Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season. Rapeseed cake and ...Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season. Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm(-2) when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%, respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheat-growing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1% and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheat-growing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R-2 = 0.445, n = 73,p < 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q(10)) was then evaluated to be 2.3+/-0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9+/-0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.展开更多
Rational application of nitrogen （N） fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of ...Rational application of nitrogen （N） fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of N fertilization modes including a N fertilizer reduction and an organic manure replacement on crop yield,nutrient uptake,soil enzyme activity,and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes.The result showed that 20% reduction of traditional N fertilizer dose of local farmers did not significantly change crop yield,N uptake,soil enzyme activity,and the number of microbes （bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi）.On the basis of 20% reduction of N fertilizer,50% replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose,protease,urease,and phosphatase by 46-62,27-89,33-46,and 35-74%,respectively,and the number of microbes,i.e.,bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi by 36-150,11-153,and 43-56%,respectively.Further,organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon＇s diversity index （H） of 2.18,which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application.The results suggested that reducing N fertilizer by 20% and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and significantly improve soil fertility and biological properties.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)fertilization increases rice yield,but inappropriate N fertilizer application increases N loss and the risk of environmental pollution.Short-term fertilizer postponing(FP)generally reduces N apparent surplu...Nitrogen(N)fertilization increases rice yield,but inappropriate N fertilizer application increases N loss and the risk of environmental pollution.Short-term fertilizer postponing(FP)generally reduces N apparent surplus and increases rice yields,but the effects of long-term FP on N surplus and rice yields remain unknown.Our study was the first to investigate the impacts of long-term FP(11 years)on N apparent surplus and rice yields.FP effects in the short term(≤6 years)did not affect rice yields,whereas FP effects in the long term(>6 years)increased rice yields by 13.9%compared with conventional fertilization(CF).FP did not affect panicles per unit area,1000-kernel weight,and filled-kernel rate,but spikelets per panicle increased over time due to spikelet formation stimulation.FP also reduced the N apparent surplus over time more strongly than CF owing to higher N accumulation and N utilization efficiency.FP effects in the long term also significantly increased soil organic matter,total N,and NH4_(+)^(-)N content.Our results were supported by a pot experiment,showing that rice yields in soils with a history of FP were significantly higher than those for soils without a history of FP,indicating that FP increased rice yields more strongly in later years mainly because of soil quality improvement.Our findings suggest that longterm FP can reduce N loss while increasing rice yields by improving soil quality.展开更多
Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is one of the most important cropping systems in South Asia. However, sustainability of this system is under threat owing to several factors, of which deficiency of micronutrients par...Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is one of the most important cropping systems in South Asia. However, sustainability of this system is under threat owing to several factors, of which deficiency of micronutrients particularly zinc (Zn), boron (B) and manganese (Mn) is one of the major problems. Continuous rotation of rice and wheat, imbalanced fertilizer use and little/no use of micronutrient-enriched fertilizers induce deficiencies of Zn, B and Mn in the RWCS of South Asia. Here we review that (i) imbalanced fertilizer use and organic matter depletion deteriorate soil structure resulting in low efficiency of applied macro- and micro-nutrients in RWCS.(ii) The micronutrients (Zn, B and Mn) are essentially involved in metabolism of rice and wheat plants, including chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, enzyme activation and membrane integrity.(iii) Availability and uptake of Zn, B and Mn from rhizosphere depend on the physico-chemical soil properties (which differ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions) including soil pH, soil organic matter, soil moisture and interaction of these micronutrients with other nutrients.(iv) Plant ability to uptake and utilize the nutrients is affected by several plant factors such as root architecture, root hairs, transport kinetics parameter and root exudates.(v) Crop management and application of these microelements can help correct the micronutrients deficiency and enhance their grain concentration.展开更多
The rice and wheat cropping pattern is one of the main cropping systems in the world. A large number of research results showed that successive cropping of rice and wheat resulted in a series of problems such as hinde...The rice and wheat cropping pattern is one of the main cropping systems in the world. A large number of research results showed that successive cropping of rice and wheat resulted in a series of problems such as hindering nutrition absorption, gradual degeneration of soil fertility, decline of soil organic matter, and increased incidence of diseases and pests. In China, especially in the Chengdu plain where rice-wheat cropping system is practiced, productivity and soil fertility was enhanced and sustained. This paper reviews the relevant data and experiences on rice-wheat cropping in the Chengdu Plain from 1977 to 2006. The principal sustainable strategies used for rice-wheat cropping systems in Chengdu Plain included： 1） creating a favorable environment and viable rotations; 2） balanced fertilization for maintenance of sustainable soil productivity; 3） improvement of crop management for higher efficiency; and 4） use the newest cultivars and cultivation techniques to upgrade the production level. Future research is also discussed in the paper as： 1） the constant topic： a highly productive and efficient rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable growth; 2） the future trend： simplified cultivation techniques for the rice-wheat cropping system; 3） the foundation： basic research for continuous innovation needed for intensive cropping. It is concluded that in the rice-wheat cropping system, a scientific and reasonable tillage/cultivation method can not only avoid the degradation of soil productivity, but also maintain sustainable growth in the long run.展开更多
In the rice-wheat rotation system,biochar(BC)can be applied at the initiation of the rice or wheat season.Here,we compared the effects of BC that were applied at two different crop seasons on wheat production,quality,...In the rice-wheat rotation system,biochar(BC)can be applied at the initiation of the rice or wheat season.Here,we compared the effects of BC that were applied at two different crop seasons on wheat production,quality,and soil profile properties in a rice-wheat rotation system with nitrogen(N)fertilizer applied at 280 kg/ha rate.Results showed that both wheat grain production and N recovery use efficiency were influenced by BC applied at two crop seasons.Biochar application did not affect the total non-essential amino-acid,but when applied during wheat season,BC significantly(p<0.05)increased total essential amino acid in grain by 12.3%,particularly for the valine(+48.2%),methionine(+43.8%),and isoleucine(+10.3%).We found that BC significantly(p<0.05)decreased the pH of soil at 0–6 cm and 20–30 cm by 0.14–0.18 and 0.05–0.08 units,respectively.The NH4+-N content of the whole observed soil profile were reduced by BC application,however,the effect of BC on NO3–-N content varied with the application season and profile depth.Interestingly,BC applied at wheat and rice season significantly(p<0.05)improved topsoil N contents by 48.4%and 19.7%,respectively.In addition,data suggested that BC applied during wheat season performed better in enhancing soil available phosphorus,potassium,and organic matter contents.In conclusion,we suggest that the optimum application time of BC for enhancing crop production and quality(take amino-acid content for example)and improving soil fertility is at the initiation of the wheat season.展开更多
The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradatio...The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradation of soil and the formation of a hard pan, which impedes root growth of subsequent upland crops. In addition, decreased availability and increasing cost of labor have increased the cost of rice cultivation through conventional methods. Because of these concerns, there is a need for mechanized transplanting of rice which is less labor-intensive and can ensure optimum plant population under nonpuddled and/or no-till conditions. A large number of on-farm trials were conducted at farmers’ fields in Haryana, India, from 2006 to 2010 to evaluate the performance of the mechanical transplanted rice (MTR) under nonpuddled and no-till situations as compared to conventional puddled transplant rice (CPTR). Compared with CPTR, nonpuddled MTR produced 3%-11% higher grain yield in different years. Rice cultivars, viz. HKR47, HKR127, PR113, PR114, PB1, PB1121, CSR30, and Arize6129, performed consistently better under nonpuddled MTR as compared to CPTR. Performance of different cultivars (PR113, PR114, HKR47, and Pusa 44) was also better under no-till MTR as compared to CPTR. The “basmati” cultivar CSR30 performed equally in no-till MTR and CPTR systems. The results of our study suggest that rice can be easily grown under nonpuddled and no-till conditions with yield advantages over the CPTR system. Even in the case of similar yield between CPTR and MTR systems, the MTR system will help in reducing labor requirement and ultimately, will increase overall profits to farmers.展开更多
The present study was planned to analyze the yield gap of wheat and its production constraints in order to explore the approaches for narrowing the yield gap of wheat in different wheat-rice rotation regions of Anhui ...The present study was planned to analyze the yield gap of wheat and its production constraints in order to explore the approaches for narrowing the yield gap of wheat in different wheat-rice rotation regions of Anhui Province. The production status and limiting factors of wheat in three rice-wheat rotation regions which are named Region Ⅰ,Region Ⅱ and Region Ⅲ were surveyed by using participatory rural appraisal method. The personnel,who were engaged in wheat production in rice-wheat rotation regions of Anhui Province,mainly ageing from 41 to 60,accounted for 79% of the total personnel in the regions. There were significant differences in yield of wheat which was planted after rice in Anhui. The yield was ranging from 8 907. 00 to 2 700. 00 kg/ha from north to south with an average of 4 978. 5 kg/ha,and the rank of overall average yields at province level was Region Ⅰ( 5 685. 60 kg/ha) > Region Ⅱ( 5 600. 10 kg/ha) > Region Ⅲ( 3 048. 60 kg/ha). The average yield gap of wheat in wheat-rice rotation regions at province level was up to 2 637. 00 kg/ha,and the extreme yield gaps per hectare in the same region were 2 778. 00 kg( Region Ⅰ),2 502. 00 kg( Region Ⅱ) and 1 575. 00 kg( Region Ⅲ) respectively. The objective constraints were Fusarium head blight and pre-harvest sprouting;the subjective constraints were variety selection and layout,poor sowing quality and low seedling quality;social constraints were high cost,low market price and poor efficiency;and ecological constraints were poor soil texture,soil infertility and poor water-and-fertilizer retention. The yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions can be effectively reduced by improving yield potential of low-and-medium-yielding fields. Selecting appropriate wheat varieties and layout,constructing disease forecast system,improving agricultural machinery and social service organizations of plant protection,and strengthening scientific training as well as technological training of new agricultural operators and agricultural machinery technicians are the core means to narrowing the yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions at province scale.展开更多
To understand the CH_(4) flux variations and their climatic drivers in the rice-wheat agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China,the CH_(4) flux was observed by using open-path eddy covariance at a typical rice-wh...To understand the CH_(4) flux variations and their climatic drivers in the rice-wheat agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China,the CH_(4) flux was observed by using open-path eddy covariance at a typical rice-wheat rotation system in Anhui Province,China from November 2019 to October 2021.The variations and their drivers were then analyzed with the Akaike information criterion method.CH_(4) flux showed distinct diurnal variations with single peaks during 9:00-13:00 local time.The highest peak was 2.15μg m^(-2)s^(-1)which occurred at 11:00 in the vegetative growth stage in the rice growing season(RGS).CH_(4) flux also showed significant seasonal variations.The average CH_(4)flux in the vegetative growth stage in the RGS(193.8±74.2 mg m^(-2)d^(-1))was the highest among all growth stages.The annual total CH_(4) flux in the non-rice growing season(3.2 g m^(-2))was relatively small compared to that in the RGS(23.9 g m^(-2)).CH_(4) flux increased significantly with increase in air temperature,soil temperature,and soil water content in both the RGS and the non-RGS,while it decreased significantly with increase in vapor pressure deficit in the RGS.This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the CH_(4) flux and its drivers in the rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China.In addition,our findings will be helpful for the validation and adjustment of the CH_(4) models in this region.展开更多
Ploughing and fertilization practices in rice-wheat system have deteriorated the soil carbon (C) pools. Conservation agriculture (CA) based management approaches have proven to enhance C sequestration and reverse the ...Ploughing and fertilization practices in rice-wheat system have deteriorated the soil carbon (C) pools. Conservation agriculture (CA) based management approaches have proven to enhance C sequestration and reverse the loss of soil-organic-carbon (SOC), which further enhances soil fertility. Different fractions of SOC pools react to the alterations in management practices and indicate changes in SOC dynamics as compared to total C in the soil. Higher SOC levels in soil have been observed in case of reduced/no-till (NT) practices than conventional tillage (CT). However, between CT and zero tillage/NT, total SOC stocks diminished with an increase in soil depth, which demonstrated that the benefits of SOC are more pronounced in the topsoil under NT. Soil aggregation provides physical protection to C associated with different-sized particles, thus, the improvement in soil aggregation through CA is an effective way to mitigate soil C loss. Along with less soil disturbance, residual management, suitable crop rotation, rational application of manures and fertilizers, and integrated nutrient management have been found to be effective in not only improving soil C stock but also enhancing the soil health and productivity. Thus, CA can be considered as a potential method in the build-up of SOC of soil in rice-wheat system.展开更多
To solve the problem of field waterlogging during wheat sowing in rice-wheat rotation areas,which causes sticky and wet soil,thus affecting the growth of wheat,this paper proposed a sloped ditching method based on las...To solve the problem of field waterlogging during wheat sowing in rice-wheat rotation areas,which causes sticky and wet soil,thus affecting the growth of wheat,this paper proposed a sloped ditching method based on laser alignment technology,and designed a combined ditching device with a front ditching shovel(FDS)and a rear ditching plow(RDP)to create sloped drainage furrows when sowing wheat.The key factors affecting the performance of RDP and value ranges were determined through theoretical analysis.Through discrete element method(DEM)simulation,the influence of different structural parameter combinations on slope stability was studied,and the optimal parameter combination was determined as the soil lifting angle of 50°,the minimum element angle of 35°,and the maximum element angle of 40°.The field test showed that the ditching device can effectively create sloped trapezoidal drainage furrows.The slope stability coefficient and slope accuracy coefficient were both greater than 85%,which meets the requirements of drainage.This paper provides a new ditching method and theoretical basis for the development of a sowing and ditching combined machine in rice stubble fields.展开更多
The rice-wheat rotation system plays a significant role in Asian agriculture.The introduction of strip-tillage into the rice-wheat system for wheat planting offers a way to use conservation tillage practices to improv...The rice-wheat rotation system plays a significant role in Asian agriculture.The introduction of strip-tillage into the rice-wheat system for wheat planting offers a way to use conservation tillage practices to improve the seedbed quality,retain residue between rows and reduce energy input.A field experiment was conducted using an in-situ test rig.Three types of blade(bent C,straight and hoe)were evaluated in four tool configurations at four rotary speeds(180 r/min,280 r/min,380 r/min and 510 r/min)in a paddy soil.Furrow shape parameters,tillage-induced soil structures and energy consumption were assessed.Results showed that the straight blade configuration failed to create a continuous furrow at either 180 r/min or 510 r/min.The bent C blade configuration produced a uniform furrow profile but its furrow backfill was poor and unsuitable for seeding.The hoe blade configuration cut a continuous furrow and better tillage-induced soil structure,but it produced a much wider and non-uniform furrow shape.The mixed blade configuration(central hoe blades with two straight blades aside)provided a uniform furrow with good backfill and fine tilth by utilizing both the cutting effect of straight blades on the furrow boundaries and tensile fracturing of the furrow soil by the hoe blades.The torque of the mixed blade configuration was comparable with the bent C blade but was less than the hoe blades.Hence,a mixed blade configuration was recommended for rotary strip-tillage seeding using in rice-wheat system.展开更多
It is of great significance to explore the effects of different tillage practices on total nitrogen and its components in rice-wheat rotation farmland.The experiment was carried out in Jiangyan County,Jiangsu Province...It is of great significance to explore the effects of different tillage practices on total nitrogen and its components in rice-wheat rotation farmland.The experiment was carried out in Jiangyan County,Jiangsu Province of China,and a total of four treatments were set up:minimum tillage(MT),rotary tillage(RT),conventional tillage(CT),and conventional tillage without straw retention(CT0).The total nitrogen(TN),light fraction nitrogen(LFN),heavy fraction nitrogen(HFN),particulate nitrogen(PN),and mineral-associated nitrogen(MN)in 0-20 cm soil were determined.The results show that MT increased TN concentration by2.26%-27.57%compared with the other treatments in 0-5 cm soil,but it lost this advantage in 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil.MT altered the concentration of LFN by 6.03%-95.86%,of HFN by 1.68%-20.75%,of PN by 12.58%-96.83%,and of MN by−1.73%-9.83%as compared to RT,CT,and CT0 in 0-5 cm soil,respectively.With the deepened of soil depth,the concentration of TN,LFN,HFN,PN,and MN decreased quickly in MT,which was lower than that in RT and CT at 10-20 cm soil depth.Straw return increased the concentration of TN and its components in 0-20 cm soil.The concentration of TN was extremely significantly positively correlated with that of LFN,HFN,PN,and MN(p<0.01).The variation of TN was significantly positively correlated with that of LFN,HFN,PN,and MN(p<0.01),and LFN showed the highest sensitivity to tillage practice.In general,minimum tillage combined with straw retention increased the concentration of soil TN and its components in topsoil.LFN was the best indicator to indicate the change in soil total nitrogen affected by tillage practice.展开更多
文摘Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season. Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm(-2) when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%, respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheat-growing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1% and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheat-growing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R-2 = 0.445, n = 73,p < 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q(10)) was then evaluated to be 2.3+/-0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9+/-0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,2007CB109308)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2007AA06Z332)a special grant of Application of Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (200803034)
文摘Rational application of nitrogen （N） fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of N fertilization modes including a N fertilizer reduction and an organic manure replacement on crop yield,nutrient uptake,soil enzyme activity,and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes.The result showed that 20% reduction of traditional N fertilizer dose of local farmers did not significantly change crop yield,N uptake,soil enzyme activity,and the number of microbes （bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi）.On the basis of 20% reduction of N fertilizer,50% replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose,protease,urease,and phosphatase by 46-62,27-89,33-46,and 35-74%,respectively,and the number of microbes,i.e.,bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi by 36-150,11-153,and 43-56%,respectively.Further,organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon＇s diversity index （H） of 2.18,which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application.The results suggested that reducing N fertilizer by 20% and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and significantly improve soil fertility and biological properties.
基金Funding was provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301203,2017YFD0300100,and 2018YFD0300803)Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(18)1002).
文摘Nitrogen(N)fertilization increases rice yield,but inappropriate N fertilizer application increases N loss and the risk of environmental pollution.Short-term fertilizer postponing(FP)generally reduces N apparent surplus and increases rice yields,but the effects of long-term FP on N surplus and rice yields remain unknown.Our study was the first to investigate the impacts of long-term FP(11 years)on N apparent surplus and rice yields.FP effects in the short term(≤6 years)did not affect rice yields,whereas FP effects in the long term(>6 years)increased rice yields by 13.9%compared with conventional fertilization(CF).FP did not affect panicles per unit area,1000-kernel weight,and filled-kernel rate,but spikelets per panicle increased over time due to spikelet formation stimulation.FP also reduced the N apparent surplus over time more strongly than CF owing to higher N accumulation and N utilization efficiency.FP effects in the long term also significantly increased soil organic matter,total N,and NH4_(+)^(-)N content.Our results were supported by a pot experiment,showing that rice yields in soils with a history of FP were significantly higher than those for soils without a history of FP,indicating that FP increased rice yields more strongly in later years mainly because of soil quality improvement.Our findings suggest that longterm FP can reduce N loss while increasing rice yields by improving soil quality.
文摘Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is one of the most important cropping systems in South Asia. However, sustainability of this system is under threat owing to several factors, of which deficiency of micronutrients particularly zinc (Zn), boron (B) and manganese (Mn) is one of the major problems. Continuous rotation of rice and wheat, imbalanced fertilizer use and little/no use of micronutrient-enriched fertilizers induce deficiencies of Zn, B and Mn in the RWCS of South Asia. Here we review that (i) imbalanced fertilizer use and organic matter depletion deteriorate soil structure resulting in low efficiency of applied macro- and micro-nutrients in RWCS.(ii) The micronutrients (Zn, B and Mn) are essentially involved in metabolism of rice and wheat plants, including chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, enzyme activation and membrane integrity.(iii) Availability and uptake of Zn, B and Mn from rhizosphere depend on the physico-chemical soil properties (which differ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions) including soil pH, soil organic matter, soil moisture and interaction of these micronutrients with other nutrients.(iv) Plant ability to uptake and utilize the nutrients is affected by several plant factors such as root architecture, root hairs, transport kinetics parameter and root exudates.(v) Crop management and application of these microelements can help correct the micronutrients deficiency and enhance their grain concentration.
基金funded by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China(2006BAD02A05)the Science and Technology Project for Public (Agriculture)the Ministry of Agriculture, China (200903050-4)
文摘The rice and wheat cropping pattern is one of the main cropping systems in the world. A large number of research results showed that successive cropping of rice and wheat resulted in a series of problems such as hindering nutrition absorption, gradual degeneration of soil fertility, decline of soil organic matter, and increased incidence of diseases and pests. In China, especially in the Chengdu plain where rice-wheat cropping system is practiced, productivity and soil fertility was enhanced and sustained. This paper reviews the relevant data and experiences on rice-wheat cropping in the Chengdu Plain from 1977 to 2006. The principal sustainable strategies used for rice-wheat cropping systems in Chengdu Plain included： 1） creating a favorable environment and viable rotations; 2） balanced fertilization for maintenance of sustainable soil productivity; 3） improvement of crop management for higher efficiency; and 4） use the newest cultivars and cultivation techniques to upgrade the production level. Future research is also discussed in the paper as： 1） the constant topic： a highly productive and efficient rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable growth; 2） the future trend： simplified cultivation techniques for the rice-wheat cropping system; 3） the foundation： basic research for continuous innovation needed for intensive cropping. It is concluded that in the rice-wheat cropping system, a scientific and reasonable tillage/cultivation method can not only avoid the degradation of soil productivity, but also maintain sustainable growth in the long run.
基金financially supported by the Higher Education Department of Guangdong Province (No.2020KCXTD025)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFD0800404).
文摘In the rice-wheat rotation system,biochar(BC)can be applied at the initiation of the rice or wheat season.Here,we compared the effects of BC that were applied at two different crop seasons on wheat production,quality,and soil profile properties in a rice-wheat rotation system with nitrogen(N)fertilizer applied at 280 kg/ha rate.Results showed that both wheat grain production and N recovery use efficiency were influenced by BC applied at two crop seasons.Biochar application did not affect the total non-essential amino-acid,but when applied during wheat season,BC significantly(p<0.05)increased total essential amino acid in grain by 12.3%,particularly for the valine(+48.2%),methionine(+43.8%),and isoleucine(+10.3%).We found that BC significantly(p<0.05)decreased the pH of soil at 0–6 cm and 20–30 cm by 0.14–0.18 and 0.05–0.08 units,respectively.The NH4+-N content of the whole observed soil profile were reduced by BC application,however,the effect of BC on NO3–-N content varied with the application season and profile depth.Interestingly,BC applied at wheat and rice season significantly(p<0.05)improved topsoil N contents by 48.4%and 19.7%,respectively.In addition,data suggested that BC applied during wheat season performed better in enhancing soil available phosphorus,potassium,and organic matter contents.In conclusion,we suggest that the optimum application time of BC for enhancing crop production and quality(take amino-acid content for example)and improving soil fertility is at the initiation of the wheat season.
文摘The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradation of soil and the formation of a hard pan, which impedes root growth of subsequent upland crops. In addition, decreased availability and increasing cost of labor have increased the cost of rice cultivation through conventional methods. Because of these concerns, there is a need for mechanized transplanting of rice which is less labor-intensive and can ensure optimum plant population under nonpuddled and/or no-till conditions. A large number of on-farm trials were conducted at farmers’ fields in Haryana, India, from 2006 to 2010 to evaluate the performance of the mechanical transplanted rice (MTR) under nonpuddled and no-till situations as compared to conventional puddled transplant rice (CPTR). Compared with CPTR, nonpuddled MTR produced 3%-11% higher grain yield in different years. Rice cultivars, viz. HKR47, HKR127, PR113, PR114, PB1, PB1121, CSR30, and Arize6129, performed consistently better under nonpuddled MTR as compared to CPTR. Performance of different cultivars (PR113, PR114, HKR47, and Pusa 44) was also better under no-till MTR as compared to CPTR. The “basmati” cultivar CSR30 performed equally in no-till MTR and CPTR systems. The results of our study suggest that rice can be easily grown under nonpuddled and no-till conditions with yield advantages over the CPTR system. Even in the case of similar yield between CPTR and MTR systems, the MTR system will help in reducing labor requirement and ultimately, will increase overall profits to farmers.
基金National Key Research and Development Program Fund of China(2016YFD0300107)Initiative Funds for Talented Scientists in Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences(16F0202).
文摘The present study was planned to analyze the yield gap of wheat and its production constraints in order to explore the approaches for narrowing the yield gap of wheat in different wheat-rice rotation regions of Anhui Province. The production status and limiting factors of wheat in three rice-wheat rotation regions which are named Region Ⅰ,Region Ⅱ and Region Ⅲ were surveyed by using participatory rural appraisal method. The personnel,who were engaged in wheat production in rice-wheat rotation regions of Anhui Province,mainly ageing from 41 to 60,accounted for 79% of the total personnel in the regions. There were significant differences in yield of wheat which was planted after rice in Anhui. The yield was ranging from 8 907. 00 to 2 700. 00 kg/ha from north to south with an average of 4 978. 5 kg/ha,and the rank of overall average yields at province level was Region Ⅰ( 5 685. 60 kg/ha) > Region Ⅱ( 5 600. 10 kg/ha) > Region Ⅲ( 3 048. 60 kg/ha). The average yield gap of wheat in wheat-rice rotation regions at province level was up to 2 637. 00 kg/ha,and the extreme yield gaps per hectare in the same region were 2 778. 00 kg( Region Ⅰ),2 502. 00 kg( Region Ⅱ) and 1 575. 00 kg( Region Ⅲ) respectively. The objective constraints were Fusarium head blight and pre-harvest sprouting;the subjective constraints were variety selection and layout,poor sowing quality and low seedling quality;social constraints were high cost,low market price and poor efficiency;and ecological constraints were poor soil texture,soil infertility and poor water-and-fertilizer retention. The yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions can be effectively reduced by improving yield potential of low-and-medium-yielding fields. Selecting appropriate wheat varieties and layout,constructing disease forecast system,improving agricultural machinery and social service organizations of plant protection,and strengthening scientific training as well as technological training of new agricultural operators and agricultural machinery technicians are the core means to narrowing the yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions at province scale.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20220017)the Innovation Development Project of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ2023J073)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province,China(2022M07020003)the Graduate Student Practice and Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(SJCX22_0374)。
文摘To understand the CH_(4) flux variations and their climatic drivers in the rice-wheat agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China,the CH_(4) flux was observed by using open-path eddy covariance at a typical rice-wheat rotation system in Anhui Province,China from November 2019 to October 2021.The variations and their drivers were then analyzed with the Akaike information criterion method.CH_(4) flux showed distinct diurnal variations with single peaks during 9:00-13:00 local time.The highest peak was 2.15μg m^(-2)s^(-1)which occurred at 11:00 in the vegetative growth stage in the rice growing season(RGS).CH_(4) flux also showed significant seasonal variations.The average CH_(4)flux in the vegetative growth stage in the RGS(193.8±74.2 mg m^(-2)d^(-1))was the highest among all growth stages.The annual total CH_(4) flux in the non-rice growing season(3.2 g m^(-2))was relatively small compared to that in the RGS(23.9 g m^(-2)).CH_(4) flux increased significantly with increase in air temperature,soil temperature,and soil water content in both the RGS and the non-RGS,while it decreased significantly with increase in vapor pressure deficit in the RGS.This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the CH_(4) flux and its drivers in the rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China.In addition,our findings will be helpful for the validation and adjustment of the CH_(4) models in this region.
文摘Ploughing and fertilization practices in rice-wheat system have deteriorated the soil carbon (C) pools. Conservation agriculture (CA) based management approaches have proven to enhance C sequestration and reverse the loss of soil-organic-carbon (SOC), which further enhances soil fertility. Different fractions of SOC pools react to the alterations in management practices and indicate changes in SOC dynamics as compared to total C in the soil. Higher SOC levels in soil have been observed in case of reduced/no-till (NT) practices than conventional tillage (CT). However, between CT and zero tillage/NT, total SOC stocks diminished with an increase in soil depth, which demonstrated that the benefits of SOC are more pronounced in the topsoil under NT. Soil aggregation provides physical protection to C associated with different-sized particles, thus, the improvement in soil aggregation through CA is an effective way to mitigate soil C loss. Along with less soil disturbance, residual management, suitable crop rotation, rational application of manures and fertilizers, and integrated nutrient management have been found to be effective in not only improving soil C stock but also enhancing the soil health and productivity. Thus, CA can be considered as a potential method in the build-up of SOC of soil in rice-wheat system.
基金funded by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-03)supported by the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘To solve the problem of field waterlogging during wheat sowing in rice-wheat rotation areas,which causes sticky and wet soil,thus affecting the growth of wheat,this paper proposed a sloped ditching method based on laser alignment technology,and designed a combined ditching device with a front ditching shovel(FDS)and a rear ditching plow(RDP)to create sloped drainage furrows when sowing wheat.The key factors affecting the performance of RDP and value ranges were determined through theoretical analysis.Through discrete element method(DEM)simulation,the influence of different structural parameter combinations on slope stability was studied,and the optimal parameter combination was determined as the soil lifting angle of 50°,the minimum element angle of 35°,and the maximum element angle of 40°.The field test showed that the ditching device can effectively create sloped trapezoidal drainage furrows.The slope stability coefficient and slope accuracy coefficient were both greater than 85%,which meets the requirements of drainage.This paper provides a new ditching method and theoretical basis for the development of a sowing and ditching combined machine in rice stubble fields.
基金supported by the State Key Program of China(2016 YFD 0300900)Jiangsu Agri.Mech.Fund(201-051028).
文摘The rice-wheat rotation system plays a significant role in Asian agriculture.The introduction of strip-tillage into the rice-wheat system for wheat planting offers a way to use conservation tillage practices to improve the seedbed quality,retain residue between rows and reduce energy input.A field experiment was conducted using an in-situ test rig.Three types of blade(bent C,straight and hoe)were evaluated in four tool configurations at four rotary speeds(180 r/min,280 r/min,380 r/min and 510 r/min)in a paddy soil.Furrow shape parameters,tillage-induced soil structures and energy consumption were assessed.Results showed that the straight blade configuration failed to create a continuous furrow at either 180 r/min or 510 r/min.The bent C blade configuration produced a uniform furrow profile but its furrow backfill was poor and unsuitable for seeding.The hoe blade configuration cut a continuous furrow and better tillage-induced soil structure,but it produced a much wider and non-uniform furrow shape.The mixed blade configuration(central hoe blades with two straight blades aside)provided a uniform furrow with good backfill and fine tilth by utilizing both the cutting effect of straight blades on the furrow boundaries and tensile fracturing of the furrow soil by the hoe blades.The torque of the mixed blade configuration was comparable with the bent C blade but was less than the hoe blades.Hence,a mixed blade configuration was recommended for rotary strip-tillage seeding using in rice-wheat system.
基金This study was partially supported by A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0200500)the Special Technology Innovation Fund of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Jiangsu Province(BE2022312)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Agricultural Academy Office(2014)No.216)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Research Institutes(Grant No.S202010-02).
文摘It is of great significance to explore the effects of different tillage practices on total nitrogen and its components in rice-wheat rotation farmland.The experiment was carried out in Jiangyan County,Jiangsu Province of China,and a total of four treatments were set up:minimum tillage(MT),rotary tillage(RT),conventional tillage(CT),and conventional tillage without straw retention(CT0).The total nitrogen(TN),light fraction nitrogen(LFN),heavy fraction nitrogen(HFN),particulate nitrogen(PN),and mineral-associated nitrogen(MN)in 0-20 cm soil were determined.The results show that MT increased TN concentration by2.26%-27.57%compared with the other treatments in 0-5 cm soil,but it lost this advantage in 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil.MT altered the concentration of LFN by 6.03%-95.86%,of HFN by 1.68%-20.75%,of PN by 12.58%-96.83%,and of MN by−1.73%-9.83%as compared to RT,CT,and CT0 in 0-5 cm soil,respectively.With the deepened of soil depth,the concentration of TN,LFN,HFN,PN,and MN decreased quickly in MT,which was lower than that in RT and CT at 10-20 cm soil depth.Straw return increased the concentration of TN and its components in 0-20 cm soil.The concentration of TN was extremely significantly positively correlated with that of LFN,HFN,PN,and MN(p<0.01).The variation of TN was significantly positively correlated with that of LFN,HFN,PN,and MN(p<0.01),and LFN showed the highest sensitivity to tillage practice.In general,minimum tillage combined with straw retention increased the concentration of soil TN and its components in topsoil.LFN was the best indicator to indicate the change in soil total nitrogen affected by tillage practice.
