases and thereby determining the test case priority through the evaluated values. Moreover, we demonstrate effectiveness of our technique through empirical studies in terms of both APFD and fault severity.展开更多
With the increase in the permeability of renewable energy and the frequency of extreme weather,the power system requires a large amount of flexible power regulation capacity.In order to realize the multi-day cooperati...With the increase in the permeability of renewable energy and the frequency of extreme weather,the power system requires a large amount of flexible power regulation capacity.In order to realize the multi-day cooperation of reserve resources,the stochastic optimization of medium-and short-term reserve arrangement considering the typhoon uncertainty is studied in this paper.Firstly,the extreme scenario generation and reduction method considering the typhoon path-intensity prediction uncertainty is constructed.Then,considering the combined cost of preventive and emergency control for adequacy in multiple scenarios,the reserve arrangement optimization model in extreme weather is built.In this model,the pre-dispatching strategies for multiple types of reserve resources are proposed to maintain the medium-and short-term coordination.Finally,case studies on a simplified 24-node power system of Zhejiang province,China are presented based on the data of the typhoon Fireworks in July 2021,and the result shows that the proposed reserve arrangement optimization model can reduce the total cost of power systems and the risk of operation under the typhoon disaster.展开更多
Sewage sludge management has emerged as a critical environmental challenge due to the large volumes generated globally.Valorization techniques,including energy production and agricultural applications,offer sustainabl...Sewage sludge management has emerged as a critical environmental challenge due to the large volumes generated globally.Valorization techniques,including energy production and agricultural applications,offer sustainable solutions,particularly in regions with low soil fertility.The sewage sludge utilization in the Middle East region is low.This paper presents a pragmatic risk-based assessment using the riskbased corrective action approach to evaluate sludge application in desert soils.This methodology focuses on the source-pathway-receptor interaction and assesses the likelihood of contaminants posing a real threat.In arid desert regions like Kuwait,where soil organic content and moisture are extremely low,the application of sewage sludge presents a feasible option to enhance soil quality and valorize unutilized sludge dumps which pose significant environmental concerns but are left to desiccate in the absence of any environmental regulation towards its utilization and due to religious apprehensions.Since the sludge characterization is not well detailed a brief review of the available data was included to establish the bounds of various organic,metal and nutrients that were used for generating the model.This study examines the changes in the physico-chemical properties of desert soils following sludge application,focusing on the likely fate of trace metals and organic contaminants.The alkaline desert soils of Kuwait,with a pH range of 7.7e8.9,are particularly suitable for sludge application due to the low mobility of metals in alkaline conditions.Additionally,sludge application lowers soil pH,improving conditions for plant growth.The region's deeper water table and scant annual precipitation(<0.15 m)further reduce the risk of groundwater contamination and deeper soil profile contamination.The presence of organic content,nitrates,Zn,and Cu in sludge can promote native vegetation growth.However,trace organic contaminants,including PAHs,PCBs,and pharmaceuticals,pose a potential risk to soil contamination,but since the geological section shows intervening impervious layers the contamination is going to be localized,even if there is sufficient leachable fraction.Given the minimal risk of contamination under the unique conditions of arid regions,this approach highlights the potential for eco-friendly sludge valorization,that will improve vegetation cover and arrest the suspended particulate suspension.However,before the large-scale implementation of this modelled concept,a detailed experimental study on the pilot scale or lysimeters is recommended to assess the long-term impacts of sludge application and to obtain data that can inform policy guidelines for sustainable sludge management in desert environments.展开更多
Large-scale development of electric vehicles(EVs)exposes power grids and transportation networks with limited capacity to increased fault risks.In this paper,a method to prevent fault risks in advance by using the fle...Large-scale development of electric vehicles(EVs)exposes power grids and transportation networks with limited capacity to increased fault risks.In this paper,a method to prevent fault risks in advance by using the flexibility of EV travel to coordinate the operation of dis-tribution and transportation networks is proposed.Since EV travel decisions are influenced by the charging and travel time costs,adjusting charging price and travel time price can help guide behavior and enable coordinated operation of power and transportation networks.First,risk-based distribution locational marginal prices(RDLMPs)are established to restrain the distribution network risks.Second,traffic risks are formulated using origin-destination(OD)risk marginal prices(ODRMPs)considering the degree of traffic congestion fault risks.Under the guidance of the RDLMPs and ODRMPs,EV fleets optimize their travel plans to minimize overall costs,including charging and time costs.Finally,case studies verify that the proposed method can reduce the opera-tional risks of both distribution and transportation net-works.展开更多
As an important means of mobilizing demand-side resources,peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading has drawn more and more attention from scholars.This paper constructs a P2P energy trading framework considering prosumers’tra...As an important means of mobilizing demand-side resources,peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading has drawn more and more attention from scholars.This paper constructs a P2P energy trading framework considering prosumers’trading partner preferences(TPPs)and system risk.At first,we build the P2P trading models of prosumers equipped with different distributed energy resources(DERs),and TPP models.Secondly,to solve the established energy trading problem,a fully distributed double-consensus alternating direction method of multipliers(DC-ADMM)is proposed,which can achieve transaction consensus when considering market players’TPPs.Then,a risk-based security constrained economic dispatch(RBSCED)model based on AC power flow is established for the first time,by which a distribution system operator(DSO)checks system security and obtains risk-based locational marginal prices(RLMPs).Moreover,double-regulated price signals related to RLMPs which contain grid utilization prices(GUPs)and DSO’s retail prices realize management of players’transactions.In the end,the proposed method is applied to an IEEE33 bus distribution system.Results show the proposed method effectively reduces system risk and ensures secure operation of system without direct management.展开更多
基金“A New Round of Reform and Reconstruction of the International Dis-pute Settlement Mechanism for Intellectual Property Rights and China’s Countermeasures”(Project Number 21BFX101),a 2021 General Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China。
文摘In the era of big data,the dual risk-based damage associated with personal information leakage presents unique challenges.The unrealistic nature of objective risk-based damage without benchmarks and the high threshold for determining subjective risk-based damage have become obstacles for information subjects seeking compensation.Traditional approaches to supporting risk-based damage are inadequate in the realm of personal information.The theoretical support and compensation mechanisms for dual risk-based damage to personal information need re-exploration.The information subject’s control over the value of personal information assets based on the right to know forms the theoretical basis for objective risk-based damage.Additionally,the independence of mental suffering and the relaxation of the“serious”standard allow for a broader interpretation of subjective risk-based damage.In addressing claims by information subjects,first,courts need to assess and quantify the level of risk-based damage;second,legislation should introduce a statutory compensation system to define the range of personal information asset value,with a focus on the fault of personal information processors in civil liability;finally,establishing a special representative litigation mechanism can effectively address collective disputes over personal information infringement and alleviate the litigation burden on information subjects.
文摘In the USA,risk-based decision making has not been a common approach to tunnel safety in the past,but this is changing,as concepts such as“equivalency”in the NFPA 502 framework gain acceptance in the USA and elsewhere.In other regions,in particular in Europe,risk assessment techniques have been used for nearly two decades in many jurisdictions as an additional tool to complement the application of prescriptive guidelines and support decisions related to tunnel safety.After some initial difficulties these methods are meanwhile a well-established element of tunnel safety management.There are several tools available which have been practically applied and further developed over years,such as the Austrian tunnel risk model TuRisMo,or the PIARC owned DG-QRAM model.Whereas TuRisMo is a holistic,system-based model,which is best suited to quantify and assess fire risk and associated mitigation measures,DG-QRAM focusses on the risks related to the transport of hazardous materials.Depending on the objectives and the scope of the investigation and the regulatory environment,tunnel risk assessment tools are in use for different purposes,mainly to demonstrate a sufficient level of safety and to decide on and select(additional)risk mitigation measures.The international experience substantiates that the general approach is flexible and that the methods and tools are mature and can be applied for different problems in different environments.First case studies like the risk study on conditions and permissibility of the transport of hazardous materials through the Eisenhower-Johnson-Memorial Tunnel in Colorado demonstrate the applicability of a risk-based concept for decision making in the US-American environment.
基金the financial support received by the University of Strathclyde in the form of a postgraduate research scholarship for the duration of the second author’s P hD studies
文摘In the past fifteen years, the attention of ship safety treatment as an objective rather than a constraint has started to sweep through the whole maritime industry. The risk-based ship design （RBD） methodology, advocating systematic integration of risk assessment within the conventional design process has started to takeoff. Despite this wide recognition and increasing popularity, important factors that could potentially undermine the quality of the results come from both quantitative and qualitative aspects during the risk assessment process. This paper details a promising solution by developing a formalized methodology for risk assessment through effective storing and processing of historical data combined with data generated through first-principle approaches. This method should help to generate appropriate risk models in the selected platform （Bayesian networks） which can be employed for decision making at design stare.
文摘The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.
基金This work is jointly supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2011AA05A105)a key project from Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation.
文摘Based on a new perspective in coordinating with the traditional"N-1"criteria and system risk,a real-time electricity market model is presented,in which the system risk is employed to model the system’s overall security level.This new model is called the risk-based security-constrained economic dispatch(RB-SCED).Relative to the securityconstrained economic dispatch(SCED)used in the power industry today,the RB-SCED finds more secure and economic operating conditions.It does this by obtaining solutions that achieve a better balance between post-contingency flows on individual branches and the overall system risk.The method exploits the fact that,in a SCED solution,some postcontingency branch flows which exceed their limits impose little risk while other post-contingency branch flows which are within their limits impose significant risk.The RB-SCED softens constraints for the former and hardens constraints for the latter,thus achieving simultaneous improvement in both security and economy.In this work,the basic concept and the mathematical formulation of the RB-SCED model are systematically described.Experimental results on a 9-bus system and the ISO New England actual system have demonstrated the advantages of RB-SCED over SCED.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777077)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2017A030313304).
文摘Due to the lack of support from the main grid,the intermittency of renewable energy sources(RESs)and the fluctuation of load will derive uncertainties to the operation of islanded microgrids(IMGs).It is crucial to allocate appropriate reserve capacity for the economic and reliable operation of IMGs.With the high penetration of RESs,it faces both economic and environmental challenges if we only use spinning reserve for reserve support.To solve these problems,a multi-type reserve scheme for IMGs is proposed according to different operation characteristics of generation,load,and storage.The operation risk due to reserve shortage is modeled by the conditional value-at-risk(CVaR)method.The correlation of input variables is considered for the forecasting error modeling of RES and load,and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)is adopted to generate the random scenarios of the forecasting error,so as to avoid the dimension disaster caused by conventional large-scale scenario sampling approaches.Furthermore,an optimal day-ahead scheduling model of joint energy and reserve considering riskbased reserve decision is established to coordinate the security and economy of the operation of IMGs.Finally,the comparison of numerical results of different schemes demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed scheme and model.
文摘In 1999, the first International Maritime Confere- nce on Design for Safety was successfully held in Glasgow, UK as a WEGEMT Euro Conference with the sponsorship of the European Commission. Respo- nding to the expectation from the world maritime safety community, the second was held in 2004 in Japan. The third and fourth were held in USA, 2007 and Italy, 2010, respectively. This year the Design for Safety conference including a single event of the 4th Workshop on Risk-Based Approaches in the Marine Industries will be held in Shanghai on November 25- 27, 2013. The conference is organized by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and is co-organized/sponsored by Marine Design and Research Institute of China （MARIC） and China Classification Society （CCS~.
文摘The pharmaceutical industry’s increasing adoption of cloud-based technologies has introduced new challenges in computerized systems validation (CSV). This paper explores the evolving landscape of cloud validation in pharmaceutical manufacturing, focusing on ensuring data integrity and regulatory compliance in the digital era. We examine the unique characteristics of cloud-based systems and their implications for traditional validation approaches. A comprehensive review of current regulatory frameworks, including FDA and EMA guidelines, provides context for discussing cloud-specific validation challenges. The paper introduces a risk-based approach to cloud CSV, detailing methodologies for assessing and mitigating risks associated with cloud adoption in pharmaceutical environments. Key considerations for maintaining data integrity in cloud systems are analyzed, particularly when applying ALCOA+ principles in distributed computing environments. The article presents strategies for adapting traditional Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ) models to cloud-based systems, highlighting the importance of continuous validation in dynamic cloud environments. The paper also explores emerging trends, including integrating artificial intelligence and edge computing in pharmaceutical manufacturing and their implications for future validation strategies. This research contributes to the evolving body of knowledge on cloud validation in pharmaceuticals by proposing a framework that balances regulatory compliance with the agility offered by cloud technologies. The findings suggest that while cloud adoption presents unique challenges, a well-structured, risk-based approach to validation can ensure the integrity and compliance of cloud-based systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301701)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21606258).
文摘With a growing population, an increasing number of petrochemical facilities are built with larger capacity and more complexity, which pose a great risk to assets, community and environment. The value of inherently safer design is recognized with time by all stakeholders, and an effective tool is needed to evaluate and compare inherent safety of alternative technologies. This study developed a safety index to evaluate existing technologies for their safety levels and guide inherently safer design. The Integrated Risk-based Safety Index(IRSI) was developed based on a comprehensive review of petrochemical processes, incident cases from Sinopec and US Chemical Safety Board, and existing safety index systems. The IRSI included all major hazards, including fire, explosion,toxic release, dust explosion, physical explosion, and runaway. Also, the integrated life cycle approach considered chemical hazards, equipment failure rates and safety measures in this risk-based index. Advanced modeling techniques, PHAST simulation and Neural Network, were used in the development of three novel sub-indices in the projects, fire, explosion and toxic release. The index system could be easily incorporated into a user friendly tool for the ease of application. A case study of hydrogen dioxide was conducted using the IRSI, which showed its capability for evaluating the safety level of process facilities.
文摘The primary objective of the present literature review is to provide a constructive and systematical discussion based on the relevant development,unsolved issues,gaps,and misconceptions in the literature regarding the fields of study that are building blocks of artificial intelligence-aided life extension assessment for offshore wind turbine support structures.The present review aims to set up the needed guidelines to develop a multi-disciplinary framework for life extension management and certification of the support structures for offshore wind turbines using artificial intelligence.The main focus of the literature review centres around the intelligent risk-based life extension management of offshore wind turbine support structures.In this regard,big data analytics,advanced signal processing techniques,supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods are discussed within the structural health monitoring and condition-based maintenance planning,the development of digital twins.Furthermore,the present review discusses the critical failure mechanisms affecting the structural condition,such as high-cycle fatigue,low-cycle fatigue,fracture,ultimate strength,and corrosion,considering deterministic and probabilistic approaches.
基金Supported by the MAROFF Competence Building ProjectFunded by the Research Council of Norway on "Holistic Risk-Based Design For Sustainable Arctic Sea Transport"
文摘When designing an arctic cargo ship, it is necessary to consider multiple stochastic factors. This paper evaluates the merits of a simulation-based probabilistic design method specifically developed to deal with this challenge. The outcome of the paper indicates that the incorporation of simulations and probabilistic design parameters into the design process enables more informed design decisions. For instance, it enables the assessment of the stochastic transport capacity of an arctic ship, as well as of its long-term ice exposure that can be used to determine an appropriate level of ice-strengthening. The outcome of the paper also indicates that significant gains in transport system cost-efficiency can be obtained by extending the boundaries of the design task beyond the individual vessel. In the case of industrial shipping, this allows for instance the consideration of port-based cargo storage facilities allowing for temporary shortages in transport capacity and thus a reduction in the required fleet size / ship capacity.
文摘The main business of Life Insurers is Long Term contractual obligations with a typical lifetime of 20 - 40 years. Therefore, the Solvency metric is defined by the adequacy of capital to service the cash flow requirements arising from the said obligations. The main component inducing volatility in Capital is market sensitive Assets, such as Bonds and Equity. Bond and Equity prices in Sri Lanka are highly sensitive to macro-economic elements such as investor sentiment, political stability, policy environment, economic growth, fiscal stimulus, utility environment and in the case of Equity, societal sentiment on certain companies and industries. Therefore, if an entity is to accurately forecast the impact on solvency through asset valuation, the impact of macro-economic variables on asset pricing must be modelled mathematically. This paper explores mathematical, actuarial and statistical concepts such as Brownian motion, Markov Processes, Derivation and Integration as well as Probability theorems such as the Probability Density Function in determining the optimum mathematical model which depicts the accurate relationship between macro-economic variables and asset pricing.
文摘Test case prioritization techniques have been focused on regression testing which is conducted on an already executed test suite. In fact, the test case prioritization for new testing is also required. In this paper, we propose a method to prioritize new test cases by calculating risk exposure value for requirements and analyzing risk items based on the calculation to evaluate relevant test cases and thereby determining the test case priority through the evaluated values. Moreover, we demonstrate effectiveness of our technique through empirical studies in terms of both APFD and fault severity.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of NARI Technology Co.,Ltd.“Interaction and Coordination Technology of Information-Physical-Social Elements”(No.GF-GFWD-210338)。
文摘With the increase in the permeability of renewable energy and the frequency of extreme weather,the power system requires a large amount of flexible power regulation capacity.In order to realize the multi-day cooperation of reserve resources,the stochastic optimization of medium-and short-term reserve arrangement considering the typhoon uncertainty is studied in this paper.Firstly,the extreme scenario generation and reduction method considering the typhoon path-intensity prediction uncertainty is constructed.Then,considering the combined cost of preventive and emergency control for adequacy in multiple scenarios,the reserve arrangement optimization model in extreme weather is built.In this model,the pre-dispatching strategies for multiple types of reserve resources are proposed to maintain the medium-and short-term coordination.Finally,case studies on a simplified 24-node power system of Zhejiang province,China are presented based on the data of the typhoon Fireworks in July 2021,and the result shows that the proposed reserve arrangement optimization model can reduce the total cost of power systems and the risk of operation under the typhoon disaster.
基金the joint FAO-IAEA Centre,International Atomic Energy Agency for Research Contract No.26641,under Coordinated Research Project D15021 and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for their support of this study.
文摘Sewage sludge management has emerged as a critical environmental challenge due to the large volumes generated globally.Valorization techniques,including energy production and agricultural applications,offer sustainable solutions,particularly in regions with low soil fertility.The sewage sludge utilization in the Middle East region is low.This paper presents a pragmatic risk-based assessment using the riskbased corrective action approach to evaluate sludge application in desert soils.This methodology focuses on the source-pathway-receptor interaction and assesses the likelihood of contaminants posing a real threat.In arid desert regions like Kuwait,where soil organic content and moisture are extremely low,the application of sewage sludge presents a feasible option to enhance soil quality and valorize unutilized sludge dumps which pose significant environmental concerns but are left to desiccate in the absence of any environmental regulation towards its utilization and due to religious apprehensions.Since the sludge characterization is not well detailed a brief review of the available data was included to establish the bounds of various organic,metal and nutrients that were used for generating the model.This study examines the changes in the physico-chemical properties of desert soils following sludge application,focusing on the likely fate of trace metals and organic contaminants.The alkaline desert soils of Kuwait,with a pH range of 7.7e8.9,are particularly suitable for sludge application due to the low mobility of metals in alkaline conditions.Additionally,sludge application lowers soil pH,improving conditions for plant growth.The region's deeper water table and scant annual precipitation(<0.15 m)further reduce the risk of groundwater contamination and deeper soil profile contamination.The presence of organic content,nitrates,Zn,and Cu in sludge can promote native vegetation growth.However,trace organic contaminants,including PAHs,PCBs,and pharmaceuticals,pose a potential risk to soil contamination,but since the geological section shows intervening impervious layers the contamination is going to be localized,even if there is sufficient leachable fraction.Given the minimal risk of contamination under the unique conditions of arid regions,this approach highlights the potential for eco-friendly sludge valorization,that will improve vegetation cover and arrest the suspended particulate suspension.However,before the large-scale implementation of this modelled concept,a detailed experimental study on the pilot scale or lysimeters is recommended to assess the long-term impacts of sludge application and to obtain data that can inform policy guidelines for sustainable sludge management in desert environments.
基金supported by the Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.5108-202299265A-1-0-ZB).
文摘Large-scale development of electric vehicles(EVs)exposes power grids and transportation networks with limited capacity to increased fault risks.In this paper,a method to prevent fault risks in advance by using the flexibility of EV travel to coordinate the operation of dis-tribution and transportation networks is proposed.Since EV travel decisions are influenced by the charging and travel time costs,adjusting charging price and travel time price can help guide behavior and enable coordinated operation of power and transportation networks.First,risk-based distribution locational marginal prices(RDLMPs)are established to restrain the distribution network risks.Second,traffic risks are formulated using origin-destination(OD)risk marginal prices(ODRMPs)considering the degree of traffic congestion fault risks.Under the guidance of the RDLMPs and ODRMPs,EV fleets optimize their travel plans to minimize overall costs,including charging and time costs.Finally,case studies verify that the proposed method can reduce the opera-tional risks of both distribution and transportation net-works.
基金supported by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(No.2021A1515012073)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077083).
文摘As an important means of mobilizing demand-side resources,peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading has drawn more and more attention from scholars.This paper constructs a P2P energy trading framework considering prosumers’trading partner preferences(TPPs)and system risk.At first,we build the P2P trading models of prosumers equipped with different distributed energy resources(DERs),and TPP models.Secondly,to solve the established energy trading problem,a fully distributed double-consensus alternating direction method of multipliers(DC-ADMM)is proposed,which can achieve transaction consensus when considering market players’TPPs.Then,a risk-based security constrained economic dispatch(RBSCED)model based on AC power flow is established for the first time,by which a distribution system operator(DSO)checks system security and obtains risk-based locational marginal prices(RLMPs).Moreover,double-regulated price signals related to RLMPs which contain grid utilization prices(GUPs)and DSO’s retail prices realize management of players’transactions.In the end,the proposed method is applied to an IEEE33 bus distribution system.Results show the proposed method effectively reduces system risk and ensures secure operation of system without direct management.
