Over the past few years,Malware attacks have become more and more widespread,posing threats to digital assets throughout the world.Although numerous methods have been developed to detect malicious attacks,these malwar...Over the past few years,Malware attacks have become more and more widespread,posing threats to digital assets throughout the world.Although numerous methods have been developed to detect malicious attacks,these malware detection techniques need to be more efficient in detecting new and progressively sophisticated variants of malware.Therefore,the development of more advanced and accurate techniques is necessary for malware detection.This paper introduces a comprehensive Dual-Channel Attention Deep Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(DCADBiLSTM)model for malware detection and riskmitigation.The Dual Channel Attention(DCA)mechanism improves themodel’s capability to concentrate on the features that aremost appropriate in the input data,which reduces the false favourable rates.The Bidirectional Long,Short-Term Memory framework helps capture crucial interdependence from past and future circumstances,which is essential for enhancing the model’s understanding of malware behaviour.As soon as malware is detected,the risk mitigation phase is implemented,which evaluates the severity of each threat and helps mitigate threats earlier.The outcomes of the method demonstrate better accuracy of 98.96%,which outperforms traditional models.It indicates the method detects and mitigates several kinds of malware threats,thereby providing a proactive defence mechanism against the emerging challenges in cybersecurity.展开更多
The global supply chain turbulence has increased the difficulty of protecting foreign well-known trademarks.Although there are many studies on cross-border trademark rights protection in academia,there is relatively l...The global supply chain turbulence has increased the difficulty of protecting foreign well-known trademarks.Although there are many studies on cross-border trademark rights protection in academia,there is relatively little research on its risk mitigation effectiveness in the context of supply chain fluctuations.Based on case studies of commercial law and data statistics,the study explores the relationship between protection efficiency and market response through legal applicability.Due to the long litigation cycle and uneven law enforcement,there are differences in market regulation,weakening the protection of well-known trademarks and exacerbating supply chain uncertainty.Strengthening international legal framework cooperation and promoting law enforcement linkage can enhance protection effectiveness.In theory,enriching the theory of cross-border trademark protection and expanding research on brand rights protection in the context of global supply chains.In practice,it helps enterprises adjust their trademark layout,avoid legal risks,and improve market competitiveness.Due to the complexity of the legal environment and limitations in data acquisition,future research will strengthen data analysis,promote international cooperation in intelligent supervision,and build a more efficient cross-border well-known trademark protection mechanism.展开更多
Large-scale deep-seated landslides pose a significant threat to human life and infrastructure.Therefore,closely monitoring these landslides is crucial for assessing and mitigating their associated risks.In this paper,...Large-scale deep-seated landslides pose a significant threat to human life and infrastructure.Therefore,closely monitoring these landslides is crucial for assessing and mitigating their associated risks.In this paper,the authors introduce the So Lo Mon framework,a comprehensive monitoring system developed for three large-scale landslides in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano,Italy.A web-based platform integrates various monitoring data(GNSS,topographic data,in-place inclinometer),providing a user-friendly interface for visualizing and analyzing the collected data.This facilitates the identification of trends and patterns in landslide behaviour,enabling the triggering of warnings and the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.The So Lo Mon platform has proven to be an invaluable tool for managing the risks associated with large-scale landslides through non-structural measures and driving countermeasure works design.It serves as a centralized data repository,offering visualization and analysis tools.This information empowers decisionmakers to make informed choices regarding risk mitigation,ultimately ensuring the safety of communities and infrastructures.展开更多
Constructing a metro station by enlarging shield tunnels combined with a mining/cut-and-cover method provides a new method to solve the contradictions of construction time limits of shield tunnels and stations. As a n...Constructing a metro station by enlarging shield tunnels combined with a mining/cut-and-cover method provides a new method to solve the contradictions of construction time limits of shield tunnels and stations. As a new-style construction method, there are several specific risks involved in the construction process. Based on the test section of Sanyuanqiao station on Beijing metro line 10, and combined with the existing methods of risk identification at present, including a review of world-wide operational experience of similar projects, the study of generic guidance on hazards associated with the type of work being undertaken, and discussions with qualified and experienced staff from the project team, etc., the specific risks during the construction process of the metro station constructed by enlarging shield tunnels combined with the cut-and-cover method are identified. The results show that the specific risks mainly come from three construction processes which include constructing upper enclosure structures, excavating the soil between shield tunnels and demolishing shield segments. Then relevant risk mitigation measures are put forward. The results can provide references for scheme improvement and a comprehensive risk assessment of the new-style construction method.展开更多
Rural mountain areas in Thailand have a high hazard potential for landslides.Settlements in hazardous areas are expanding and hill slopes are being deforested.Many former forest areas have been converted into agricult...Rural mountain areas in Thailand have a high hazard potential for landslides.Settlements in hazardous areas are expanding and hill slopes are being deforested.Many former forest areas have been converted into agricultural lands,thereby decreasing slope stabilities.Since the beginning of the 21^(st)century disasters caused by landslides have increased in Thailand.The landslides that lead to disasters in villages are in fact debris flows caused by heavy rains and landslides upstream.Landslides resulting from seismic activities are uncommon in Thailand.The landslide hazard risk in Thailand is defined by the hazard(the debris flow,i.e.,landslide prone areas)and the vulnerability(people living in landslide hazard areas).The landslide prone area mapping is based on the geology and the morphology,and the vulnerability upon settlements.The resulting landslide risk map was used to identify all risk areas and consequently the establishment of a community based landslide observation network has been able to reduce the landslide related risks.This network focuses on training local people to understand the risks related to landslides and provides villages with simple tools to detect early signs of threatening landslides and evacuate villagers to safe places.These networks have proven to be very successful,because it was possible to sensibilize and train villagers on the hazard and the risk with the result to effectively protect human lives during several landslide events.展开更多
Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rock...Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.展开更多
It is important to understand and manage rockburst challenges in deep mining operations.This paper presents a systematic study of rockburst risk in underground mining,offering a detailed examination of influencing fac...It is important to understand and manage rockburst challenges in deep mining operations.This paper presents a systematic study of rockburst risk in underground mining,offering a detailed examination of influencing factors,risk assessment,and various control and mitigation methods.The complexities of rockburst phenomena are explained by examining factors that lead to the occurrence of rockbursts.A rockburst risk assessment using a bow-tie analysis is conducted,which provides insights into both risk evaluation and proactive control and mitigation systems.The core of the paper presents a comprehensive array of rockburst risk control and mitigation methods,which range from controls to reduce rockburst hazard,and excavation vulnerability,to controls and mitigations to reduce exposure.Strategic engineering control methods,including mine design and mining sequencing,are discussed.Tactical engineering control measures,such as ground pre-conditioning and rock support,are scrutinized,along with administrative controls like evacuation and re-entry protocols and the use of mechanized equipment.A multiple-line defense system is advocated for rockburst risk management to address the uncertainties involved in the process.Finally,emerging technologies and innovations as well as challenges are discussed,providing a roadmap for continued advancements in rockburst risk management in the future.This work serves as a valuable resource for mining professionals,researchers,and policymakers seeking a comprehensive understanding of rockburst risk management in deep mining.展开更多
The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54...The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54/EC)came in place.Even in new tunnels both to practical and economic reasons the use of longitudinal ventilation has been an outspoken demand from the Swedish road authority,SRA.Swedish law[2]requires that a risk analysis is carried out to demonstrate that an acceptable level of risk is achieved in the tunnels with longitudinal ventilation if there is a risk of queues.Otherwise transverse or semi-transverse ventilation strategy shall be used.During recent development,or a late awakening,it is clear that dense populated areas in Sweden will experience queues.This threatens the foundation of the Swedish modern tunnel safety concept which calls for enhancement.This paper presents the risk-reducing effect of three alternative strategies,enhancements package,focusing on evacuation safety for road users.It is a combination of traffic management,fixed firefighting systems,reduced distance between escape routes and regulation of traffic with dangerous goods.In addition,it provides a comprehensive review of safety system details,combined with a longitudinal ventilation concept.展开更多
Subsurface technologies,such as geothermal energy and carbon capture and storage,are options to help limit global warming.Subsurface tech no logies involve the risk of induced seismicity.The successful implementation ...Subsurface technologies,such as geothermal energy and carbon capture and storage,are options to help limit global warming.Subsurface tech no logies involve the risk of induced seismicity.The successful implementation of these technologies depends on the public perception of these risks.Risk governance frameworks propose assessing the level of public concern and designing adapted risk mitigation measures.We propose that concerns should not only be investigated with respect to the perceived risks but also with respect to the potential mitigation measures.We explore this by analyzing the perception of risk mitigation measures for different subsurface technologies.With an online survey(N=808)in Switzerland we analyzed four technologies(in-between subject design)and four mitigation measures(within subject design).We found that risk mitigation measures are perceived differently,within and across technologies.Thus,public concerns about risk mitigation really matter.We suggest that future research should focus on how risk mitigation measures can be applied and communicated to realize the full potential of risk governance frameworks.展开更多
Local actors appear as inseparable components of the integrated flood risk mitigation strategy in Vietnam.Recognizing this fact,this study examined the long-term improvement in precautions taken by commune authorities...Local actors appear as inseparable components of the integrated flood risk mitigation strategy in Vietnam.Recognizing this fact,this study examined the long-term improvement in precautions taken by commune authorities and households between two major floods in 1999 and 2017 by applying both quantitative and qualitative methods.Two flood-prone villages were selected for a survey;one in a rural area and the other in a suburban area of Thua Thien Hue Province,central Vietnam.The findings indicate that most villagers doubted the structural works’efficacy and were dissatisfied with the current efforts of local authorities.Households’self-preparation thus became the decisive factor in mitigating risk.While most households have paid greater attention to flood precautions in 2017,others seem to be lagging.Poverty-related barriers were the root causes restraining households in both rural and suburban villages.The suburban riverine residents were further identified as vulnerable by their limitations in upgrading structural measures,which was ascribed to the inconsistency in the ancient town’s preservation policy.This multidimensional comparison,in terms of vulnerability,emphasized the importance of space-function links in the suburb and the contradictions of different policy initiatives,such as landscape rehabilitation,disaster prevention,and livelihood maintenance.展开更多
In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions we...In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions were implemented in July 2010. These were： a voluntary ban on use of cephalosporin in Danish swine herds for a 2-year period and a so-called Yellow Card scheme from the DVFA （Danish Veterinary and Food Administration）. Farmers with the highest use of antibiotics receive a Yellow Card. In 2010, approximately 10% of Danish herds were above the Yellow Card threshold value. The consumption of antimicrobials in pigs is evaluated as ADD （animal daily doses） per 100 animals over the last 9 months （by age group）. Current permit limits for a Yellow Card in ADD/100 animal days are 5.2 （sows and piglets）, 28 （weaners）, and 8 （finishers）. In July 2010, farmers with an antimicrobial use close to these limits were warned by the DVFA, that unless actions were taken to reduce their antimicrobial use, they would receive a Yellow Card in December 2010. The means are, for instance, restrictions on oral medication usage and supervision from the authorities to which most expenses are to be covered by the farmer. The warning resulted in a decrease in the national consumption to pigs of 12.5% during the last half-year of 2010 compared to the same half-year in 2009. This decrease continued into 2011 where the consumption in January-February was 24.5% lower than for January-February 2010.展开更多
<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always ...<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always been a tendency to dump all the project risks on the private sector partner without properly evaluating whether it was capable of managing them. Extant literature has shown that where the comparative advantages of parties to handle risks are not properly taken into consideration, the allocation of risk is unbalanced and the tendency for the project to run into difficulties and/or fail increases. This paper looks at the electric power sector privatisation, distilling how key project risks were handled under the exercise. This should be a good pointer as to whether the privatisation exercise wo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">u</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ld be a success in the long run.</span><span></span> </p>展开更多
Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydroge...Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydrogen removal with Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) being a commonly accepted approach. However, an examination of PAR operation specificity reveals potential inefficiencies and reliability issues in certain severe accident scenarios. Moreover, during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development, in some severe accident scenarios PARs can unexpectedly become a source of hydrogen detonation. The effectiveness of hydrogen removal systems depends on various factors, including the chosen strategies, severe accident scenarios, reactor building design, and other influencing factors. Consequently, a comprehensive hydrogen mitigation strategy must effectively incorporate a combination of strategies rather than be based on one strategy, taking into consideration the probabilistic risks and uncertainties associated with the implementation of PARs or other traditional methods. In response to these considerations, within the framework of this research it has been suggested a conceptual strategy to mitigate the hydrogen challenge during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development.展开更多
This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverag...This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverage, stock and bond valuation, cost of capital, and managerial behavior. We also discuss how the effect of climate risk on real estate markets depends on individuals’ beliefs about climate change. Furthermore, we summarize papers on climate risk activism and how firms can employ financial devices and technology to mitigate their climate risk. Finally, we make some recommendations for further research areas.展开更多
In today’s digitally driven landscape, robust Information Technology (IT) risk assessment practices are essential for safeguarding systems, digital communication, and data. This paper introduces “AssessITS,” an act...In today’s digitally driven landscape, robust Information Technology (IT) risk assessment practices are essential for safeguarding systems, digital communication, and data. This paper introduces “AssessITS,” an actionable method designed to provide organizations with comprehensive guidelines for conducting IT and cybersecurity risk assessments. Drawing extensively from NIST 800-30 Rev 1, COBIT 5, and ISO 31000, “AssessITS” bridges the gap between high-level theoretical standards and practical implementation challenges. The paper outlines a step-by-step methodology that organizations can simply adopt to systematically identify, analyze, and mitigate IT risks. By simplifying complex principles into actionable procedures, this framework equips practitioners with the tools needed to perform risk assessments independently, without too much reliance on external vendors. The guidelines are developed to be straightforward, integrating practical evaluation metrics that allow for the precise quantification of asset values, threat levels, vulnerabilities, and impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This approach ensures that the risk assessment process is not only comprehensive but also accessible, enabling decision-makers to implement effective risk mitigation strategies customized to their unique operational contexts. “AssessITS” aims to enable organizations to enhance their IT security strength through practical, actionable guidance based on internationally recognized standards.展开更多
Dongtan is set to be developed as a sustainable urban-rural integration,aiming to attract a wide range of commercial and leisure investments.The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation(SIIC),the largest internation...Dongtan is set to be developed as a sustainable urban-rural integration,aiming to attract a wide range of commercial and leisure investments.The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation(SIIC),the largest international investment group owned by the Shanghai municipal government,is leading the Dongtan project in partnership with Arup.The project’s risks are categorized into eight major groups:(1)Force majeure,(2)people-related risks,(3)financial and economic risks,(4)political and country risks,(5)environmental risks,(6)completion-related risks,(7)design-related risks,and(8)technology risks.Among these,political risk is particularly notable for its high probability and significant impact.Effective project risk management is essential to foresee and address uncertainties that could jeopardize the project’s objectives and timelines.Appropriate strategies must be implemented to manage and mitigate these risks.展开更多
This review examines human vulnerabilities in cybersecurity within Microfinance Institutions, analyzing their impact on organizational resilience. Focusing on social engineering, inadequate security training, and weak...This review examines human vulnerabilities in cybersecurity within Microfinance Institutions, analyzing their impact on organizational resilience. Focusing on social engineering, inadequate security training, and weak internal protocols, the study identifies key vulnerabilities exacerbating cyber threats to MFIs. A literature review using databases like IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar focused on studies from 2019 to 2023 addressing human factors in cybersecurity specific to MFIs. Analysis of 57 studies reveals that phishing and insider threats are predominant, with a 20% annual increase in phishing attempts. Employee susceptibility to these attacks is heightened by insufficient training, with entry-level employees showing the highest vulnerability rates. Further, only 35% of MFIs offer regular cybersecurity training, significantly impacting incident reduction. This paper recommends enhanced training frequency, robust internal controls, and a cybersecurity-aware culture to mitigate human-induced cyber risks in MFIs.展开更多
Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years....Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.展开更多
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,under grant No.(IPP:421-611-2025).
文摘Over the past few years,Malware attacks have become more and more widespread,posing threats to digital assets throughout the world.Although numerous methods have been developed to detect malicious attacks,these malware detection techniques need to be more efficient in detecting new and progressively sophisticated variants of malware.Therefore,the development of more advanced and accurate techniques is necessary for malware detection.This paper introduces a comprehensive Dual-Channel Attention Deep Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(DCADBiLSTM)model for malware detection and riskmitigation.The Dual Channel Attention(DCA)mechanism improves themodel’s capability to concentrate on the features that aremost appropriate in the input data,which reduces the false favourable rates.The Bidirectional Long,Short-Term Memory framework helps capture crucial interdependence from past and future circumstances,which is essential for enhancing the model’s understanding of malware behaviour.As soon as malware is detected,the risk mitigation phase is implemented,which evaluates the severity of each threat and helps mitigate threats earlier.The outcomes of the method demonstrate better accuracy of 98.96%,which outperforms traditional models.It indicates the method detects and mitigates several kinds of malware threats,thereby providing a proactive defence mechanism against the emerging challenges in cybersecurity.
文摘The global supply chain turbulence has increased the difficulty of protecting foreign well-known trademarks.Although there are many studies on cross-border trademark rights protection in academia,there is relatively little research on its risk mitigation effectiveness in the context of supply chain fluctuations.Based on case studies of commercial law and data statistics,the study explores the relationship between protection efficiency and market response through legal applicability.Due to the long litigation cycle and uneven law enforcement,there are differences in market regulation,weakening the protection of well-known trademarks and exacerbating supply chain uncertainty.Strengthening international legal framework cooperation and promoting law enforcement linkage can enhance protection effectiveness.In theory,enriching the theory of cross-border trademark protection and expanding research on brand rights protection in the context of global supply chains.In practice,it helps enterprises adjust their trademark layout,avoid legal risks,and improve market competitiveness.Due to the complexity of the legal environment and limitations in data acquisition,future research will strengthen data analysis,promote international cooperation in intelligent supervision,and build a more efficient cross-border well-known trademark protection mechanism.
基金funded by the So Lo Mon project“Monitoraggio a Lungo Termine di Grandi Frane basato su Sistemi Integrati di Sensori e Reti”(Longterm monitoring of large-scale landslides based on integrated systems of sensors and networks),Program EFRE-FESR 2014–2020,Project EFRE-FESR4008 South Tyrol–Person in charge:V.Mair。
文摘Large-scale deep-seated landslides pose a significant threat to human life and infrastructure.Therefore,closely monitoring these landslides is crucial for assessing and mitigating their associated risks.In this paper,the authors introduce the So Lo Mon framework,a comprehensive monitoring system developed for three large-scale landslides in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano,Italy.A web-based platform integrates various monitoring data(GNSS,topographic data,in-place inclinometer),providing a user-friendly interface for visualizing and analyzing the collected data.This facilitates the identification of trends and patterns in landslide behaviour,enabling the triggering of warnings and the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.The So Lo Mon platform has proven to be an invaluable tool for managing the risks associated with large-scale landslides through non-structural measures and driving countermeasure works design.It serves as a centralized data repository,offering visualization and analysis tools.This information empowers decisionmakers to make informed choices regarding risk mitigation,ultimately ensuring the safety of communities and infrastructures.
基金Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project(No.D0604003040921)
文摘Constructing a metro station by enlarging shield tunnels combined with a mining/cut-and-cover method provides a new method to solve the contradictions of construction time limits of shield tunnels and stations. As a new-style construction method, there are several specific risks involved in the construction process. Based on the test section of Sanyuanqiao station on Beijing metro line 10, and combined with the existing methods of risk identification at present, including a review of world-wide operational experience of similar projects, the study of generic guidance on hazards associated with the type of work being undertaken, and discussions with qualified and experienced staff from the project team, etc., the specific risks during the construction process of the metro station constructed by enlarging shield tunnels combined with the cut-and-cover method are identified. The results show that the specific risks mainly come from three construction processes which include constructing upper enclosure structures, excavating the soil between shield tunnels and demolishing shield segments. Then relevant risk mitigation measures are put forward. The results can provide references for scheme improvement and a comprehensive risk assessment of the new-style construction method.
文摘Rural mountain areas in Thailand have a high hazard potential for landslides.Settlements in hazardous areas are expanding and hill slopes are being deforested.Many former forest areas have been converted into agricultural lands,thereby decreasing slope stabilities.Since the beginning of the 21^(st)century disasters caused by landslides have increased in Thailand.The landslides that lead to disasters in villages are in fact debris flows caused by heavy rains and landslides upstream.Landslides resulting from seismic activities are uncommon in Thailand.The landslide hazard risk in Thailand is defined by the hazard(the debris flow,i.e.,landslide prone areas)and the vulnerability(people living in landslide hazard areas).The landslide prone area mapping is based on the geology and the morphology,and the vulnerability upon settlements.The resulting landslide risk map was used to identify all risk areas and consequently the establishment of a community based landslide observation network has been able to reduce the landslide related risks.This network focuses on training local people to understand the risks related to landslides and provides villages with simple tools to detect early signs of threatening landslides and evacuate villagers to safe places.These networks have proven to be very successful,because it was possible to sensibilize and train villagers on the hazard and the risk with the result to effectively protect human lives during several landslide events.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2244226,U2244227 and 42177172).
文摘Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.
文摘It is important to understand and manage rockburst challenges in deep mining operations.This paper presents a systematic study of rockburst risk in underground mining,offering a detailed examination of influencing factors,risk assessment,and various control and mitigation methods.The complexities of rockburst phenomena are explained by examining factors that lead to the occurrence of rockbursts.A rockburst risk assessment using a bow-tie analysis is conducted,which provides insights into both risk evaluation and proactive control and mitigation systems.The core of the paper presents a comprehensive array of rockburst risk control and mitigation methods,which range from controls to reduce rockburst hazard,and excavation vulnerability,to controls and mitigations to reduce exposure.Strategic engineering control methods,including mine design and mining sequencing,are discussed.Tactical engineering control measures,such as ground pre-conditioning and rock support,are scrutinized,along with administrative controls like evacuation and re-entry protocols and the use of mechanized equipment.A multiple-line defense system is advocated for rockburst risk management to address the uncertainties involved in the process.Finally,emerging technologies and innovations as well as challenges are discussed,providing a roadmap for continued advancements in rockburst risk management in the future.This work serves as a valuable resource for mining professionals,researchers,and policymakers seeking a comprehensive understanding of rockburst risk management in deep mining.
文摘The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54/EC)came in place.Even in new tunnels both to practical and economic reasons the use of longitudinal ventilation has been an outspoken demand from the Swedish road authority,SRA.Swedish law[2]requires that a risk analysis is carried out to demonstrate that an acceptable level of risk is achieved in the tunnels with longitudinal ventilation if there is a risk of queues.Otherwise transverse or semi-transverse ventilation strategy shall be used.During recent development,or a late awakening,it is clear that dense populated areas in Sweden will experience queues.This threatens the foundation of the Swedish modern tunnel safety concept which calls for enhancement.This paper presents the risk-reducing effect of three alternative strategies,enhancements package,focusing on evacuation safety for road users.It is a combination of traffic management,fixed firefighting systems,reduced distance between escape routes and regulation of traffic with dangerous goods.In addition,it provides a comprehensive review of safety system details,combined with a longitudinal ventilation concept.
文摘Subsurface technologies,such as geothermal energy and carbon capture and storage,are options to help limit global warming.Subsurface tech no logies involve the risk of induced seismicity.The successful implementation of these technologies depends on the public perception of these risks.Risk governance frameworks propose assessing the level of public concern and designing adapted risk mitigation measures.We propose that concerns should not only be investigated with respect to the perceived risks but also with respect to the potential mitigation measures.We explore this by analyzing the perception of risk mitigation measures for different subsurface technologies.With an online survey(N=808)in Switzerland we analyzed four technologies(in-between subject design)and four mitigation measures(within subject design).We found that risk mitigation measures are perceived differently,within and across technologies.Thus,public concerns about risk mitigation really matter.We suggest that future research should focus on how risk mitigation measures can be applied and communicated to realize the full potential of risk governance frameworks.
基金This study was financially supported by the Vietnamese government and Okayama University,Japan.Besides
文摘Local actors appear as inseparable components of the integrated flood risk mitigation strategy in Vietnam.Recognizing this fact,this study examined the long-term improvement in precautions taken by commune authorities and households between two major floods in 1999 and 2017 by applying both quantitative and qualitative methods.Two flood-prone villages were selected for a survey;one in a rural area and the other in a suburban area of Thua Thien Hue Province,central Vietnam.The findings indicate that most villagers doubted the structural works’efficacy and were dissatisfied with the current efforts of local authorities.Households’self-preparation thus became the decisive factor in mitigating risk.While most households have paid greater attention to flood precautions in 2017,others seem to be lagging.Poverty-related barriers were the root causes restraining households in both rural and suburban villages.The suburban riverine residents were further identified as vulnerable by their limitations in upgrading structural measures,which was ascribed to the inconsistency in the ancient town’s preservation policy.This multidimensional comparison,in terms of vulnerability,emphasized the importance of space-function links in the suburb and the contradictions of different policy initiatives,such as landscape rehabilitation,disaster prevention,and livelihood maintenance.
文摘In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions were implemented in July 2010. These were： a voluntary ban on use of cephalosporin in Danish swine herds for a 2-year period and a so-called Yellow Card scheme from the DVFA （Danish Veterinary and Food Administration）. Farmers with the highest use of antibiotics receive a Yellow Card. In 2010, approximately 10% of Danish herds were above the Yellow Card threshold value. The consumption of antimicrobials in pigs is evaluated as ADD （animal daily doses） per 100 animals over the last 9 months （by age group）. Current permit limits for a Yellow Card in ADD/100 animal days are 5.2 （sows and piglets）, 28 （weaners）, and 8 （finishers）. In July 2010, farmers with an antimicrobial use close to these limits were warned by the DVFA, that unless actions were taken to reduce their antimicrobial use, they would receive a Yellow Card in December 2010. The means are, for instance, restrictions on oral medication usage and supervision from the authorities to which most expenses are to be covered by the farmer. The warning resulted in a decrease in the national consumption to pigs of 12.5% during the last half-year of 2010 compared to the same half-year in 2009. This decrease continued into 2011 where the consumption in January-February was 24.5% lower than for January-February 2010.
文摘<p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always been a tendency to dump all the project risks on the private sector partner without properly evaluating whether it was capable of managing them. Extant literature has shown that where the comparative advantages of parties to handle risks are not properly taken into consideration, the allocation of risk is unbalanced and the tendency for the project to run into difficulties and/or fail increases. This paper looks at the electric power sector privatisation, distilling how key project risks were handled under the exercise. This should be a good pointer as to whether the privatisation exercise wo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">u</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ld be a success in the long run.</span><span></span> </p>
文摘Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydrogen removal with Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) being a commonly accepted approach. However, an examination of PAR operation specificity reveals potential inefficiencies and reliability issues in certain severe accident scenarios. Moreover, during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development, in some severe accident scenarios PARs can unexpectedly become a source of hydrogen detonation. The effectiveness of hydrogen removal systems depends on various factors, including the chosen strategies, severe accident scenarios, reactor building design, and other influencing factors. Consequently, a comprehensive hydrogen mitigation strategy must effectively incorporate a combination of strategies rather than be based on one strategy, taking into consideration the probabilistic risks and uncertainties associated with the implementation of PARs or other traditional methods. In response to these considerations, within the framework of this research it has been suggested a conceptual strategy to mitigate the hydrogen challenge during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development.
文摘This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverage, stock and bond valuation, cost of capital, and managerial behavior. We also discuss how the effect of climate risk on real estate markets depends on individuals’ beliefs about climate change. Furthermore, we summarize papers on climate risk activism and how firms can employ financial devices and technology to mitigate their climate risk. Finally, we make some recommendations for further research areas.
文摘In today’s digitally driven landscape, robust Information Technology (IT) risk assessment practices are essential for safeguarding systems, digital communication, and data. This paper introduces “AssessITS,” an actionable method designed to provide organizations with comprehensive guidelines for conducting IT and cybersecurity risk assessments. Drawing extensively from NIST 800-30 Rev 1, COBIT 5, and ISO 31000, “AssessITS” bridges the gap between high-level theoretical standards and practical implementation challenges. The paper outlines a step-by-step methodology that organizations can simply adopt to systematically identify, analyze, and mitigate IT risks. By simplifying complex principles into actionable procedures, this framework equips practitioners with the tools needed to perform risk assessments independently, without too much reliance on external vendors. The guidelines are developed to be straightforward, integrating practical evaluation metrics that allow for the precise quantification of asset values, threat levels, vulnerabilities, and impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This approach ensures that the risk assessment process is not only comprehensive but also accessible, enabling decision-makers to implement effective risk mitigation strategies customized to their unique operational contexts. “AssessITS” aims to enable organizations to enhance their IT security strength through practical, actionable guidance based on internationally recognized standards.
文摘Dongtan is set to be developed as a sustainable urban-rural integration,aiming to attract a wide range of commercial and leisure investments.The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation(SIIC),the largest international investment group owned by the Shanghai municipal government,is leading the Dongtan project in partnership with Arup.The project’s risks are categorized into eight major groups:(1)Force majeure,(2)people-related risks,(3)financial and economic risks,(4)political and country risks,(5)environmental risks,(6)completion-related risks,(7)design-related risks,and(8)technology risks.Among these,political risk is particularly notable for its high probability and significant impact.Effective project risk management is essential to foresee and address uncertainties that could jeopardize the project’s objectives and timelines.Appropriate strategies must be implemented to manage and mitigate these risks.
文摘This review examines human vulnerabilities in cybersecurity within Microfinance Institutions, analyzing their impact on organizational resilience. Focusing on social engineering, inadequate security training, and weak internal protocols, the study identifies key vulnerabilities exacerbating cyber threats to MFIs. A literature review using databases like IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar focused on studies from 2019 to 2023 addressing human factors in cybersecurity specific to MFIs. Analysis of 57 studies reveals that phishing and insider threats are predominant, with a 20% annual increase in phishing attempts. Employee susceptibility to these attacks is heightened by insufficient training, with entry-level employees showing the highest vulnerability rates. Further, only 35% of MFIs offer regular cybersecurity training, significantly impacting incident reduction. This paper recommends enhanced training frequency, robust internal controls, and a cybersecurity-aware culture to mitigate human-induced cyber risks in MFIs.
文摘Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.
