Rural sewage treatment is in need of more capital investment,in which the financing model of PPP(public-private partnership)is able to encourage the investment of social capital in this sector.Risk sharing is one of t...Rural sewage treatment is in need of more capital investment,in which the financing model of PPP(public-private partnership)is able to encourage the investment of social capital in this sector.Risk sharing is one of the core features in the PPP model.In view that the risk loss of projects cannot be accurately estimated,this article describes the uncertainty of risk loss with fuzzy numbers and allocates the distribution of risk loss among the participants of rural sewage treatment PPP projects with interval fuzzy Shapley value to ensure a more reasonable and effective risk distribution.展开更多
China’s healthcare system faces increasing challenges,including surging medical costs,resource allocation imbalances favoring large hospitals,and ineffective referral mechanisms.The lack of a unified strategy integra...China’s healthcare system faces increasing challenges,including surging medical costs,resource allocation imbalances favoring large hospitals,and ineffective referral mechanisms.The lack of a unified strategy integrating standardized coverage with personalized payment compounds these issues.To this end,this study proposes a risk-sharing reform strategy that combines equal coverage for the same disease(ECSD)with an individualized out-of-pocket(I-OOP)model.Specifically,the study employs a Markov model to capture patient transitions across health states and care levels.The findings show that ECSD and I-OOP enhance equity by standardizing disease coverage while tailoring costs to patient income and facility type.This approach alleviates demand on high-tier hospitals,promoting primary care utilization and enabling balanced resource distribution.The study’s findings provide a reference for policymakers and healthcare administrators by presenting a scalable framework that is aligned with China’s development goals with the aim of fostering an efficient,sustainable healthcare system that is adaptable to regional needs.展开更多
The recent study exploring the bidirectional associations between gallstone disease,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and kidney stone disease highlights a critical concern in chronic disease management.Given the risi...The recent study exploring the bidirectional associations between gallstone disease,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and kidney stone disease highlights a critical concern in chronic disease management.Given the rising global prevalence of these conditions,understanding their interconnections is essential.The study emphasizes the importance of shared risk factors,such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia,and oxidative stress,and calls for multidisciplinary screening strategies.This approach would improve patient outcomes and reduce the socio-economic burden.While the study contributes valuable insights from a Chinese population,further research across diverse populations is necessary to validate and extend these findings globally.Ultimately,the research underscores the need for integrated prevention programs to better manage these interconnected diseases and improve health outcomes.展开更多
In this study, we propose new dynamic spectrum allocations in multi-cells and intra-cell of cognitive network to enhance system performance in terms of decreasing probability of interruption and spectrum handoff of co...In this study, we propose new dynamic spectrum allocations in multi-cells and intra-cell of cognitive network to enhance system performance in terms of decreasing probability of interruption and spectrum handoff of communication services in a cognitive system. The inter-cells of the spectrum allocation mechanism is designed to share the risk of vacating spectrum caused by licensed incumbents re-occupying the spectrum and minimize probability of service interruption in the cognitive network. This mechanism also can guarantee fairness among multi-cells. The intra-cell of the proposed spectrum allocation is based on a service data hierarchical model and establishes a mapping mechanism between layered data and the spectrum. It can reduce probability of spectrum handoff. Finally, simulation results are given and show that the new mechanism can reduce service interruption ratio and the probability of spectrum handoff caused by licensed incumbents with re-occupying the spectrum.展开更多
In conventional shared risk link group （SRLG）-diverse path selection （CSPS） algorithm in survivable GMPLS networks, SRLG is taken into account when selecting the backup paths, while the primary path selection meth...In conventional shared risk link group （SRLG）-diverse path selection （CSPS） algorithm in survivable GMPLS networks, SRLG is taken into account when selecting the backup paths, while the primary path selection method is the sarne as the algorithms without SRLG constraint. A problem of CSPS algorithm is that, after a primary path is selected, the success probability to select an SRLG-diverse backup path for it is low. If SRLG is taken into account when computing the primary path, then the probability to successfully select an SRLG-diverse backup path will be much increased. Based on this idea, an active SRLG-diverse path selection （ASPS） algorithm is proposed. To actively avoid selecting those SRLG links, when computing the primary path, a link that share risk with more links is assigned a larger link cost. To improve the resource utilization ratio, it is permitted that the bandwidth resources are shared among backup paths. What is more, differentiated reliability （DiR） requirements of different customers are considered in ASPS algorithm. The simulation results show that, compared with CSPS algorithm, ASPS algorithm not only increases successful protection probability but also improves resource utilization ratio.展开更多
The mechanism of risk allocation is designed to protect all stakeholders,and it is vital to project success.Qualitative and quantitative ways of optimizing risk allocation have been well documented in extant literatur...The mechanism of risk allocation is designed to protect all stakeholders,and it is vital to project success.Qualitative and quantitative ways of optimizing risk allocation have been well documented in extant literature(e.g.,allocation principles,models,and solutions),and the foci of existing research are usually the maximization of rational utility.Few research has focused on partners’social preferences affecting the output of risk allocation.This study presents a quantitative approach based on modeling alliance member(AM)’s inequity aversion(IA)to analyze risk-sharing arrangements in an alliance project.Fehr and Schmidfs inequity-aversion model is integrated into modeling partner’s utility.This paper derives results for an alliance leader(AL)’s optimal risk-sharing ratio and AM's optimal risk-management effort simultaneously.The derivation is based on solving a restrained optimization problem using the conception and methods from Stackel-berg game theory.Results show that an AM’s IA significantly affects risk allocation between AL and AM.Specifically,envious preference is positively related to AL5s optimal risk-sharing ratio,whereas guilty preference negatively affects AL5s optimal risk-sharing ratio.These findings will be of interest to academics and practitioners involved in designing alliance negotiations.展开更多
The continued spike in the prices of new drugs and their various postmarketing uncertainties have posed significant challenges for insurers.To induce insurers to cover their new drugs,pharmaceutical firms develop an i...The continued spike in the prices of new drugs and their various postmarketing uncertainties have posed significant challenges for insurers.To induce insurers to cover their new drugs,pharmaceutical firms develop an innovative outcome-based pricing(OBP)strategy through which drugs are paid only if they are valid for specific patients within specified time periods.While the OBP strategy addresses the effectiveness uncertainty of the new drugs,the performance of this strategy in addressing demand uncertainty,another major challenge faced by pharmaceutical supply chains,remains unclear.To address this gap,we develop a stylized model to analyse the impact of the OBP strategy with the consideration of capacity planning for new drugs on pharmaceutical firms,insurers,and patients from the perspective of demand uncertainty.Compared to uniform pricing strategies,we find that when demand uncertainty is relatively high,the OBP strategy benefits both the firm and the insurer by reducing demand uncertainty through capacity planning and sharing limited drug effectiveness.Otherwise,only one stakeholder benefits.Moreover,for drugs with limited effectiveness,a coordinating OBP contract with an additional fee transferred from the firm to the insurer can make both better off under different demand uncertainty scenarios.展开更多
This paper proposes and investigates an optimal pair investment/pension policy for a pay-as-you-go(PAYG)pension scheme.The social planner can invest in a buffer fund in order to guarantee a minimal pension amount.The ...This paper proposes and investigates an optimal pair investment/pension policy for a pay-as-you-go(PAYG)pension scheme.The social planner can invest in a buffer fund in order to guarantee a minimal pension amount.The model aims at taking into account complex dynamic phenomena such as the demographic risk and its evolution over time,the time and age dependence of agents preferences,and financial risks.The preference criterion of the social planner is modeled by a consistent dynamic utility defined on a stochastic domain,which incorporates the heterogeneity of overlapping generations and its evolution over time.The preference criterion and the optimization problem also incorporate sustainability,adequacy and fairness constraints.The paper designs and solves the social planner's dynamic decision criterion,and computes the optimal investment/pension policy in a general framework.A detailed analysis for the case of dynamic power utilities is provided.展开更多
文摘Rural sewage treatment is in need of more capital investment,in which the financing model of PPP(public-private partnership)is able to encourage the investment of social capital in this sector.Risk sharing is one of the core features in the PPP model.In view that the risk loss of projects cannot be accurately estimated,this article describes the uncertainty of risk loss with fuzzy numbers and allocates the distribution of risk loss among the participants of rural sewage treatment PPP projects with interval fuzzy Shapley value to ensure a more reasonable and effective risk distribution.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72071042)。
文摘China’s healthcare system faces increasing challenges,including surging medical costs,resource allocation imbalances favoring large hospitals,and ineffective referral mechanisms.The lack of a unified strategy integrating standardized coverage with personalized payment compounds these issues.To this end,this study proposes a risk-sharing reform strategy that combines equal coverage for the same disease(ECSD)with an individualized out-of-pocket(I-OOP)model.Specifically,the study employs a Markov model to capture patient transitions across health states and care levels.The findings show that ECSD and I-OOP enhance equity by standardizing disease coverage while tailoring costs to patient income and facility type.This approach alleviates demand on high-tier hospitals,promoting primary care utilization and enabling balanced resource distribution.The study’s findings provide a reference for policymakers and healthcare administrators by presenting a scalable framework that is aligned with China’s development goals with the aim of fostering an efficient,sustainable healthcare system that is adaptable to regional needs.
文摘The recent study exploring the bidirectional associations between gallstone disease,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and kidney stone disease highlights a critical concern in chronic disease management.Given the rising global prevalence of these conditions,understanding their interconnections is essential.The study emphasizes the importance of shared risk factors,such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia,and oxidative stress,and calls for multidisciplinary screening strategies.This approach would improve patient outcomes and reduce the socio-economic burden.While the study contributes valuable insights from a Chinese population,further research across diverse populations is necessary to validate and extend these findings globally.Ultimately,the research underscores the need for integrated prevention programs to better manage these interconnected diseases and improve health outcomes.
文摘In this study, we propose new dynamic spectrum allocations in multi-cells and intra-cell of cognitive network to enhance system performance in terms of decreasing probability of interruption and spectrum handoff of communication services in a cognitive system. The inter-cells of the spectrum allocation mechanism is designed to share the risk of vacating spectrum caused by licensed incumbents re-occupying the spectrum and minimize probability of service interruption in the cognitive network. This mechanism also can guarantee fairness among multi-cells. The intra-cell of the proposed spectrum allocation is based on a service data hierarchical model and establishes a mapping mechanism between layered data and the spectrum. It can reduce probability of spectrum handoff. Finally, simulation results are given and show that the new mechanism can reduce service interruption ratio and the probability of spectrum handoff caused by licensed incumbents with re-occupying the spectrum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60673142)Applied Basic ResearchProject of Sichuan Province (2006J13-067).
文摘In conventional shared risk link group （SRLG）-diverse path selection （CSPS） algorithm in survivable GMPLS networks, SRLG is taken into account when selecting the backup paths, while the primary path selection method is the sarne as the algorithms without SRLG constraint. A problem of CSPS algorithm is that, after a primary path is selected, the success probability to select an SRLG-diverse backup path for it is low. If SRLG is taken into account when computing the primary path, then the probability to successfully select an SRLG-diverse backup path will be much increased. Based on this idea, an active SRLG-diverse path selection （ASPS） algorithm is proposed. To actively avoid selecting those SRLG links, when computing the primary path, a link that share risk with more links is assigned a larger link cost. To improve the resource utilization ratio, it is permitted that the bandwidth resources are shared among backup paths. What is more, differentiated reliability （DiR） requirements of different customers are considered in ASPS algorithm. The simulation results show that, compared with CSPS algorithm, ASPS algorithm not only increases successful protection probability but also improves resource utilization ratio.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71921003,71701090,71571098,and 72071105)the Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.16JD009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.14370120).
文摘The mechanism of risk allocation is designed to protect all stakeholders,and it is vital to project success.Qualitative and quantitative ways of optimizing risk allocation have been well documented in extant literature(e.g.,allocation principles,models,and solutions),and the foci of existing research are usually the maximization of rational utility.Few research has focused on partners’social preferences affecting the output of risk allocation.This study presents a quantitative approach based on modeling alliance member(AM)’s inequity aversion(IA)to analyze risk-sharing arrangements in an alliance project.Fehr and Schmidfs inequity-aversion model is integrated into modeling partner’s utility.This paper derives results for an alliance leader(AL)’s optimal risk-sharing ratio and AM's optimal risk-management effort simultaneously.The derivation is based on solving a restrained optimization problem using the conception and methods from Stackel-berg game theory.Results show that an AM’s IA significantly affects risk allocation between AL and AM.Specifically,envious preference is positively related to AL5s optimal risk-sharing ratio,whereas guilty preference negatively affects AL5s optimal risk-sharing ratio.These findings will be of interest to academics and practitioners involved in designing alliance negotiations.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos.72471153,72231002 and 72171045the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No.2024A1515011819the Shenzhen University High-Level University Construction Phase III-Human and Social Sciences Team Project for Interdisciplinary Innovation under Grant No.24JCXK05.
文摘The continued spike in the prices of new drugs and their various postmarketing uncertainties have posed significant challenges for insurers.To induce insurers to cover their new drugs,pharmaceutical firms develop an innovative outcome-based pricing(OBP)strategy through which drugs are paid only if they are valid for specific patients within specified time periods.While the OBP strategy addresses the effectiveness uncertainty of the new drugs,the performance of this strategy in addressing demand uncertainty,another major challenge faced by pharmaceutical supply chains,remains unclear.To address this gap,we develop a stylized model to analyse the impact of the OBP strategy with the consideration of capacity planning for new drugs on pharmaceutical firms,insurers,and patients from the perspective of demand uncertainty.Compared to uniform pricing strategies,we find that when demand uncertainty is relatively high,the OBP strategy benefits both the firm and the insurer by reducing demand uncertainty through capacity planning and sharing limited drug effectiveness.Otherwise,only one stakeholder benefits.Moreover,for drugs with limited effectiveness,a coordinating OBP contract with an additional fee transferred from the firm to the insurer can make both better off under different demand uncertainty scenarios.
基金The authors's research is part of the ANR project DREAMeS(ANR-21-CE46-0002)The research of Sarah Kaakai is Funded by the European Union(ERC,SINGER,101054787)。
文摘This paper proposes and investigates an optimal pair investment/pension policy for a pay-as-you-go(PAYG)pension scheme.The social planner can invest in a buffer fund in order to guarantee a minimal pension amount.The model aims at taking into account complex dynamic phenomena such as the demographic risk and its evolution over time,the time and age dependence of agents preferences,and financial risks.The preference criterion of the social planner is modeled by a consistent dynamic utility defined on a stochastic domain,which incorporates the heterogeneity of overlapping generations and its evolution over time.The preference criterion and the optimization problem also incorporate sustainability,adequacy and fairness constraints.The paper designs and solves the social planner's dynamic decision criterion,and computes the optimal investment/pension policy in a general framework.A detailed analysis for the case of dynamic power utilities is provided.
