A wide northeast-trending belt of intraplate alkaline volcanism,exhibiting similar geochemical characteristics,stretches from the Eastern Atlantic Ocean to the Cenozoic rift system in Europe.Its formation is associate...A wide northeast-trending belt of intraplate alkaline volcanism,exhibiting similar geochemical characteristics,stretches from the Eastern Atlantic Ocean to the Cenozoic rift system in Europe.Its formation is associated with both passive and active mechanisms,but it remains a source of ongoing debate among geoscientists.Here,we show that seismic whole-mantle tomography models consistently identify two extensive low-velocity anomalies beneath the Canary Islands(CEAA)and Western-Central Europe(ECRA)at mid-mantle depths,merging near the core-mantle boundary.These low-velocity features are interpreted as two connected broad plumes originating from the top of the African LLSVP,likely feeding diapir-like upwellings in the upper mantle.The CEAA rises vertically,whereas the ECRA is tilted and dissipates at mantle transition zone depths,possibly due to the interaction with the cold Alpine subducted slab,which hinders its continuity at shallower depths.While plate-boundary forces are considered the primary drivers of rifting,the hypothesis that deep mantle plumes play a role in generating volcanic activity provides a compelling explanation for the European rift-related alkaline volcanism,supported by geological,geophysical,and geochemical evidence.展开更多
Previous studies have indicated that sediment gravity flow deposits developed in lacustrine active extensional rift basins are primarily influenced by tectonics and to a lesser extent by climate.Our present work revea...Previous studies have indicated that sediment gravity flow deposits developed in lacustrine active extensional rift basins are primarily influenced by tectonics and to a lesser extent by climate.Our present work reveals that climate can obscure the effect of tectonic subsidence by regulating sediment supply;conversely,tectonics can impede the sedimentary manifestation of climatic impacts.Here a case study has been presented to assess the impact of climate-modulated rapid lake-level rise and tectonic subsidence on the development of coarse-grained gravity flow deposits in the Dongying rift margin of the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The lithofacies analysis reveals frequent bed amalgamation,abundant thick massive coarse-grained deposits,widespread cross bedding and plant fragments,and incomplete composite bed formed by high-energy erosion,indicating that the hyperpycnal flow is an important mechanism driving the deposition of these coarse-grained sediments.Detailed sequence stratigraphic analysis and sediment dispersal pattern suggest that the long-striped nearshore subaqueous fan systems induced by outburst-flood hyperpycnal flow distributed along the border fault,are primarily controlled by long-term tectonics,while the rapid rise of lake level driven by short-term climate change possibly intensifies seasonal flood-generated hyperpycnal flow occurrences and consequently promotes the basinal fan progradation.The maximum scale of these coarse-grained gravity flow deposits of the basinal fan systems are typically attained during the transgressive systems tract,which deviates from the classical sequence stratigraphic model.Furthermore,it presented a continuous transition from the proximal to the distal part,encompassing traction flows and turbidity currents during the periods of relatively stable tectonics.Nevertheless,gravel-rich debris flows appear to predominate the dispersion of coarse-grained sediments during periods characterized by intense tectonic activity.The coarse-grained gravity flow deposits in the lacustrine rift margin reported here,challenge the traditional beliefs:this study suggests that subaqueous deposits abundantly preserved in the transgressive setting.展开更多
The Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin harbors significant potential for shale gas harvesting.However,systematic disparities in mineral composition and reservoir architecture have been observed between...The Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin harbors significant potential for shale gas harvesting.However,systematic disparities in mineral composition and reservoir architecture have been observed between intra-and extra-trough reservoirs within the Deyang-Anyue Rift Trough.These variations were primarily determined by divergences in the sedimentary environments developed during the evolution of the rift trough,which were a main factor in fostering the heterogeneous distribution of shale gas enrichment found today.However,the genetic mechanisms that govern reservoir heterogeneity across distinct structural domains(intra-trough,trough margin,and extra-trough)remain poorly understood,particularly regarding the coupling relationships between depositional environments,reservoir characteristics,and gas-bearing properties.This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach to investigating this issue that integrates core analysis,well-log interpretations,and geochemical data.Through systematic comparisons conducted using X-ray diffraction mineralogy,organic carbon quantification,and spontaneous imbibition experiments,we characterize the mineral assemblages,organic geochemical signatures,and pore structures found across the three structural domains of the Deyang-Anyue Rift Trough.The key findings are as follows:(1)The depositional environment is the main influence on reservoir distribution and organic matter enrichment,with intra-trough shales exhibiting a higher abundance of organic matter than their trough-margin and extra-trough counterparts.(2)Enhanced brittleness in intra-trough zones correlates with the predominance of biogenic silica therein.(3)Synergistic organic-inorganic interactions govern pore system development.(4)Gas-bearing capacity is jointly determined by effective porosity and organic matter content.These findings establish the rift trough as a preferential exploration target,providing critical geological guidance for optimizing shale gas exploration strategies in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.展开更多
Lacustrine rift basins in China are characterized by pronounced structural segmentation,strong sedimentary heterogeneity,extensive fault-fracture development,and significant variability in thermal maturity and mobilit...Lacustrine rift basins in China are characterized by pronounced structural segmentation,strong sedimentary heterogeneity,extensive fault-fracture development,and significant variability in thermal maturity and mobility of shale oil.This study reviews the current status of exploration and development of shale oil in such basins and examines theoretical frameworks such as“binary enrichment”and source-reservoir configuration,with a focus on five key subjects:(1)sedimentation-diagenesis coupling mechanisms of fine-grained shale reservoir formation;(2)dynamic diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon occurrence mechanisms of organic-rich shale;(3)dominant controls and evaluation methods for shale oil enrichment;(4)fracturing mechanisms of organic-rich shale and simulation of artificial fracture networks;and(5)flow mechanisms and effective development strategies for shale oil.Integrated analysis suggests that two major scientific challenges must be addressed:the coupled evolution of fine-grained sedimentation,differential diagenesis,and hydrocarbon generation under tectonic influence and its control on shale oil occurrence and enrichment;and multi-scale,multiphase flow mechanisms and three-dimensional development strategies for lacustrine shale oil in complex fault blocks.In response to current exploration and development bottlenecks,future research will be conducted primarily to:(1)deeply understand organic-inorganic interactions and reservoir formation mechanisms in organic-rich shales,and clarify the influence of high-frequency sequence evolution and diagenetic fluids on reservoir space;(2)elucidate the dynamic processes of hydrocarbon generation,expulsion,and retention across different lithofacies,and quantify their relationship with thermal maturity,including the conditions for the formation of self-sealing systems;(3)develop a geologically adaptive,data-and intelligence-driven shale oil classification and grading evaluation system of shale oil;(4)reveal artificial fracture propagation pattern and optimize physical field coupled fracturing technologies for complex lithofacies assemblages;and(5)overcome challenges in multi-scale geological modeling and multiphase flow characterization,and establish advanced numerical simulation methodologies.展开更多
In contrast to well-studied rift basins in NE China,the Hailar Basin has received relatively less attention regarding the combined patterns of different types of grabens and half-grabens.This study aims to explore whe...In contrast to well-studied rift basins in NE China,the Hailar Basin has received relatively less attention regarding the combined patterns of different types of grabens and half-grabens.This study aims to explore whether the combined patterns of grabens in the Hailar Basin exhibit similar characteristics to those in other NE China rift basins and to identify the underlying causes.To achieve this,a comprehensive analysis of the major fault systems and the combined patterns of faulted sub-depressions,as well as their controlling mechanisms,was conducted.This analysis utilized the latest 3D seismic data that cover nearly the entire Beier Depression.Three groups of pre-existing fault systems were observed in the basement of the Beier Depression,and they are the NEE-EW-trending fault systems,the NE-trending fault systems,and the NW-trending fault systems.The NEE-EW-trending fault systems were distributed in the central part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Tongbomiao and the Lower Nantun Formations.The NE-trending fault systems were distributed in the southwestern part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Upper Nantun Formations.The NW-trending fault systems were distributed rarely in the Beier Depression.Five kinds of combined patterns of the sub-depressions were developed in the Beier Depression,and they are the parallel,en echelon,face-to-face,back-to-back,and S-shaped combined patterns.They were controlled by the NEE-EW-trending and the NE-trending fault systems with different orientations,arrangements,and activation sequences.展开更多
Guided by the fundamental principles of the whole petroleum system,the control of tectonism,sedimentation,and diagenesis on hydrocarbon accumulation in a rifted basin is studied using the data of petroleum geology and...Guided by the fundamental principles of the whole petroleum system,the control of tectonism,sedimentation,and diagenesis on hydrocarbon accumulation in a rifted basin is studied using the data of petroleum geology and exploration of the second member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation(Kong-2 Member)in the Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China.It is clarified that the circle structure and circle effects are the marked features of a continental fault petroliferous basin,and they govern the orderly distribution of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in the whole petroleum systems of the rifted basin.Tectonic circle zones control sedimentary circle zones,while sedimentary circle zones and diagenetic circle zones control the spatial distribution of favorable reservoirs,thereby determining the orderly distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in various circles.A model for the integrated,systematic accumulation of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons under a multi-circle structure of the whole petroleum system of continental rifted basin has been developed.It reveals that each sag of the rifted basin is an independent whole petroleum system and circle system,which encompasses multiple orderly circles of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons controlled by the same source kitchen.From the outer circle to the middle circle and then to the inner circle,there is an orderly transition from structural and stratigraphic reservoirs,to lithological and structural-lithological reservoirs,and finally to tight oil/gas and shale oil/gas enrichment zones.The significant feature of the whole petroleum system is the orderly control of hydrocarbons by multi-circle stratigraphic coupling,with the integrated,orderly distribution of conventional and unconventional reserves being the inevitable result of the multi-layered interaction within the whole petroleum system.This concept of multi-circle stratigraphic coupling for the orderly,integrated accumulation of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons has guided significant breakthroughs in the overall,three-dimensional exploration and shale oil exploration in the Cangdong Sag.展开更多
Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)o...Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin,China,as the research object,the geochemical parameters(component,isotopic composition)of natural gas from the Dengying Formation in different areas are compared,and then the differences in geochemical characteristics of Dengying natural gas on the east and west sides of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough and their genesis are clarified.First,the Dengying gas reservoirs on both sides of the rift trough are predominantly composed of oil-cracking gas with high maturity,which is typical dry gas.Second,severely modified by thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)reaction,the Dengying gas reservoirs on the east side exhibit high H2S and CO_(2) contents,with an elevated δ^(13)C_(2) value(average value higher than-29‰).The Dengying gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area are less affected by TSR modification,though the δ^(13)C_(1) values are slightly greater than that of the reservoirs on the east side with partial reversal of carbon isotope composition,likely due to the water-soluble gas precipitation and accumulation mechanism.The Dengying gas reservoir of Well Datan-1 shows no influence from TSR.Third,the Dengying gas reservoirs reflect high helium contents(significantly higher than that on the east side)in the Weiyuan and Datan-1 areas on the west side,which is supposed to attribute to the widespread granites in basement and efficient vertical transport along faults.Fourth,controlled by the paleo-salinity of water medium in the depositional period of the source rock,the δ^(2)HCH_(4) values of the Dengying gas reservoirs on the west side are slightly lighter than those on the east side.Fifth,the Dengying natural gas in the Datan-1 area is contributed by the source rocks of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation and the third member of the Dengying Formation,in addition to the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.展开更多
Rift Valley fever virus(RVFV)is a high-containment pathogen that causes severe diseases in humans,with no approved therapeutics available.Its classification as a biosafety level 3(BSL-3)agent has limited research and ...Rift Valley fever virus(RVFV)is a high-containment pathogen that causes severe diseases in humans,with no approved therapeutics available.Its classification as a biosafety level 3(BSL-3)agent has limited research and therapeutic development due to safety concerns.In this study,we developed a stable replicon cell line maintaining the replication of L and S genomic segments of RVFV.Single-cycle viral replicon particles(VRPs)could be efficiently packaged through trans-complementation of glycoproteins from different strains,recapitulating authentic viral entry and replication while minimizing biosafety risks.Using this system,we conducted high-throughput screening of a small-molecule compound library and identified CNX-1351 as an antiviral agent for multiple RNA viruses.Mechanistic studies revealed that CNX-1351 inhibits viral replication,potentially by targeting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.This single-cycle VRP system provides a valuable tool for studying RVFV biology,host interactions,antiviral and vaccine development under reduced biosafety constraints.展开更多
A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift, in deviation from the classic twostage evolution scenario, based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between ...A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift, in deviation from the classic twostage evolution scenario, based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic complexes （TLSC） in sedimentary sections around Lake Baikal and seismic stratigraphic sequences （SSS） in the lake sediments. Unlike the previous models, the revised model places the onset of rifting during Late Cretaceous and comprises three major stages which are subdivided into several substages. The stages and the substages are separated by events of tectonic activity and stress reversal when additional compression produced folds and shear structures. The events that mark the stage boundaries show up as gaps, unconformities, and deformation features in the deposition patterns. The earliest Late Cretaceous-Oligocene stage began long before the India-Eurasia collision in a setting of diffuse extension that acted over a large territory of Asia. The NW-SE far-field pure extension produced an NE-striking half-graben oriented along an old zone of weakness at the edge of the Siberian craton. That was already the onset of rift evolution recorded in weathered lacustrine deposits on the Baikal shore and in a wedge-shaped acoustically transparent seismic unit in the lake sediments. The second stage spanning Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene time began with a stress change when the effect from the Eocene India-Eurasia collision had reached the region and became a major control of its geodynamics. The EW and NE transpression and shear from the collisional front transformed the Late Cretaceous half-graben into a U-shaped one which accumulated a deformed layered sequence of sediments. Rifting at the latest stage was driven by extension from a local source associated with hot mantle material rising to the base of the rifted crust. The asthenospheric upwarp first induced the growth of the Baikal dome and the related change from finer to coarser molasse deposition. With time, the upwarp became a more powerful stress source than the collision, and the stress vector returned to the previous NW-SE extension that changed the rift geometry back to a half-graben. The layered Late Pliocene-Quaternary subaerial tectonic--lithological-stratigraphic and the Quaternary submarine seismic stratigraphic units filling the latest haIf-graben remained almost undeformed. The rifting mechanisms were thus passive during two earlier stages and active during the third stage. The three-stage model of the rift history does not rule out the previous division into two major stages but rather extends its limits back into time as far as the Maastrichtian. Our model is consistent with geological, stratigraphic, structural, and geophysical data and provides further insights into the understanding of rifting in the Baikal region in particular and continental rifting in general.展开更多
The East African Rift system （EARS） provides a unique system with the juxtaposition of two contrasting yet simultaneously formed rift branches, the eastern, magma-rich, and the western, magma-poor, on either sides o...The East African Rift system （EARS） provides a unique system with the juxtaposition of two contrasting yet simultaneously formed rift branches, the eastern, magma-rich, and the western, magma-poor, on either sides of the old thick Tanzanian craton embedded in a younger lithosphere. Data on the pre-rifr, syn-rift and post-rift far-field volcanic and tectonic activity show that the EARS formed in the context of the interaction between a deep mantle plume and a horizontally and vertically heterogeneous lithosphere under far-field tectonic extension. We bring quantitative insights into this evolution by implementing high-resolution 3D thermo-mechanical numerical deformation models of a lithosphere of realistic rheology. The models focus on the central part of the EARS. We explore scenarios of plumelithosphere interaction with plumes of various size and initial position rising beneath a tectonically pre-stretched lithosphere. We test the impact of the inherited rheological discontinuities （suture zones） along the craton borders, of the rheological structure, of lithosphere plate thickness variations, and of physical and mechanical contrasts between the craton and the embedding lithosphere. Our experiments indicate that the ascending plume material is deflected by the cratonic keel and preferentially channeled along one of its sides, leading to the formation of a large rift zone along the eastern side of the craton, with significant magmatic activity and substantial melt amount derived from the mantle plume material. We show that the observed asymmetry of the central EARS, with coeval amagmatic （western） and magmatic （eastern） branches, can be explained by the splitting of warm material rising from a broad plume head whose initial position is slightly shifted to the eastern side of the craton. In that case, neither a mechanical weakness of the contact between the craton and the embedding lithosphere nor the presence of second plume are required to produce simulations that match observations. This result reconciles the passive and active rift models and demonstrates the possibility of development of both magmatic and amagmatic rifts in identical geotectonic environments.展开更多
By examining structures,sediments,reservoirs and accumulation assemblages in the Deyang-Anyue rift and its surrounding area,four new understandings are obtained.First,during the initiation period of Deyang-Anyue rift,...By examining structures,sediments,reservoirs and accumulation assemblages in the Deyang-Anyue rift and its surrounding area,four new understandings are obtained.First,during the initiation period of Deyang-Anyue rift,multiple groups of faults developed in the rift due to the effect of tensile force,bringing about multiple mound and shoal belts controlled by horsts in the second member of the Sinian Dengying Formation;in the development stage of the rift,the boundary faults of the rift controlled the development of mound and shoal belts at the platform margin in the fourth member of Dengying Formation;during the shrinkage period of the rift,platform margin grain shoals of the Cambrian Canglangpu Formation developed in the rift margin.Second,four sets of large-scale mound and shoal reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation,the fourth member of Dengying Formation,Canglangpu Formation and Longwangmiao Formation overlap with several sets of source rocks such as Qiongzhusi Formation source rocks and Dengying Formation argillaceous limestone or dolomite developed inside and outside the rift,forming good source-reservoir-cap rock combinations;the sealing of tight rock layers in the lateral and updip direction results in the formation model of large lithologic gas reservoirs of oil pool before gas,continuous charging and independent preservation of each gas reservoir.Third,six favorable exploration zones of large-scale lithologic gas reservoirs have been sorted out through comprehensive evaluation,namely,mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts in the northern part of the rift in the second member of Dengying Formation,isolated karst mound and shoal complex of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south of the rift,the superimposed area of multi-stage platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation and Canglangpu Formation in the north slope area,the platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation in the west side of the rift,the platform margin mound and shoal bodies of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south slope area,etc.Fourth,Well Pengtan-1 drilled on the mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts of the second member of Dengying Formation in the rift and Well Jiaotan-1 drilled on the platform margin mound and shoal complex of the North Slope have obtained high-yield gas flows in multiple target layers,marking the discovery of a new gas province with reserves of(2-3)×10^(12) m^(3).This has proved the huge exploration potential of large lithologic gas reservoir group related to intracratonic rift.展开更多
The north trending rifts in southern Xizang represent the E-W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts.Pagri-Duoqing Co graben is located at south...The north trending rifts in southern Xizang represent the E-W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts.Pagri-Duoqing Co graben is located at southern end of Yadong-Gulu rift,where the late Cenozoic sediments is predominately composed of fluvio-lacustrine and moraine.Based on the sedimentary composition and structures,the fluviolacustrine could be divided into three facies,namely,lacustrine,lacustrine fan delta and alluvial fan.The presence of paleo-currents and conglomerate components and the provenance of the strata around the graben indicate that it was Tethys Himalaya and High Himalaya.Electron spin resonance(ESR)dating and paleo-magnetic dating suggest that the age of the strata ranges from ca.1.2 Ma to ca.8 Ma.Optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating showed that moraine in the graben mainly developed from around181-109 ka(late Middle Pleistocene).Combining previous data about the Late Cenozoic strata in other basins,it is suggested that 8-15 Ma may be the initial rifting time.Together with sediment distribution and drainage system,the sedimentary evolution of Pagri could be divided into four stages.The graben rifted at around 15-8 Ma due to the eastern graben-boundary fault resulting in the appearance of a paleolake.Following by a geologically quiet period about 8-2.5 Ma,the paleolake expanded from east to west at around 8-6 Ma reaching its maximum at ca.6 Ma.Then,the graben was broken at about 2.5 Ma.At last,the development of the glacier separated the graben into two parts that were Pagri and Duoqing Co since the later stages of the Middle Pleistocene.The evolution process suggested that the former three stages were related to the tectonic movement,which determined the basement of the graben,while the last stage may have been influenced by glacial activity caused by climate change.展开更多
The rift lake basins in the eastern China have abundant hydrocarbon resources of lithologic deposits, which resulted from excellent source rocks and multi-type sandbodies developed during strong rifting. Vertically, t...The rift lake basins in the eastern China have abundant hydrocarbon resources of lithologic deposits, which resulted from excellent source rocks and multi-type sandbodies developed during strong rifting. Vertically, the lithologic deposits are mainly distributed in the lowstand, lacustrine invasion and early highstand systems of third-order sequence corresponding to a secondary tectonic episode of strong rifting, and laterally they are closely related to various fans and turbidite sandbodies controlled by syn-sedimentary faults. A variety of lithologic traps have been developed in the rift lake basins, and they generally have favorable conditions of source-reservoir-seal assemblage and hydrocarbon accumulation dynamics, indicating that there is a great exploration potential of lithologic deposits in the rift lake basins. In order to obtain satisfactory effects of lithologic deposit exploration, it is required to combine new theories with advanced technical methods.展开更多
Objective The nearly parallel N-S-trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E-W extension of the Tibet Plateau. Most data which constrained the age of the extensional deformation come from isotopic dating of the...Objective The nearly parallel N-S-trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E-W extension of the Tibet Plateau. Most data which constrained the age of the extensional deformation come from isotopic dating of the dikes probably related to the activity of the nearly N-S faulting and micas from hydrothermal activity and the low- temperature thermochronology of plateau uplift. Previous research shows that there are at least three different ideas about the age of the rifts： （1） older than 16-12 Ma, （2） 14- 10 Ma, and （3） 8-4 Ma （Fig. la）. For the old sedimentary strata represented the beginning of the rifting, the dating of the sediments helps to better define the initial rifting age.展开更多
The diverging plate boundaries in North Iceland and its shelf display a complex tectonic at the Kolbeinsey Ridge (K-R), the Northern Rift Zone (NRZ), and the Tj?rnes Fracture Zone containing the Grímsey Oblique R...The diverging plate boundaries in North Iceland and its shelf display a complex tectonic at the Kolbeinsey Ridge (K-R), the Northern Rift Zone (NRZ), and the Tj?rnes Fracture Zone containing the Grímsey Oblique Rift (GOR), the Húsavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), and the Dalvík Lineament (DL). While active deformation is well-known, the structural pattern is sporadically mapped and a comprehensive account of the upper Tertiary-present deformation is not fully at hand. To address the gaps, this paper provides new regional tectonic maps with continuous coverage, and detailed analyses of the deformation. Faults, open fractures, prominent joints and volcanic edifices were identified on Multibeam/Single beam, Spot 5, and Digital Elevation Model, and subjected to multidisciplinary structural analysis and correlation with selected data. Some of the results are: 1) Six sets constitute the structural pattern. The N-S rift-parallel normal faults are 1/3, and the shear fractures of the transform zone and the oblique rift 2/3 of the fracture population. The en échelon arrangements above deep-seated shear zones indicate dextral slip on WNW to NW, and sinistral slip on NNE to ENE faults, conformable with earthquake data. 2) During the polyphase tectonic, the six sets led to basin and horst formation, block compartmentalisation, rotation, horsetail splay, rhomb-graben in relay zone of strike-slips, and volcanism. 3) Listric faults are absent and the steeply-dipping faults are antithetic, synthetic, or form extensional flower structures above 4 km depth. The Plio-pleistocene/present syn-sedimentary deformation caused a deep half graben in the Eyjafjarearáll Basin (Ey), fault growth, rollover, and sediment onlaps, with some of the faults still active. 4) The plate boundaries of K-R/Ey, GOR/?xarfjreur/NRZ, and DL delimit a major microplate labelled here as Grímsey-Tj?rnes-Dalvík. 5) The WNW earthquake cluster in GOR corresponds either to a blind horsetail splay fault or to initiation of a transform segment parallel to the HFF. The described tectonic-sedimentary-magmatic deformation is relevant to other diverging plate boundaries where similar sets control the hydrocarbon and geothermal resources.展开更多
Rifted margins in the central South Atlantic portray spatial variability in terms of preserved width and thickness,which relates to complex rift-related fault activities.However,there is still a lack of systematic and...Rifted margins in the central South Atlantic portray spatial variability in terms of preserved width and thickness,which relates to complex rift-related fault activities.However,there is still a lack of systematic and quantitative explanations for the causes of the variations that are observed along the paired rifts.To elucidate this issue,2D viscous-plastic thermomechanical numerical models are applied to capture the behavior of deformation,in which we investigate the effects of extensional rate,crustal strength and thickness on crust-mantle coupling,and timing of transition from rifting to breakup.Our numerical experiments demonstrate that crust-mantle decoupling accounts for crustal hyperextension,and that incorporating moderate-intensity rheology into lower crust may yield insights into the hyper-extended crust and asymmetric architecture observed in the central South Atlantic.The results also suggest that undulations in lithospheric basement cause asymmetric mantle upwelling.The lower crust of fold belts takes priority to be thermally weakened over craton and induces rift migration simultaneously.A new mechanism for the formation of failed rift is described,where the mechanical decoupling derived from thermally weakened lower crust gives access to dual rift migration.These results reinforce the interpretation on how crustal rheology shapes margins architectures and highlight the first-order effects of crust-mantle coupling.展开更多
Based on seismic and drilling data in the study area,the geological structure and kinematic process of the Termit rift basin were studied using seismic profile interpretation and balanced restoration to find out the d...Based on seismic and drilling data in the study area,the geological structure and kinematic process of the Termit rift basin were studied using seismic profile interpretation and balanced restoration to find out the dynamic mechanism of the basin.(1)The geological structure of the Termit Basin is represented as a narrow rift basin,with development of series of structural styles in extensional,extensional strike-slip and compressional stress setting.On plane,it is narrow in the north and wide in the south,and transitions from graben to half-graben from north to south;it features a graben controlled by the boundary faults in the north and a fault-overlapped half-graben in the south.(2)Before the Cretaceous,a series of hidden faults developed in the West African rift system,which laid the foundation for the development location and distribution direction of the Termit Basin;during the Cretaceous to Paleogene periods,the basin experienced two phases of rifting in Early Cretaceous and Paleogene,which controlled the initial structure and current structural shape of the basin respectively;during the Neogene to Quaternary,the basin was subjected to weak transformation.(3)In the Precambrian,the Pan-African movement gave rise to a narrow and long weak zone within the African plate,which provided the pre-existing structural conditions for the formation of the Termit Basin.In the Early Cretaceous,affected by the South Atlantic rifting,the Pan African weak zone was reactivated,resulting in the first stage of rifting and the basic structural framework of the Termit Basin.In the Paleogene,affected by the subduction and convergence of the Neo-Tethys Ocean,the African-Arabian plate extended in near E-W trending,and the Termit Basin experienced the second stage of rifting.The oblique extension in this period caused intense structural differentiation,and the current structural pattern of alternate uplifts and depressions took shape gradually.展开更多
Based on sedimentary characteristics of the fine-grained rocks of the lower submember of second member of the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_(1)sh_(2)^(L))in the Lishu rift depression,combined with methods of or...Based on sedimentary characteristics of the fine-grained rocks of the lower submember of second member of the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_(1)sh_(2)^(L))in the Lishu rift depression,combined with methods of organic petrology,analysis of major and trace elements as well as biological marker compound,the enrichment conditions and enrichment model of organic matter in the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin are investigated.The change of sedimentary paleoenvironment controls the vertical distribution of different lithofacies types in the K_(1)sh_(2)^(L)and divides it into the upper and lower parts.The lower part contains massive siliceous mudstone with bioclast-bearing siliceous mudstone,whereas the upper part is mostly composed of laminated siliceous shale and laminated fine-grained mixed shale.The kerogen types of organic matter in the lower and upper parts are typesⅡ_(2)–Ⅲand typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1),respectively.The organic carbon content in the upper part is higher than that in the lower part generally.The enrichment of organic matter in volcanic rift lacustrine basin is subjected to three favorable conditions.First,continuous enhancement of rifting is the direct factor increasing the paleo-water depth,and the rise of base level leads to the expansion of deep-water mudstone/shale deposition range.Second,relatively strong underwater volcanic eruption and rifting are simultaneous,and such event can provide a lot of nutrients for the lake basin,which is conducive to the bloom of algae,resulting in higher productivity of typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1)kerogen.Third,the relatively dry paleoclimate leads to a decrease in input of fresh water and terrestrial materials,including TypeⅢkerogen from terrestrial higher plants,resulting in a water body with higher salinity and anoxic stratification,which is more favorable for preservation of organic matter.The organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of volcanic rift lacustrine basin is established,which is of reference significance to the understanding of the organic matter enrichment mechanism of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Shahezi Formation in Songliao Basin and even in the northeast China.展开更多
We consider a rift valley fever model with treatment in human and livestock populations and trapping in the vector (mosquito) population. The basic reproduction number R <sub>0</sub> is established and use...We consider a rift valley fever model with treatment in human and livestock populations and trapping in the vector (mosquito) population. The basic reproduction number R <sub>0</sub> is established and used to determine whether the disease dies out or is established in the three populations. When R <sub>0</sub> ≤ 1, the disease-free equilibrium is shown to be globally asymptotically stable and the disease does not spread and when R <sub>0</sub> > 1, a unique endemic equilibrium exists which is globally stable and the disease will spread. The mathematical model is analyzed analytically and numerically to obtain insight of the impact of intervention in reducing the burden of rift valley fever disease’s spread or epidemic and also to determine factors influencing the outcome of the epidemic. Sensitivity analysis for key parameters is also done.展开更多
基金supported by grant D86-RALMI23CIVIE_01 awarded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under the Program for Young Researchers“Rita Levi Montalcini”.
文摘A wide northeast-trending belt of intraplate alkaline volcanism,exhibiting similar geochemical characteristics,stretches from the Eastern Atlantic Ocean to the Cenozoic rift system in Europe.Its formation is associated with both passive and active mechanisms,but it remains a source of ongoing debate among geoscientists.Here,we show that seismic whole-mantle tomography models consistently identify two extensive low-velocity anomalies beneath the Canary Islands(CEAA)and Western-Central Europe(ECRA)at mid-mantle depths,merging near the core-mantle boundary.These low-velocity features are interpreted as two connected broad plumes originating from the top of the African LLSVP,likely feeding diapir-like upwellings in the upper mantle.The CEAA rises vertically,whereas the ECRA is tilted and dissipates at mantle transition zone depths,possibly due to the interaction with the cold Alpine subducted slab,which hinders its continuity at shallower depths.While plate-boundary forces are considered the primary drivers of rifting,the hypothesis that deep mantle plumes play a role in generating volcanic activity provides a compelling explanation for the European rift-related alkaline volcanism,supported by geological,geophysical,and geochemical evidence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42172109,41872113,42172108)China National Petroleum Corporation-China University of Petroleum(Beijing)strategic cooperation science and technology project(ZLZX2020-02)+2 种基金Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum(Beijing)(Nos.2462020BJRC002,2462020YXZZ020)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1166)Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202201511).
文摘Previous studies have indicated that sediment gravity flow deposits developed in lacustrine active extensional rift basins are primarily influenced by tectonics and to a lesser extent by climate.Our present work reveals that climate can obscure the effect of tectonic subsidence by regulating sediment supply;conversely,tectonics can impede the sedimentary manifestation of climatic impacts.Here a case study has been presented to assess the impact of climate-modulated rapid lake-level rise and tectonic subsidence on the development of coarse-grained gravity flow deposits in the Dongying rift margin of the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The lithofacies analysis reveals frequent bed amalgamation,abundant thick massive coarse-grained deposits,widespread cross bedding and plant fragments,and incomplete composite bed formed by high-energy erosion,indicating that the hyperpycnal flow is an important mechanism driving the deposition of these coarse-grained sediments.Detailed sequence stratigraphic analysis and sediment dispersal pattern suggest that the long-striped nearshore subaqueous fan systems induced by outburst-flood hyperpycnal flow distributed along the border fault,are primarily controlled by long-term tectonics,while the rapid rise of lake level driven by short-term climate change possibly intensifies seasonal flood-generated hyperpycnal flow occurrences and consequently promotes the basinal fan progradation.The maximum scale of these coarse-grained gravity flow deposits of the basinal fan systems are typically attained during the transgressive systems tract,which deviates from the classical sequence stratigraphic model.Furthermore,it presented a continuous transition from the proximal to the distal part,encompassing traction flows and turbidity currents during the periods of relatively stable tectonics.Nevertheless,gravel-rich debris flows appear to predominate the dispersion of coarse-grained sediments during periods characterized by intense tectonic activity.The coarse-grained gravity flow deposits in the lacustrine rift margin reported here,challenge the traditional beliefs:this study suggests that subaqueous deposits abundantly preserved in the transgressive setting.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.24A20592).
文摘The Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin harbors significant potential for shale gas harvesting.However,systematic disparities in mineral composition and reservoir architecture have been observed between intra-and extra-trough reservoirs within the Deyang-Anyue Rift Trough.These variations were primarily determined by divergences in the sedimentary environments developed during the evolution of the rift trough,which were a main factor in fostering the heterogeneous distribution of shale gas enrichment found today.However,the genetic mechanisms that govern reservoir heterogeneity across distinct structural domains(intra-trough,trough margin,and extra-trough)remain poorly understood,particularly regarding the coupling relationships between depositional environments,reservoir characteristics,and gas-bearing properties.This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach to investigating this issue that integrates core analysis,well-log interpretations,and geochemical data.Through systematic comparisons conducted using X-ray diffraction mineralogy,organic carbon quantification,and spontaneous imbibition experiments,we characterize the mineral assemblages,organic geochemical signatures,and pore structures found across the three structural domains of the Deyang-Anyue Rift Trough.The key findings are as follows:(1)The depositional environment is the main influence on reservoir distribution and organic matter enrichment,with intra-trough shales exhibiting a higher abundance of organic matter than their trough-margin and extra-trough counterparts.(2)Enhanced brittleness in intra-trough zones correlates with the predominance of biogenic silica therein.(3)Synergistic organic-inorganic interactions govern pore system development.(4)Gas-bearing capacity is jointly determined by effective porosity and organic matter content.These findings establish the rift trough as a preferential exploration target,providing critical geological guidance for optimizing shale gas exploration strategies in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B6002)National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD14001)Project of the Sinopec Science and Technology Department(P25196,P24207).
文摘Lacustrine rift basins in China are characterized by pronounced structural segmentation,strong sedimentary heterogeneity,extensive fault-fracture development,and significant variability in thermal maturity and mobility of shale oil.This study reviews the current status of exploration and development of shale oil in such basins and examines theoretical frameworks such as“binary enrichment”and source-reservoir configuration,with a focus on five key subjects:(1)sedimentation-diagenesis coupling mechanisms of fine-grained shale reservoir formation;(2)dynamic diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon occurrence mechanisms of organic-rich shale;(3)dominant controls and evaluation methods for shale oil enrichment;(4)fracturing mechanisms of organic-rich shale and simulation of artificial fracture networks;and(5)flow mechanisms and effective development strategies for shale oil.Integrated analysis suggests that two major scientific challenges must be addressed:the coupled evolution of fine-grained sedimentation,differential diagenesis,and hydrocarbon generation under tectonic influence and its control on shale oil occurrence and enrichment;and multi-scale,multiphase flow mechanisms and three-dimensional development strategies for lacustrine shale oil in complex fault blocks.In response to current exploration and development bottlenecks,future research will be conducted primarily to:(1)deeply understand organic-inorganic interactions and reservoir formation mechanisms in organic-rich shales,and clarify the influence of high-frequency sequence evolution and diagenetic fluids on reservoir space;(2)elucidate the dynamic processes of hydrocarbon generation,expulsion,and retention across different lithofacies,and quantify their relationship with thermal maturity,including the conditions for the formation of self-sealing systems;(3)develop a geologically adaptive,data-and intelligence-driven shale oil classification and grading evaluation system of shale oil;(4)reveal artificial fracture propagation pattern and optimize physical field coupled fracturing technologies for complex lithofacies assemblages;and(5)overcome challenges in multi-scale geological modeling and multiphase flow characterization,and establish advanced numerical simulation methodologies.
基金supported by the Major National Science and Technology Programs of China(No.2016E-0202,No.QGYQZYPJ2022-1).
文摘In contrast to well-studied rift basins in NE China,the Hailar Basin has received relatively less attention regarding the combined patterns of different types of grabens and half-grabens.This study aims to explore whether the combined patterns of grabens in the Hailar Basin exhibit similar characteristics to those in other NE China rift basins and to identify the underlying causes.To achieve this,a comprehensive analysis of the major fault systems and the combined patterns of faulted sub-depressions,as well as their controlling mechanisms,was conducted.This analysis utilized the latest 3D seismic data that cover nearly the entire Beier Depression.Three groups of pre-existing fault systems were observed in the basement of the Beier Depression,and they are the NEE-EW-trending fault systems,the NE-trending fault systems,and the NW-trending fault systems.The NEE-EW-trending fault systems were distributed in the central part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Tongbomiao and the Lower Nantun Formations.The NE-trending fault systems were distributed in the southwestern part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Upper Nantun Formations.The NW-trending fault systems were distributed rarely in the Beier Depression.Five kinds of combined patterns of the sub-depressions were developed in the Beier Depression,and they are the parallel,en echelon,face-to-face,back-to-back,and S-shaped combined patterns.They were controlled by the NEE-EW-trending and the NE-trending fault systems with different orientations,arrangements,and activation sequences.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2024ZD1400101)China National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFF0801204)Major Science and Technology Project of CNPC(2023ZZ15YJ01,2021DJ0702)。
文摘Guided by the fundamental principles of the whole petroleum system,the control of tectonism,sedimentation,and diagenesis on hydrocarbon accumulation in a rifted basin is studied using the data of petroleum geology and exploration of the second member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation(Kong-2 Member)in the Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China.It is clarified that the circle structure and circle effects are the marked features of a continental fault petroliferous basin,and they govern the orderly distribution of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in the whole petroleum systems of the rifted basin.Tectonic circle zones control sedimentary circle zones,while sedimentary circle zones and diagenetic circle zones control the spatial distribution of favorable reservoirs,thereby determining the orderly distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in various circles.A model for the integrated,systematic accumulation of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons under a multi-circle structure of the whole petroleum system of continental rifted basin has been developed.It reveals that each sag of the rifted basin is an independent whole petroleum system and circle system,which encompasses multiple orderly circles of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons controlled by the same source kitchen.From the outer circle to the middle circle and then to the inner circle,there is an orderly transition from structural and stratigraphic reservoirs,to lithological and structural-lithological reservoirs,and finally to tight oil/gas and shale oil/gas enrichment zones.The significant feature of the whole petroleum system is the orderly control of hydrocarbons by multi-circle stratigraphic coupling,with the integrated,orderly distribution of conventional and unconventional reserves being the inevitable result of the multi-layered interaction within the whole petroleum system.This concept of multi-circle stratigraphic coupling for the orderly,integrated accumulation of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons has guided significant breakthroughs in the overall,three-dimensional exploration and shale oil exploration in the Cangdong Sag.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272161)PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZZ16)Research Institute of Exploration and Development,PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield Company(2024D101-01-06)。
文摘Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin,China,as the research object,the geochemical parameters(component,isotopic composition)of natural gas from the Dengying Formation in different areas are compared,and then the differences in geochemical characteristics of Dengying natural gas on the east and west sides of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough and their genesis are clarified.First,the Dengying gas reservoirs on both sides of the rift trough are predominantly composed of oil-cracking gas with high maturity,which is typical dry gas.Second,severely modified by thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)reaction,the Dengying gas reservoirs on the east side exhibit high H2S and CO_(2) contents,with an elevated δ^(13)C_(2) value(average value higher than-29‰).The Dengying gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area are less affected by TSR modification,though the δ^(13)C_(1) values are slightly greater than that of the reservoirs on the east side with partial reversal of carbon isotope composition,likely due to the water-soluble gas precipitation and accumulation mechanism.The Dengying gas reservoir of Well Datan-1 shows no influence from TSR.Third,the Dengying gas reservoirs reflect high helium contents(significantly higher than that on the east side)in the Weiyuan and Datan-1 areas on the west side,which is supposed to attribute to the widespread granites in basement and efficient vertical transport along faults.Fourth,controlled by the paleo-salinity of water medium in the depositional period of the source rock,the δ^(2)HCH_(4) values of the Dengying gas reservoirs on the west side are slightly lighter than those on the east side.Fifth,the Dengying natural gas in the Datan-1 area is contributed by the source rocks of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation and the third member of the Dengying Formation,in addition to the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.
基金Grants from the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader(22XD1420600)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(ZD2021CY001)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81974305)Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(SMRF No.B2302029)Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2023-PT310-02)supported this work.
文摘Rift Valley fever virus(RVFV)is a high-containment pathogen that causes severe diseases in humans,with no approved therapeutics available.Its classification as a biosafety level 3(BSL-3)agent has limited research and therapeutic development due to safety concerns.In this study,we developed a stable replicon cell line maintaining the replication of L and S genomic segments of RVFV.Single-cycle viral replicon particles(VRPs)could be efficiently packaged through trans-complementation of glycoproteins from different strains,recapitulating authentic viral entry and replication while minimizing biosafety risks.Using this system,we conducted high-throughput screening of a small-molecule compound library and identified CNX-1351 as an antiviral agent for multiple RNA viruses.Mechanistic studies revealed that CNX-1351 inhibits viral replication,potentially by targeting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.This single-cycle VRP system provides a valuable tool for studying RVFV biology,host interactions,antiviral and vaccine development under reduced biosafety constraints.
文摘A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift, in deviation from the classic twostage evolution scenario, based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic complexes （TLSC） in sedimentary sections around Lake Baikal and seismic stratigraphic sequences （SSS） in the lake sediments. Unlike the previous models, the revised model places the onset of rifting during Late Cretaceous and comprises three major stages which are subdivided into several substages. The stages and the substages are separated by events of tectonic activity and stress reversal when additional compression produced folds and shear structures. The events that mark the stage boundaries show up as gaps, unconformities, and deformation features in the deposition patterns. The earliest Late Cretaceous-Oligocene stage began long before the India-Eurasia collision in a setting of diffuse extension that acted over a large territory of Asia. The NW-SE far-field pure extension produced an NE-striking half-graben oriented along an old zone of weakness at the edge of the Siberian craton. That was already the onset of rift evolution recorded in weathered lacustrine deposits on the Baikal shore and in a wedge-shaped acoustically transparent seismic unit in the lake sediments. The second stage spanning Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene time began with a stress change when the effect from the Eocene India-Eurasia collision had reached the region and became a major control of its geodynamics. The EW and NE transpression and shear from the collisional front transformed the Late Cretaceous half-graben into a U-shaped one which accumulated a deformed layered sequence of sediments. Rifting at the latest stage was driven by extension from a local source associated with hot mantle material rising to the base of the rifted crust. The asthenospheric upwarp first induced the growth of the Baikal dome and the related change from finer to coarser molasse deposition. With time, the upwarp became a more powerful stress source than the collision, and the stress vector returned to the previous NW-SE extension that changed the rift geometry back to a half-graben. The layered Late Pliocene-Quaternary subaerial tectonic--lithological-stratigraphic and the Quaternary submarine seismic stratigraphic units filling the latest haIf-graben remained almost undeformed. The rifting mechanisms were thus passive during two earlier stages and active during the third stage. The three-stage model of the rift history does not rule out the previous division into two major stages but rather extends its limits back into time as far as the Maastrichtian. Our model is consistent with geological, stratigraphic, structural, and geophysical data and provides further insights into the understanding of rifting in the Baikal region in particular and continental rifting in general.
基金co-funded by a U.S.National Science Foundation(Grant EAR-0538119)to E.Calaisthe Advanced ERC(Grant 290864 RHEOLITH)to E.Burov and A.Koptev+2 种基金the Royal Academy of Netherlands visiting professor grant to E.Burovthe UPMC visiting professor grant to S.Cloetinghperformed on the ERC-funded SGI Ulysse cluster of ISTEP
文摘The East African Rift system （EARS） provides a unique system with the juxtaposition of two contrasting yet simultaneously formed rift branches, the eastern, magma-rich, and the western, magma-poor, on either sides of the old thick Tanzanian craton embedded in a younger lithosphere. Data on the pre-rifr, syn-rift and post-rift far-field volcanic and tectonic activity show that the EARS formed in the context of the interaction between a deep mantle plume and a horizontally and vertically heterogeneous lithosphere under far-field tectonic extension. We bring quantitative insights into this evolution by implementing high-resolution 3D thermo-mechanical numerical deformation models of a lithosphere of realistic rheology. The models focus on the central part of the EARS. We explore scenarios of plumelithosphere interaction with plumes of various size and initial position rising beneath a tectonically pre-stretched lithosphere. We test the impact of the inherited rheological discontinuities （suture zones） along the craton borders, of the rheological structure, of lithosphere plate thickness variations, and of physical and mechanical contrasts between the craton and the embedding lithosphere. Our experiments indicate that the ascending plume material is deflected by the cratonic keel and preferentially channeled along one of its sides, leading to the formation of a large rift zone along the eastern side of the craton, with significant magmatic activity and substantial melt amount derived from the mantle plume material. We show that the observed asymmetry of the central EARS, with coeval amagmatic （western） and magmatic （eastern） branches, can be explained by the splitting of warm material rising from a broad plume head whose initial position is slightly shifted to the eastern side of the craton. In that case, neither a mechanical weakness of the contact between the craton and the embedding lithosphere nor the presence of second plume are required to produce simulations that match observations. This result reconciles the passive and active rift models and demonstrates the possibility of development of both magmatic and amagmatic rifts in identical geotectonic environments.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05007-002)。
文摘By examining structures,sediments,reservoirs and accumulation assemblages in the Deyang-Anyue rift and its surrounding area,four new understandings are obtained.First,during the initiation period of Deyang-Anyue rift,multiple groups of faults developed in the rift due to the effect of tensile force,bringing about multiple mound and shoal belts controlled by horsts in the second member of the Sinian Dengying Formation;in the development stage of the rift,the boundary faults of the rift controlled the development of mound and shoal belts at the platform margin in the fourth member of Dengying Formation;during the shrinkage period of the rift,platform margin grain shoals of the Cambrian Canglangpu Formation developed in the rift margin.Second,four sets of large-scale mound and shoal reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation,the fourth member of Dengying Formation,Canglangpu Formation and Longwangmiao Formation overlap with several sets of source rocks such as Qiongzhusi Formation source rocks and Dengying Formation argillaceous limestone or dolomite developed inside and outside the rift,forming good source-reservoir-cap rock combinations;the sealing of tight rock layers in the lateral and updip direction results in the formation model of large lithologic gas reservoirs of oil pool before gas,continuous charging and independent preservation of each gas reservoir.Third,six favorable exploration zones of large-scale lithologic gas reservoirs have been sorted out through comprehensive evaluation,namely,mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts in the northern part of the rift in the second member of Dengying Formation,isolated karst mound and shoal complex of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south of the rift,the superimposed area of multi-stage platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation and Canglangpu Formation in the north slope area,the platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation in the west side of the rift,the platform margin mound and shoal bodies of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south slope area,etc.Fourth,Well Pengtan-1 drilled on the mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts of the second member of Dengying Formation in the rift and Well Jiaotan-1 drilled on the platform margin mound and shoal complex of the North Slope have obtained high-yield gas flows in multiple target layers,marking the discovery of a new gas province with reserves of(2-3)×10^(12) m^(3).This has proved the huge exploration potential of large lithologic gas reservoir group related to intracratonic rift.
基金supported by National Natural foundation of China(grants No.41571013)China Geology Survey project(grants No.DD20160268)
文摘The north trending rifts in southern Xizang represent the E-W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts.Pagri-Duoqing Co graben is located at southern end of Yadong-Gulu rift,where the late Cenozoic sediments is predominately composed of fluvio-lacustrine and moraine.Based on the sedimentary composition and structures,the fluviolacustrine could be divided into three facies,namely,lacustrine,lacustrine fan delta and alluvial fan.The presence of paleo-currents and conglomerate components and the provenance of the strata around the graben indicate that it was Tethys Himalaya and High Himalaya.Electron spin resonance(ESR)dating and paleo-magnetic dating suggest that the age of the strata ranges from ca.1.2 Ma to ca.8 Ma.Optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating showed that moraine in the graben mainly developed from around181-109 ka(late Middle Pleistocene).Combining previous data about the Late Cenozoic strata in other basins,it is suggested that 8-15 Ma may be the initial rifting time.Together with sediment distribution and drainage system,the sedimentary evolution of Pagri could be divided into four stages.The graben rifted at around 15-8 Ma due to the eastern graben-boundary fault resulting in the appearance of a paleolake.Following by a geologically quiet period about 8-2.5 Ma,the paleolake expanded from east to west at around 8-6 Ma reaching its maximum at ca.6 Ma.Then,the graben was broken at about 2.5 Ma.At last,the development of the glacier separated the graben into two parts that were Pagri and Duoqing Co since the later stages of the Middle Pleistocene.The evolution process suggested that the former three stages were related to the tectonic movement,which determined the basement of the graben,while the last stage may have been influenced by glacial activity caused by climate change.
文摘The rift lake basins in the eastern China have abundant hydrocarbon resources of lithologic deposits, which resulted from excellent source rocks and multi-type sandbodies developed during strong rifting. Vertically, the lithologic deposits are mainly distributed in the lowstand, lacustrine invasion and early highstand systems of third-order sequence corresponding to a secondary tectonic episode of strong rifting, and laterally they are closely related to various fans and turbidite sandbodies controlled by syn-sedimentary faults. A variety of lithologic traps have been developed in the rift lake basins, and they generally have favorable conditions of source-reservoir-seal assemblage and hydrocarbon accumulation dynamics, indicating that there is a great exploration potential of lithologic deposits in the rift lake basins. In order to obtain satisfactory effects of lithologic deposit exploration, it is required to combine new theories with advanced technical methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41571013)Project of China Geological Survey(grant No.12120114002101)
文摘Objective The nearly parallel N-S-trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E-W extension of the Tibet Plateau. Most data which constrained the age of the extensional deformation come from isotopic dating of the dikes probably related to the activity of the nearly N-S faulting and micas from hydrothermal activity and the low- temperature thermochronology of plateau uplift. Previous research shows that there are at least three different ideas about the age of the rifts： （1） older than 16-12 Ma, （2） 14- 10 Ma, and （3） 8-4 Ma （Fig. la）. For the old sedimentary strata represented the beginning of the rifting, the dating of the sediments helps to better define the initial rifting age.
文摘The diverging plate boundaries in North Iceland and its shelf display a complex tectonic at the Kolbeinsey Ridge (K-R), the Northern Rift Zone (NRZ), and the Tj?rnes Fracture Zone containing the Grímsey Oblique Rift (GOR), the Húsavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), and the Dalvík Lineament (DL). While active deformation is well-known, the structural pattern is sporadically mapped and a comprehensive account of the upper Tertiary-present deformation is not fully at hand. To address the gaps, this paper provides new regional tectonic maps with continuous coverage, and detailed analyses of the deformation. Faults, open fractures, prominent joints and volcanic edifices were identified on Multibeam/Single beam, Spot 5, and Digital Elevation Model, and subjected to multidisciplinary structural analysis and correlation with selected data. Some of the results are: 1) Six sets constitute the structural pattern. The N-S rift-parallel normal faults are 1/3, and the shear fractures of the transform zone and the oblique rift 2/3 of the fracture population. The en échelon arrangements above deep-seated shear zones indicate dextral slip on WNW to NW, and sinistral slip on NNE to ENE faults, conformable with earthquake data. 2) During the polyphase tectonic, the six sets led to basin and horst formation, block compartmentalisation, rotation, horsetail splay, rhomb-graben in relay zone of strike-slips, and volcanism. 3) Listric faults are absent and the steeply-dipping faults are antithetic, synthetic, or form extensional flower structures above 4 km depth. The Plio-pleistocene/present syn-sedimentary deformation caused a deep half graben in the Eyjafjarearáll Basin (Ey), fault growth, rollover, and sediment onlaps, with some of the faults still active. 4) The plate boundaries of K-R/Ey, GOR/?xarfjreur/NRZ, and DL delimit a major microplate labelled here as Grímsey-Tj?rnes-Dalvík. 5) The WNW earthquake cluster in GOR corresponds either to a blind horsetail splay fault or to initiation of a transform segment parallel to the HFF. The described tectonic-sedimentary-magmatic deformation is relevant to other diverging plate boundaries where similar sets control the hydrocarbon and geothermal resources.
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019005705)。
文摘Rifted margins in the central South Atlantic portray spatial variability in terms of preserved width and thickness,which relates to complex rift-related fault activities.However,there is still a lack of systematic and quantitative explanations for the causes of the variations that are observed along the paired rifts.To elucidate this issue,2D viscous-plastic thermomechanical numerical models are applied to capture the behavior of deformation,in which we investigate the effects of extensional rate,crustal strength and thickness on crust-mantle coupling,and timing of transition from rifting to breakup.Our numerical experiments demonstrate that crust-mantle decoupling accounts for crustal hyperextension,and that incorporating moderate-intensity rheology into lower crust may yield insights into the hyper-extended crust and asymmetric architecture observed in the central South Atlantic.The results also suggest that undulations in lithospheric basement cause asymmetric mantle upwelling.The lower crust of fold belts takes priority to be thermally weakened over craton and induces rift migration simultaneously.A new mechanism for the formation of failed rift is described,where the mechanical decoupling derived from thermally weakened lower crust gives access to dual rift migration.These results reinforce the interpretation on how crustal rheology shapes margins architectures and highlight the first-order effects of crust-mantle coupling.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Enterprise Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(U19B6003-01)Scientific research and technology development project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2021DJ3103).
文摘Based on seismic and drilling data in the study area,the geological structure and kinematic process of the Termit rift basin were studied using seismic profile interpretation and balanced restoration to find out the dynamic mechanism of the basin.(1)The geological structure of the Termit Basin is represented as a narrow rift basin,with development of series of structural styles in extensional,extensional strike-slip and compressional stress setting.On plane,it is narrow in the north and wide in the south,and transitions from graben to half-graben from north to south;it features a graben controlled by the boundary faults in the north and a fault-overlapped half-graben in the south.(2)Before the Cretaceous,a series of hidden faults developed in the West African rift system,which laid the foundation for the development location and distribution direction of the Termit Basin;during the Cretaceous to Paleogene periods,the basin experienced two phases of rifting in Early Cretaceous and Paleogene,which controlled the initial structure and current structural shape of the basin respectively;during the Neogene to Quaternary,the basin was subjected to weak transformation.(3)In the Precambrian,the Pan-African movement gave rise to a narrow and long weak zone within the African plate,which provided the pre-existing structural conditions for the formation of the Termit Basin.In the Early Cretaceous,affected by the South Atlantic rifting,the Pan African weak zone was reactivated,resulting in the first stage of rifting and the basic structural framework of the Termit Basin.In the Paleogene,affected by the subduction and convergence of the Neo-Tethys Ocean,the African-Arabian plate extended in near E-W trending,and the Termit Basin experienced the second stage of rifting.The oblique extension in this period caused intense structural differentiation,and the current structural pattern of alternate uplifts and depressions took shape gradually.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2017ZX05009-002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772090)。
文摘Based on sedimentary characteristics of the fine-grained rocks of the lower submember of second member of the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_(1)sh_(2)^(L))in the Lishu rift depression,combined with methods of organic petrology,analysis of major and trace elements as well as biological marker compound,the enrichment conditions and enrichment model of organic matter in the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin are investigated.The change of sedimentary paleoenvironment controls the vertical distribution of different lithofacies types in the K_(1)sh_(2)^(L)and divides it into the upper and lower parts.The lower part contains massive siliceous mudstone with bioclast-bearing siliceous mudstone,whereas the upper part is mostly composed of laminated siliceous shale and laminated fine-grained mixed shale.The kerogen types of organic matter in the lower and upper parts are typesⅡ_(2)–Ⅲand typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1),respectively.The organic carbon content in the upper part is higher than that in the lower part generally.The enrichment of organic matter in volcanic rift lacustrine basin is subjected to three favorable conditions.First,continuous enhancement of rifting is the direct factor increasing the paleo-water depth,and the rise of base level leads to the expansion of deep-water mudstone/shale deposition range.Second,relatively strong underwater volcanic eruption and rifting are simultaneous,and such event can provide a lot of nutrients for the lake basin,which is conducive to the bloom of algae,resulting in higher productivity of typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1)kerogen.Third,the relatively dry paleoclimate leads to a decrease in input of fresh water and terrestrial materials,including TypeⅢkerogen from terrestrial higher plants,resulting in a water body with higher salinity and anoxic stratification,which is more favorable for preservation of organic matter.The organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of volcanic rift lacustrine basin is established,which is of reference significance to the understanding of the organic matter enrichment mechanism of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Shahezi Formation in Songliao Basin and even in the northeast China.
文摘We consider a rift valley fever model with treatment in human and livestock populations and trapping in the vector (mosquito) population. The basic reproduction number R <sub>0</sub> is established and used to determine whether the disease dies out or is established in the three populations. When R <sub>0</sub> ≤ 1, the disease-free equilibrium is shown to be globally asymptotically stable and the disease does not spread and when R <sub>0</sub> > 1, a unique endemic equilibrium exists which is globally stable and the disease will spread. The mathematical model is analyzed analytically and numerically to obtain insight of the impact of intervention in reducing the burden of rift valley fever disease’s spread or epidemic and also to determine factors influencing the outcome of the epidemic. Sensitivity analysis for key parameters is also done.
