Affected by the Federal Reserve's interest rate hike and the downward pressure on the domestic economy,the phenomenon of default is still prominent.The credit risk of the listed companies has become a growing conc...Affected by the Federal Reserve's interest rate hike and the downward pressure on the domestic economy,the phenomenon of default is still prominent.The credit risk of the listed companies has become a growing concern of the community.In this paper we present a novel credit risk measurement method based on a dimensional reduation technique.The method first extracts the risk measure indexes from the basal financial data via dimensional reduation by using deep belief network(DBN),exploratory factor analysis(EFA)and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)in turn.And then the credit risk is measured by a systemic structural equation model(SEM)and logistic distribution.To validate the proposed method,we employ the financial data of the listed companies from Q12019 to Q22022.The empirical results show its effectiveness on statistical evaluation,assessment on testing samples and credit risk forecasting.展开更多
Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical...Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical guarantees.In this pa-per,we introduce several topics on quantitative risk management and review some of the recent studies and advancements on the topics.We consider several risk metrics and study decision models that involve the metrics,with a main focus on the related com-puting techniques and theoretical properties.We show that stochastic optimization,as a powerful tool,can be leveraged to effectively address these problems.展开更多
The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54...The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54/EC)came in place.Even in new tunnels both to practical and economic reasons the use of longitudinal ventilation has been an outspoken demand from the Swedish road authority,SRA.Swedish law[2]requires that a risk analysis is carried out to demonstrate that an acceptable level of risk is achieved in the tunnels with longitudinal ventilation if there is a risk of queues.Otherwise transverse or semi-transverse ventilation strategy shall be used.During recent development,or a late awakening,it is clear that dense populated areas in Sweden will experience queues.This threatens the foundation of the Swedish modern tunnel safety concept which calls for enhancement.This paper presents the risk-reducing effect of three alternative strategies,enhancements package,focusing on evacuation safety for road users.It is a combination of traffic management,fixed firefighting systems,reduced distance between escape routes and regulation of traffic with dangerous goods.In addition,it provides a comprehensive review of safety system details,combined with a longitudinal ventilation concept.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct research on the reasonable strategy of the development of commercial banks under the perspective of P2P Internet financial risks. P2P financial model mainly for China＇ s small and medium ent...In this paper, we conduct research on the reasonable strategy of the development of commercial banks under the perspective of P2P Internet financial risks. P2P financial model mainly for China＇ s small and medium enterprises and individuals to provides financing services. Generally need to use e-commerce professional network platform lending to help both sides to establish lending relationship and complete the related formalities. Traditional commercial banks need reform to keep up with the novel financial tools related to the Internet financing which will be discussed below.展开更多
Now, in the field of mobile payment, there are more application scenarios, and the boundaries between payment and other financial services become increasingly blurred. While providing convenience to consumers, there a...Now, in the field of mobile payment, there are more application scenarios, and the boundaries between payment and other financial services become increasingly blurred. While providing convenience to consumers, there are also strategic and regulatory risks, business risks, credit risks, network security risks and technology application risks. The construction of China's mobile payment legal system lags behind the development of the cause, and the mobile payment risk prevention system is still imperfect, which hinders the healthy development of mobile payment to a certain extent. Based on the classified analysis of the risk of current settlement, this paper adopts five first indicators and 16 second indicators, including the design of current indicators, in order to construct the hierarchical analysis method and analysis method of the risk assessment model of current settlement, mobile settlement risk assessment index system. Based on the empirical analysis of the risk assessment model of mobile payment, relevant policy recommendations are put forward.展开更多
In this paper, from the viewpoint of the time value of money, we study the risk measures for portfolio vectors with discount factor. Cash subadditive risk measures for portfolio vectors are proposed. Representation re...In this paper, from the viewpoint of the time value of money, we study the risk measures for portfolio vectors with discount factor. Cash subadditive risk measures for portfolio vectors are proposed. Representation results are given by two different methods which are convex analysis and enlarging space. Especially, the method of convex analysis make the line of reasoning and the representation result be simpler. Meanwhile, spot and forward risk measures for portfolio vectors are also introduced, and the relationships between them are investigated.展开更多
In this paper, by an axiomatic approach, we propose the concepts of comonotonic subadditivity and comonotonic convex risk measures for portfolios, which are extensions of the ones introduced by Song and Yan （2006）. ...In this paper, by an axiomatic approach, we propose the concepts of comonotonic subadditivity and comonotonic convex risk measures for portfolios, which are extensions of the ones introduced by Song and Yan （2006）. Representation results for these new introduced risk measures for portfolios are given in terms of Choquet integrals. Links of these newly introduced risk measures to multi-period comonotonic risk measures are represented. Finally, applications of the newly introduced comonotonic coherent risk measures to capital allocations are provided.展开更多
This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity ...This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.展开更多
In this paper, new risk measures are introduced, tation results are also given. These newly introduced risk introduced by Song and Yan （2009） and Karoui （2009）. and the corresponding represen- measures are extens...In this paper, new risk measures are introduced, tation results are also given. These newly introduced risk introduced by Song and Yan （2009） and Karoui （2009）. and the corresponding represen- measures are extensions of those展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The loga...In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The logarithm equivalent form of reinsurance premium is regarded as the retention of reinsurer, and the differential earnings between the reinsurance premium and the reinsurer＇s retention is accumu- lated as a part of Catastrophe Fund. We demonstrate that the aforementioned risk measure has some good properties, which are further confirmed by numerical simu- lations in R environment.展开更多
In this paper, we focus on anticipated backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(ABSVIEs) with jumps. We solve the problem of the well-posedness of so-called M-solutions to this class of equation, and analytical...In this paper, we focus on anticipated backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(ABSVIEs) with jumps. We solve the problem of the well-posedness of so-called M-solutions to this class of equation, and analytically derive a comparison theorem for them and for the continuous equilibrium consumption process. These continuous equilibrium consumption processes can be described by the solutions to this class of ABSVIE with jumps.Motivated by this, a class of dynamic risk measures induced by ABSVIEs with jumps are discussed.展开更多
This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future un...This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future unpaid losses by combining the information channels of both the incurred claims and paid losses.We propose the recovery of the empirical distribution of the outstanding claims liabilities associated with a group of contracts via moment-based density approximation.We determine the risk measures and adjustments that are compliant with the new standard using the Monte–Carlo simulation method and approximated distributions.The historical data on the aggregate Ontario automobile insurance claims over a 15-year period are analyzed to examine the appropriateness and accuracy of our approach.展开更多
Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example t...Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.展开更多
This paper presents explicit formulae giving tight upper and lower bounds on the expectations of alpha-unimodal random variables having a known range and given set of moments. Such bounds can be useful in ordering of ...This paper presents explicit formulae giving tight upper and lower bounds on the expectations of alpha-unimodal random variables having a known range and given set of moments. Such bounds can be useful in ordering of random variables in terms of risk and in PERT analysis where there is only incomplete stochastic information concerning the variables under investigation. Explicit closed form solutions are also given involving alpha-unimodal random variables having a known mean for two particularly important measures of risk—the squared distance or variance, and the absolute deviation. In addition, optimal tight bounds are given for the probability of ruin in the collective risk model when the severity distribution has an alpha-unimodal distribution with known moments.展开更多
This study investigates calendar anomalies： day-of-the-week effect and seasonal effect in the Value-at-Risk （VaR） analysis of stock returns for AAPL during the period of 1995 through 2015. The statistical propertie...This study investigates calendar anomalies： day-of-the-week effect and seasonal effect in the Value-at-Risk （VaR） analysis of stock returns for AAPL during the period of 1995 through 2015. The statistical properties are examined and a comprehensive set of diagnostic checks are made on the two decades of AAPL daily stock returns. Combing the Extreme Value Approach together with a statistical analysis, it is learnt that the lowest VaR occurs on Fridays and Mondays typically. Moreover, high Q4 and Q3 VaR are observed during the test period. These results are valuable for anyone who needs evaluation and forecasts of the risk situation in AAPL. Moreover, this methodology, which is applicable to any other stocks or portfolios, is more realistic and comprehensive than the standard normal distribution based VaR model that is commonly used.展开更多
Since the foreign exchange reform on July 21^st 2005, the flexibility of RMB exchange rate has becoming big, so has the foreign exchange risk. How to effectively manage foreign exchange risk has become an emergent tas...Since the foreign exchange reform on July 21^st 2005, the flexibility of RMB exchange rate has becoming big, so has the foreign exchange risk. How to effectively manage foreign exchange risk has become an emergent task to enterprises. This paper introduces the method of foreign exchange forecast which is the base of foreign exchange risk management, and then deeply discusses different measures of managing the risk.展开更多
Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years....Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.展开更多
The financial crisis in late 2008 arrested economic development in the construction sector in the Middle East, with the result that investors＇ confidence in the sector is severely depressed. Delays constitute one of ...The financial crisis in late 2008 arrested economic development in the construction sector in the Middle East, with the result that investors＇ confidence in the sector is severely depressed. Delays constitute one of the highest impediments to project success. In this respect, the traditional management is no longer sufficient for construction project success. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature review to identify additional effective measures for controlling the potential delays risks in construction projects in order to maximize the opportunities for success in those projects. Thirty-six scholarly articles published between 2000 and 2011 are reviewed to identify related MDRC （measures for delays risks control）. This survey reveals that 60% of the studies are related to decision-making, performance, risk management variations and poor management knowledge of stakeholders and that 20% of these studies are undertaken in the Middle East. A further 25% of the studies are related to the lack of financial risk by stakeholders, and of these 14% are in the Middle East. A knowledge gap is identified in terms of project performance, stakeholder management and risk management, which are seen as significant measures of success in controlling project delay.展开更多
The thesis analyzes risk factors of enterprise＇s technology innovation, adopts the undetermined measuring model to evaluate technology innovation risk and testifies it through an example.
With the continuous development of social economy and the deepening of economic globalization, Chinas economic environment is complicated, and various departments and industries are constantly pursuing the maximizatio...With the continuous development of social economy and the deepening of economic globalization, Chinas economic environment is complicated, and various departments and industries are constantly pursuing the maximization of economic benefits. As a result, the market competition is becoming more and more fierce. Therefore, the audit work of enterprises is carried to a more important position. At present, all enterprises are constantly strengthening their audit work in order to gain a better foothold in the industry. The audit work of enterprises is relatively complicated and contains many contents. Therefore, each enterprise is constantly innovating the audit methods and optimizing the audit mode to improve the quality of the audit work. By carrying out the audit work, we can carry out all-round, deep-level and wide-range supervision on the internal economy of the enterprise, thus ensuring the use of funds, improving the utilization rate of funds, avoiding the waste of funds and maximizing the economic benefits of the enterprise. Based on the actual investigation, it is found that there are some problems and certain risks in the audit of Chinese enterprises. Through this article, the author expounds the current situation of enterprises and the research on risk response, hoping to promote the effective development of enterprise audit in our country.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(21CTJ005)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(KJ2017A105)。
文摘Affected by the Federal Reserve's interest rate hike and the downward pressure on the domestic economy,the phenomenon of default is still prominent.The credit risk of the listed companies has become a growing concern of the community.In this paper we present a novel credit risk measurement method based on a dimensional reduation technique.The method first extracts the risk measure indexes from the basal financial data via dimensional reduation by using deep belief network(DBN),exploratory factor analysis(EFA)and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)in turn.And then the credit risk is measured by a systemic structural equation model(SEM)and logistic distribution.To validate the proposed method,we employ the financial data of the listed companies from Q12019 to Q22022.The empirical results show its effectiveness on statistical evaluation,assessment on testing samples and credit risk forecasting.
文摘Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical guarantees.In this pa-per,we introduce several topics on quantitative risk management and review some of the recent studies and advancements on the topics.We consider several risk metrics and study decision models that involve the metrics,with a main focus on the related com-puting techniques and theoretical properties.We show that stochastic optimization,as a powerful tool,can be leveraged to effectively address these problems.
文摘The longitudinal ventilation strategy is commonly used for road tunnels in urban environment in Sweden.This is partly due to how tunnels in urban environment was planned and designed before the EU Directive[1](2004/54/EC)came in place.Even in new tunnels both to practical and economic reasons the use of longitudinal ventilation has been an outspoken demand from the Swedish road authority,SRA.Swedish law[2]requires that a risk analysis is carried out to demonstrate that an acceptable level of risk is achieved in the tunnels with longitudinal ventilation if there is a risk of queues.Otherwise transverse or semi-transverse ventilation strategy shall be used.During recent development,or a late awakening,it is clear that dense populated areas in Sweden will experience queues.This threatens the foundation of the Swedish modern tunnel safety concept which calls for enhancement.This paper presents the risk-reducing effect of three alternative strategies,enhancements package,focusing on evacuation safety for road users.It is a combination of traffic management,fixed firefighting systems,reduced distance between escape routes and regulation of traffic with dangerous goods.In addition,it provides a comprehensive review of safety system details,combined with a longitudinal ventilation concept.
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on the reasonable strategy of the development of commercial banks under the perspective of P2P Internet financial risks. P2P financial model mainly for China＇ s small and medium enterprises and individuals to provides financing services. Generally need to use e-commerce professional network platform lending to help both sides to establish lending relationship and complete the related formalities. Traditional commercial banks need reform to keep up with the novel financial tools related to the Internet financing which will be discussed below.
文摘Now, in the field of mobile payment, there are more application scenarios, and the boundaries between payment and other financial services become increasingly blurred. While providing convenience to consumers, there are also strategic and regulatory risks, business risks, credit risks, network security risks and technology application risks. The construction of China's mobile payment legal system lags behind the development of the cause, and the mobile payment risk prevention system is still imperfect, which hinders the healthy development of mobile payment to a certain extent. Based on the classified analysis of the risk of current settlement, this paper adopts five first indicators and 16 second indicators, including the design of current indicators, in order to construct the hierarchical analysis method and analysis method of the risk assessment model of current settlement, mobile settlement risk assessment index system. Based on the empirical analysis of the risk assessment model of mobile payment, relevant policy recommendations are put forward.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11371284,11771343)
文摘In this paper, from the viewpoint of the time value of money, we study the risk measures for portfolio vectors with discount factor. Cash subadditive risk measures for portfolio vectors are proposed. Representation results are given by two different methods which are convex analysis and enlarging space. Especially, the method of convex analysis make the line of reasoning and the representation result be simpler. Meanwhile, spot and forward risk measures for portfolio vectors are also introduced, and the relationships between them are investigated.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11371284)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(14B110037)
文摘In this paper, by an axiomatic approach, we propose the concepts of comonotonic subadditivity and comonotonic convex risk measures for portfolios, which are extensions of the ones introduced by Song and Yan （2006）. Representation results for these new introduced risk measures for portfolios are given in terms of Choquet integrals. Links of these newly introduced risk measures to multi-period comonotonic risk measures are represented. Finally, applications of the newly introduced comonotonic coherent risk measures to capital allocations are provided.
文摘This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10971157)Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research+1 种基金Ministry of Education of China (09JZD0027)The Talent Introduction Projects of Nanjing Audit University
文摘In this paper, new risk measures are introduced, tation results are also given. These newly introduced risk introduced by Song and Yan （2009） and Karoui （2009）. and the corresponding represen- measures are extensions of those
基金The NSF(10971081,11001105,11071126,10926156,11071269,J0730101)of ChinaSpecialized Research Fund(20070183023)for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education+2 种基金Program(NCET-08-237)for New Century Excellent Talents in UniversityScientific Research Fund(200810024,200903278)of Jilin University985 project of Jilin University
文摘In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The logarithm equivalent form of reinsurance premium is regarded as the retention of reinsurer, and the differential earnings between the reinsurance premium and the reinsurer＇s retention is accumu- lated as a part of Catastrophe Fund. We demonstrate that the aforementioned risk measure has some good properties, which are further confirmed by numerical simu- lations in R environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11901184, 11771343)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2020JJ5025)。
文摘In this paper, we focus on anticipated backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(ABSVIEs) with jumps. We solve the problem of the well-posedness of so-called M-solutions to this class of equation, and analytically derive a comparison theorem for them and for the continuous equilibrium consumption process. These continuous equilibrium consumption processes can be described by the solutions to this class of ABSVIE with jumps.Motivated by this, a class of dynamic risk measures induced by ABSVIEs with jumps are discussed.
基金This study was funded by the MITACS Accelerate Grant-Award Number IT12339the Foreign Young Talents Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(QN20200017001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672913).
文摘This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future unpaid losses by combining the information channels of both the incurred claims and paid losses.We propose the recovery of the empirical distribution of the outstanding claims liabilities associated with a group of contracts via moment-based density approximation.We determine the risk measures and adjustments that are compliant with the new standard using the Monte–Carlo simulation method and approximated distributions.The historical data on the aggregate Ontario automobile insurance claims over a 15-year period are analyzed to examine the appropriateness and accuracy of our approach.
文摘Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.
文摘This paper presents explicit formulae giving tight upper and lower bounds on the expectations of alpha-unimodal random variables having a known range and given set of moments. Such bounds can be useful in ordering of random variables in terms of risk and in PERT analysis where there is only incomplete stochastic information concerning the variables under investigation. Explicit closed form solutions are also given involving alpha-unimodal random variables having a known mean for two particularly important measures of risk—the squared distance or variance, and the absolute deviation. In addition, optimal tight bounds are given for the probability of ruin in the collective risk model when the severity distribution has an alpha-unimodal distribution with known moments.
文摘This study investigates calendar anomalies： day-of-the-week effect and seasonal effect in the Value-at-Risk （VaR） analysis of stock returns for AAPL during the period of 1995 through 2015. The statistical properties are examined and a comprehensive set of diagnostic checks are made on the two decades of AAPL daily stock returns. Combing the Extreme Value Approach together with a statistical analysis, it is learnt that the lowest VaR occurs on Fridays and Mondays typically. Moreover, high Q4 and Q3 VaR are observed during the test period. These results are valuable for anyone who needs evaluation and forecasts of the risk situation in AAPL. Moreover, this methodology, which is applicable to any other stocks or portfolios, is more realistic and comprehensive than the standard normal distribution based VaR model that is commonly used.
文摘Since the foreign exchange reform on July 21^st 2005, the flexibility of RMB exchange rate has becoming big, so has the foreign exchange risk. How to effectively manage foreign exchange risk has become an emergent task to enterprises. This paper introduces the method of foreign exchange forecast which is the base of foreign exchange risk management, and then deeply discusses different measures of managing the risk.
文摘Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.
文摘The financial crisis in late 2008 arrested economic development in the construction sector in the Middle East, with the result that investors＇ confidence in the sector is severely depressed. Delays constitute one of the highest impediments to project success. In this respect, the traditional management is no longer sufficient for construction project success. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature review to identify additional effective measures for controlling the potential delays risks in construction projects in order to maximize the opportunities for success in those projects. Thirty-six scholarly articles published between 2000 and 2011 are reviewed to identify related MDRC （measures for delays risks control）. This survey reveals that 60% of the studies are related to decision-making, performance, risk management variations and poor management knowledge of stakeholders and that 20% of these studies are undertaken in the Middle East. A further 25% of the studies are related to the lack of financial risk by stakeholders, and of these 14% are in the Middle East. A knowledge gap is identified in terms of project performance, stakeholder management and risk management, which are seen as significant measures of success in controlling project delay.
文摘The thesis analyzes risk factors of enterprise＇s technology innovation, adopts the undetermined measuring model to evaluate technology innovation risk and testifies it through an example.
文摘With the continuous development of social economy and the deepening of economic globalization, Chinas economic environment is complicated, and various departments and industries are constantly pursuing the maximization of economic benefits. As a result, the market competition is becoming more and more fierce. Therefore, the audit work of enterprises is carried to a more important position. At present, all enterprises are constantly strengthening their audit work in order to gain a better foothold in the industry. The audit work of enterprises is relatively complicated and contains many contents. Therefore, each enterprise is constantly innovating the audit methods and optimizing the audit mode to improve the quality of the audit work. By carrying out the audit work, we can carry out all-round, deep-level and wide-range supervision on the internal economy of the enterprise, thus ensuring the use of funds, improving the utilization rate of funds, avoiding the waste of funds and maximizing the economic benefits of the enterprise. Based on the actual investigation, it is found that there are some problems and certain risks in the audit of Chinese enterprises. Through this article, the author expounds the current situation of enterprises and the research on risk response, hoping to promote the effective development of enterprise audit in our country.
