Real estate construction management faces technological innovation and risk-control challenges.Digital,intelligent,and green construction technologies are driving management transformation.This paper explores innovati...Real estate construction management faces technological innovation and risk-control challenges.Digital,intelligent,and green construction technologies are driving management transformation.This paper explores innovation paths like BIM,IoT,AI robots,and eco-friendly materials,analyzes risk characteristics,and proposes strategies such as a full-process risk management framework,technology verification,standardization,and data security systems.It also discusses the supporting role of government regulation,industry standards,corporate governance,and personnel training,aiming to provide theoretical and practical guidance for modernizing real estate construction management.展开更多
This study aims to identify risk management strategies undertaken by the commercial banks of Balochistan,Pakistan,to mitigate or eliminate credit risk.The findings of the study are significant as commercial banks will...This study aims to identify risk management strategies undertaken by the commercial banks of Balochistan,Pakistan,to mitigate or eliminate credit risk.The findings of the study are significant as commercial banks will understand the effectiveness of various risk management strategies and may apply them for minimizing credit risk.This explanatory study analyses the opinions of the employees of selected commercial banks about which strategies are useful for mitigating credit risk.Quantitative data was collected from 250 employees of commercial banks to perform multiple regression analyses,which were used for the analysis.The results identified four areas of impact on credit risk management(CRM):corporate governance exerts the greatest impact,followed by diversification,which plays a significant role,hedging and,finally,the bank’s Capital Adequacy Ratio.This study highlights these four risk management strategies,which are critical for commercial banks to resolve their credit risk.展开更多
The informal construction sector is unregulated and operates in a risky environment, thus the need for adoption of appropriate risk management strategies for its survival is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study...The informal construction sector is unregulated and operates in a risky environment, thus the need for adoption of appropriate risk management strategies for its survival is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine methods used in choosing appropriate risk response strategy in informal construction sector in Tanzania. The study involved construction workers in informal sector in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam and Mwanza are among big cities in Tanzania having more informal construction workers. Questionnaires were prepared in English, translated in Kiswahili and administered by research assistants on informal construction workers. Workers were purposively selected. Out of 1,000 questionnaires distributed 849 questionnaires were fairly filled equating to 84.9%. The collected data was coded and analysed using descriptive statistics mainly frequencies cross tabulation and Chi-square tests. The study established that majority of informal construction workers choose risk response strategies by using common sense followed by previous experience. Within the location, the methods significantly differ whereby Dar es Salaam was dominated by common sense and Mwanza dominated by previous experience. Likewise, use of common sense among respondents was significantly different between gender, age group, level of education and experience. This implies that apart from formal process of choosing risk response strategies, the informal construction sector has its own surviving strategies. The issue of location, gender and experience are essential for risk management in informal construction sector.展开更多
This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial prob...This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial probit(MNP)and multivariate probit(MVP).Data were collected from 382 farmers sampled from four districts in KhyberPakhtunkhwa(KP)province of Pakistan via a multistage sampling technique.This study utilizes the MNP model,considering the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives(IIA)and incorporating correlated error terms.The objective is to understand farmers'behavior in risky situations and determine if there is heterogeneity.Results are compared with the MVP model to assess robustness and gain deeper understanding of farmers'decisionmaking processes.The research findings reveal that our results are robust,and farmers behave homogeneously in various RMS scenarios.Farmers adopt RMS individually or in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of natural calamities on their livelihood.The risk-averse farmers,who perceive weather-related risks as a threat,access credits and information,and have farms close to a river are more likely to adopt RMS,irrespective of the format of the strategies available.Moreover,the predicted probabilities and correlation of the RMS and RM categories have strengthened our model estimation.These findings provide insights into the behavior of farmers in adopting RMS which are helpful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural calamities on farmers.展开更多
Currently,the investment of oil and gas industry is still facing an unfavorable environment,in which,instable factors,such as financial crisis,terrorist,religious conflicts and rigorous environmental regulations,keep ...Currently,the investment of oil and gas industry is still facing an unfavorable environment,in which,instable factors,such as financial crisis,terrorist,religious conflicts and rigorous environmental regulations,keep mucking up the business all around the world.Meanwhile,China’s rapid energy consumption growth boosted by a booming economy has put the country to rely heavily on exported oil.It is therefore extremely urgent to expand and diversify petroleum supply channel in consideration of the country’s energy security.As the world’s economy has been slowly recovering from the slump and展开更多
Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rock...Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.展开更多
In the current new form of social development, the relevant staff can effectively manage the contracts related to road and bridge construction cost, and put forward the corresponding analysis and countermeasures for t...In the current new form of social development, the relevant staff can effectively manage the contracts related to road and bridge construction cost, and put forward the corresponding analysis and countermeasures for the risks existing in its management center, so as to effectively control the overall construction cost to a certain extent, and at the same time, can also pre-judge the related risks that may occur in the process, so that the overall construction development presents a good development trend. In this regard, the relevant staff must form a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between road and bridge project cost and contract management under the new form, and analyze the risks and measures to a certain extent if they want to effectively achieve the above objectives.展开更多
Objective To study the risk factors of surgical wound infection among the patients in department of abodominal surgery. Methods The factors on surgical wound infection were investigated by retrospective study. The dia...Objective To study the risk factors of surgical wound infection among the patients in department of abodominal surgery. Methods The factors on surgical wound infection were investigated by retrospective study. The diagnosis standard was based on Diagnosis Standard of Hospital Infection published by Ministry of Health.展开更多
Based on the background of "Internet+",after fully sorting and studying on the relevant literature of focus strategy,the paper summarizes the basic modes and influence factors.Choosing the implementation of ...Based on the background of "Internet+",after fully sorting and studying on the relevant literature of focus strategy,the paper summarizes the basic modes and influence factors.Choosing the implementation of focus strategy is the best way to gain the competitive advantage in the narrow market,but not all the enterprises are suitable to choose focus strategy.This paper mainly uses the case study method,Kunming Ch999 is selected as a case study sample,through the resources and capability analysis of Ch999,as well as the comparisons with two e-commerce platforms of Taobao and Jingdong,extracting focus strategy modes of Ch999,the influence factors and risks of focus strategy of Ch999 are also studied.Finally,in order to ensure the smooth implementation of focus strategy,putting forward some risk prevention measures.展开更多
This paper firstly introduces the definition and features of QFII, and then mainly analyzes the QFII＇s portfolio performance and investment yield, as welt as stock market. And at last, it refers to the impacts of QFI...This paper firstly introduces the definition and features of QFII, and then mainly analyzes the QFII＇s portfolio performance and investment yield, as welt as stock market. And at last, it refers to the impacts of QFII＇s companies and supervision systems in China security market. the investment ideas and strategies of QFII in China investment styles and strategies on investors, listed展开更多
In this paper, the development of the National Seismic Network of Malaysia is described first. Then, the maximum intensities on the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale experienced by Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia and...In this paper, the development of the National Seismic Network of Malaysia is described first. Then, the maximum intensities on the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale experienced by Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia and the damage to man-made structures caused by earthquakes are analyzed. Finally, the seismic risk management and strategy to mitigate seismic risk in Malaysia are outlined.展开更多
Glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs)are among the most severe cryospheric hazards in the Himalaya.While previous studies have primarily focused on the characteristics and causes of GLOFs,strategies for mitigating their...Glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs)are among the most severe cryospheric hazards in the Himalaya.While previous studies have primarily focused on the characteristics and causes of GLOFs,strategies for mitigating their disaster impacts remain underexplored.This study introduces China’s Glacial Lake Management System(GLMS)and evaluates its potential for regional replication in reducing damage caused by GLOFs.We find that while GLOF frequency shows a statistically insignificant decrease from 1990 to 2023,downstream damage has intensified,yet appears relatively mitigated within China across the Himalaya following the implementation of the GLMS.Further hydrodynamic modelling suggests that glacial lakes will continue to expand in the future,with total growth expected to triple relative to the 2000-2020 period.These expansions could increase GLOF exposure by over 27%for high-risk lakes and by more than 40%in regions outside China without targeted interventions.However,implementing GLMS engineering measures could reduce the intensity of future floods by 24%,with even greater reductions outside China—29%compared to 21%within China.Building on China’s lake management experience and recognizing the transboundary nature of GLOFs,the comprehensive framework we propose for region-wide glacial lake risk reduction across the Himalaya integrates engineering measures,early warning systems,and community responses.This framework addresses the urgent need for proactive and coordinated mitigation strategies in densely populated high-mountain regions.展开更多
In the absence of formal risk management strategies,agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change.In this study,field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang(Northeast ...In the absence of formal risk management strategies,agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change.In this study,field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang(Northeast China)and Jiangsu(East China)Provinces.Probit and logistic models and independent sample T-test were used to explore farmers’demand for weather index insurance,in contrast to informal risk management strategies,and the main factors that affect demand.The results show that the farmers prefer weather index insurance to informal risk management strategies,and farmers’characteristics have significant impacts on their adoption of risk management strategies.The variables non-agricultural labor ratio,farmers’risk perception,education,and agricultural insurance purchase experience significantly affect farmers’weather index insurance demand.The regression results show that the farmers’weather index insurance demand and the influencing factors in the two provinces are different.Farmers in Heilongjiang Province have a higher participation rate than those in Jiangsu Province.The government should conduct more weather index insurance pilot programs to help farmers understand the mechanism,and insurance companies should provide more types of weather index insurance to meet farmers’diversified needs.展开更多
Landslides pose a significant threat to the lives and livelihoods of marginalised communities residing in rural areas and the delicate ecological balance of the environment.Implementing advanced technologies is crucia...Landslides pose a significant threat to the lives and livelihoods of marginalised communities residing in rural areas and the delicate ecological balance of the environment.Implementing advanced technologies is crucial for improving hazard risk assessment and enhancing preparedness measures in regions characterised by diverse topography and complex geological formations.Geospatial applications and modelling techniques have emerged as indispensable in mitigating landslide risks,particularly in environmentally sensitive areas.This study presents a comprehensive approach to landslide susceptibility mapping in the Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu,India,leveraging the power of Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs)and integrating multi-dimensional geospatial datasets.Integrating ANN-based modelling and geospatial techniques offers significant advantages in terms of statistical robustness,reproducibility,and the ability to analyze the complex interplay of factors influencing landslide hazards quantitatively.The methodology involves rigorous pre-processing and integrating spatial data,including landslide event occurrences as the dependent variable and ten independent parameters influencing landslide susceptibility.These parameters encompass elevation,slope aspect,slope degree,distance to roads,land use patterns,geomorphology,lithology,drainage density,lineament density,and rainfall distribution.Feature extraction and selection techniques are employed to effectively model the complex interactions between these factors and landslide occurrences.This process identifies the most relevant variables influencing landslide susceptibility,enhancing the model's predictive capabilities.The state-of-the-art ANNs are trained using historical landslide occurrence data and the selected influencing factors,enabling the development of a robust and accurate landslide susceptibility model.The performance of the developed model is rigorously evaluated using a comprehensive suite of metrics,including accuracy,precision,and the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curve.Preliminary results indicate that the ANN-based landslide susceptibility model outperforms traditional zonation methods,demonstrating higher accuracy and reliability in predicting landslideprone areas.The resulting Landslide Susceptibility Map(LSM)categorises the study area into five distinct hazard zones,ranging from very high(664.1 km^(2)),high(598.9 km^(2)),moderate(639.7 km^(2)),low(478.9 km^(2))and to very low(170.9 km^(2)).Notably,the eastern and central regions of the district emerge as particularly vulnerable to landslide occurrences.The study's findings have far-reaching implications for disaster risk reduction efforts,landuse planning,and sustainable development strategies in the ecologically sensitive Nilgiri District and beyond.展开更多
文摘Real estate construction management faces technological innovation and risk-control challenges.Digital,intelligent,and green construction technologies are driving management transformation.This paper explores innovation paths like BIM,IoT,AI robots,and eco-friendly materials,analyzes risk characteristics,and proposes strategies such as a full-process risk management framework,technology verification,standardization,and data security systems.It also discusses the supporting role of government regulation,industry standards,corporate governance,and personnel training,aiming to provide theoretical and practical guidance for modernizing real estate construction management.
文摘This study aims to identify risk management strategies undertaken by the commercial banks of Balochistan,Pakistan,to mitigate or eliminate credit risk.The findings of the study are significant as commercial banks will understand the effectiveness of various risk management strategies and may apply them for minimizing credit risk.This explanatory study analyses the opinions of the employees of selected commercial banks about which strategies are useful for mitigating credit risk.Quantitative data was collected from 250 employees of commercial banks to perform multiple regression analyses,which were used for the analysis.The results identified four areas of impact on credit risk management(CRM):corporate governance exerts the greatest impact,followed by diversification,which plays a significant role,hedging and,finally,the bank’s Capital Adequacy Ratio.This study highlights these four risk management strategies,which are critical for commercial banks to resolve their credit risk.
文摘The informal construction sector is unregulated and operates in a risky environment, thus the need for adoption of appropriate risk management strategies for its survival is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine methods used in choosing appropriate risk response strategy in informal construction sector in Tanzania. The study involved construction workers in informal sector in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam and Mwanza are among big cities in Tanzania having more informal construction workers. Questionnaires were prepared in English, translated in Kiswahili and administered by research assistants on informal construction workers. Workers were purposively selected. Out of 1,000 questionnaires distributed 849 questionnaires were fairly filled equating to 84.9%. The collected data was coded and analysed using descriptive statistics mainly frequencies cross tabulation and Chi-square tests. The study established that majority of informal construction workers choose risk response strategies by using common sense followed by previous experience. Within the location, the methods significantly differ whereby Dar es Salaam was dominated by common sense and Mwanza dominated by previous experience. Likewise, use of common sense among respondents was significantly different between gender, age group, level of education and experience. This implies that apart from formal process of choosing risk response strategies, the informal construction sector has its own surviving strategies. The issue of location, gender and experience are essential for risk management in informal construction sector.
文摘This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial probit(MNP)and multivariate probit(MVP).Data were collected from 382 farmers sampled from four districts in KhyberPakhtunkhwa(KP)province of Pakistan via a multistage sampling technique.This study utilizes the MNP model,considering the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives(IIA)and incorporating correlated error terms.The objective is to understand farmers'behavior in risky situations and determine if there is heterogeneity.Results are compared with the MVP model to assess robustness and gain deeper understanding of farmers'decisionmaking processes.The research findings reveal that our results are robust,and farmers behave homogeneously in various RMS scenarios.Farmers adopt RMS individually or in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of natural calamities on their livelihood.The risk-averse farmers,who perceive weather-related risks as a threat,access credits and information,and have farms close to a river are more likely to adopt RMS,irrespective of the format of the strategies available.Moreover,the predicted probabilities and correlation of the RMS and RM categories have strengthened our model estimation.These findings provide insights into the behavior of farmers in adopting RMS which are helpful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural calamities on farmers.
文摘Currently,the investment of oil and gas industry is still facing an unfavorable environment,in which,instable factors,such as financial crisis,terrorist,religious conflicts and rigorous environmental regulations,keep mucking up the business all around the world.Meanwhile,China’s rapid energy consumption growth boosted by a booming economy has put the country to rely heavily on exported oil.It is therefore extremely urgent to expand and diversify petroleum supply channel in consideration of the country’s energy security.As the world’s economy has been slowly recovering from the slump and
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2244226,U2244227 and 42177172).
文摘Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.
文摘In the current new form of social development, the relevant staff can effectively manage the contracts related to road and bridge construction cost, and put forward the corresponding analysis and countermeasures for the risks existing in its management center, so as to effectively control the overall construction cost to a certain extent, and at the same time, can also pre-judge the related risks that may occur in the process, so that the overall construction development presents a good development trend. In this regard, the relevant staff must form a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between road and bridge project cost and contract management under the new form, and analyze the risks and measures to a certain extent if they want to effectively achieve the above objectives.
文摘Objective To study the risk factors of surgical wound infection among the patients in department of abodominal surgery. Methods The factors on surgical wound infection were investigated by retrospective study. The diagnosis standard was based on Diagnosis Standard of Hospital Infection published by Ministry of Health.
文摘Based on the background of "Internet+",after fully sorting and studying on the relevant literature of focus strategy,the paper summarizes the basic modes and influence factors.Choosing the implementation of focus strategy is the best way to gain the competitive advantage in the narrow market,but not all the enterprises are suitable to choose focus strategy.This paper mainly uses the case study method,Kunming Ch999 is selected as a case study sample,through the resources and capability analysis of Ch999,as well as the comparisons with two e-commerce platforms of Taobao and Jingdong,extracting focus strategy modes of Ch999,the influence factors and risks of focus strategy of Ch999 are also studied.Finally,in order to ensure the smooth implementation of focus strategy,putting forward some risk prevention measures.
文摘This paper firstly introduces the definition and features of QFII, and then mainly analyzes the QFII＇s portfolio performance and investment yield, as welt as stock market. And at last, it refers to the impacts of QFII＇s companies and supervision systems in China security market. the investment ideas and strategies of QFII in China investment styles and strategies on investors, listed
文摘In this paper, the development of the National Seismic Network of Malaysia is described first. Then, the maximum intensities on the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale experienced by Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia and the damage to man-made structures caused by earthquakes are analyzed. Finally, the seismic risk management and strategy to mitigate seismic risk in Malaysia are outlined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42571153,42301150,42301140,and ERGTPES project 42588201)the China Post-Doctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20230387)+5 种基金the Basic Excellent Research Group for Tibetan Plateau Earth System,the Department of Science and Technology of Xizang(XZ202403ZY0028)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0201)support from the HINTERLANDS project(High mountains in the Anthropocene:from landscape dynamics to hazards and risksPRIMUS/25/SCI/005)realized at the Charles University,Faculty of Scienceand Johannes Amos Comenius Programme(P JAC),project No.CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004605Natural and anthropogenic georisks.
文摘Glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs)are among the most severe cryospheric hazards in the Himalaya.While previous studies have primarily focused on the characteristics and causes of GLOFs,strategies for mitigating their disaster impacts remain underexplored.This study introduces China’s Glacial Lake Management System(GLMS)and evaluates its potential for regional replication in reducing damage caused by GLOFs.We find that while GLOF frequency shows a statistically insignificant decrease from 1990 to 2023,downstream damage has intensified,yet appears relatively mitigated within China across the Himalaya following the implementation of the GLMS.Further hydrodynamic modelling suggests that glacial lakes will continue to expand in the future,with total growth expected to triple relative to the 2000-2020 period.These expansions could increase GLOF exposure by over 27%for high-risk lakes and by more than 40%in regions outside China without targeted interventions.However,implementing GLMS engineering measures could reduce the intensity of future floods by 24%,with even greater reductions outside China—29%compared to 21%within China.Building on China’s lake management experience and recognizing the transboundary nature of GLOFs,the comprehensive framework we propose for region-wide glacial lake risk reduction across the Himalaya integrates engineering measures,early warning systems,and community responses.This framework addresses the urgent need for proactive and coordinated mitigation strategies in densely populated high-mountain regions.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project“The Weather Index Insurance Demand and Its Influence on Farmers’Behavior Research”(Grant No.71573129)by the Nanjing Agricultural University Central Universities Fundamental Research Funds for Humanities and Social Sciences(Grant Nos.SKCX2015011 and SKJD2014001).
文摘In the absence of formal risk management strategies,agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change.In this study,field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang(Northeast China)and Jiangsu(East China)Provinces.Probit and logistic models and independent sample T-test were used to explore farmers’demand for weather index insurance,in contrast to informal risk management strategies,and the main factors that affect demand.The results show that the farmers prefer weather index insurance to informal risk management strategies,and farmers’characteristics have significant impacts on their adoption of risk management strategies.The variables non-agricultural labor ratio,farmers’risk perception,education,and agricultural insurance purchase experience significantly affect farmers’weather index insurance demand.The regression results show that the farmers’weather index insurance demand and the influencing factors in the two provinces are different.Farmers in Heilongjiang Province have a higher participation rate than those in Jiangsu Province.The government should conduct more weather index insurance pilot programs to help farmers understand the mechanism,and insurance companies should provide more types of weather index insurance to meet farmers’diversified needs.
文摘Landslides pose a significant threat to the lives and livelihoods of marginalised communities residing in rural areas and the delicate ecological balance of the environment.Implementing advanced technologies is crucial for improving hazard risk assessment and enhancing preparedness measures in regions characterised by diverse topography and complex geological formations.Geospatial applications and modelling techniques have emerged as indispensable in mitigating landslide risks,particularly in environmentally sensitive areas.This study presents a comprehensive approach to landslide susceptibility mapping in the Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu,India,leveraging the power of Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs)and integrating multi-dimensional geospatial datasets.Integrating ANN-based modelling and geospatial techniques offers significant advantages in terms of statistical robustness,reproducibility,and the ability to analyze the complex interplay of factors influencing landslide hazards quantitatively.The methodology involves rigorous pre-processing and integrating spatial data,including landslide event occurrences as the dependent variable and ten independent parameters influencing landslide susceptibility.These parameters encompass elevation,slope aspect,slope degree,distance to roads,land use patterns,geomorphology,lithology,drainage density,lineament density,and rainfall distribution.Feature extraction and selection techniques are employed to effectively model the complex interactions between these factors and landslide occurrences.This process identifies the most relevant variables influencing landslide susceptibility,enhancing the model's predictive capabilities.The state-of-the-art ANNs are trained using historical landslide occurrence data and the selected influencing factors,enabling the development of a robust and accurate landslide susceptibility model.The performance of the developed model is rigorously evaluated using a comprehensive suite of metrics,including accuracy,precision,and the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curve.Preliminary results indicate that the ANN-based landslide susceptibility model outperforms traditional zonation methods,demonstrating higher accuracy and reliability in predicting landslideprone areas.The resulting Landslide Susceptibility Map(LSM)categorises the study area into five distinct hazard zones,ranging from very high(664.1 km^(2)),high(598.9 km^(2)),moderate(639.7 km^(2)),low(478.9 km^(2))and to very low(170.9 km^(2)).Notably,the eastern and central regions of the district emerge as particularly vulnerable to landslide occurrences.The study's findings have far-reaching implications for disaster risk reduction efforts,landuse planning,and sustainable development strategies in the ecologically sensitive Nilgiri District and beyond.
