The mechanization of rice production in China has experienced a comparatively long and an undulating process. The full-scale making of mechanization of irrigated rice cropping regions was started at the mid 1960’s, l...The mechanization of rice production in China has experienced a comparatively long and an undulating process. The full-scale making of mechanization of irrigated rice cropping regions was started at the mid 1960’s, later than that of upland cropping and its average level of mechanization operation also lower than the average level of the country. During this peiod, however, a series of mechines were created, which adapted to the characteristics of rice cropping regions in China, and the foundation was laid for the later paddy field machinery. For example, transplanting machine (created in 1956), boat—shaped tractors (1961), paddy field ploughing and harrowing serial (1974), and single wheel plowing machines (1979) etc.展开更多
Shallow planting of the rice seedlings is an important factor for getting high yield as it can increase the effective tillers on the lownode of the stem. The 2 ZB-79 shallow rice seedling transplanter combined the adv...Shallow planting of the rice seedlings is an important factor for getting high yield as it can increase the effective tillers on the lownode of the stem. The 2 ZB-79 shallow rice seedling transplanter combined the advantages of shallow planting of the seedling-casting rice transplanter and orderly planting of the traditional rice transplanter. The principle of this kind of machine is firstly to cut the standardization nursery rice seedlings with rug soil into many small pieces,and then to plant the small pieces composed of pot soil and some seedlings on it to the field surface in order,only shallowly planted on the very top part of paddy soil. Not only it can keep the performance of planting shallowly and orderly,but also simplify many mechanisms for transition,separation,and plantation of rice seedlings. It is a new type of rice seedling transplanter called laying-type up to now to get higher efficiency when working and higher yield for rice production. This paper will introduce its developing results and analyze the comparative experiments.展开更多
Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging a...Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging and yield,and their relationships with root traits.In this study,field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two super rice varieties(hybrid rice Peizataifeng and inbred rice Yuxiangyouzhan)under three furrow establishment treatments(T1,both water and seed furrows were established by the machine;T2,only seed furrows were established by the machine;and T3,neither water nor seed furrows were established by the machine).Lodging index,lodging-related traits,grain yield,above-ground dry weight and root traits were measured.The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with furrows(T1 and T2).The strongest lodging resistance was detected in the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment(T1)in both 2012 and 2013.Lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance.No significant difference was found in grain yield or dry weight of the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice.Therefore,the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment increased rice lodging resistance,which was related to root traits.展开更多
Several studies have demonstrated the effect of planting methods on rice yield, but information on the climate resources is limited. This study aims to reveal the effects of planting methods on climate resources assoc...Several studies have demonstrated the effect of planting methods on rice yield, but information on the climate resources is limited. This study aims to reveal the effects of planting methods on climate resources associated with rice yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with two japonica, two indica hybrid, and two japonica-indica hybrid varieties grown under three mechanized planting methods： carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting（CT）, mechanical direct seeding（DS）, and pot-hole seedling of mechanical transplanting（PT）. The rice yield and total dry matter under PT were greater than those under CT and DS methods. Besides, the entire growth duration and daily production showed significant positive relations with rice yield. Compared with CT and DS, the effective accumulated temperature and cumulative solar radiation of rice under PT were higher in phenological phases. In addition, the dry matter/effective accumulated temperature and solar energy utilization of rice under CT and DS were higher during vegetative phase and lower during reproductive and grain filling phases in contrast to PT. The mean daily temperature and mean daily solar radiation in the entire growth duration showed significant positive correlation with rice yield, total dry matter, and harvest index. This study demonstrated that when the mean daily temperature is 〈25.1°C in vegetative phase and 〉20.1°C in grain filling phase, rice yield could be increased by selecting mechanized planting methods. Most varieties under PT method exhibited high yield and climate resources use efficiency compared with CT and DS. In conclusion, the PT method could be a better cultivation measure for high rice yield, accompanied with high temperature and solar radiation use efficiency in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China.展开更多
Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.J...Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this展开更多
The damage caused by rice damping-off diseasecould be controlled efficiently by planting vig-orous seedlings. By adjusting the environ-ment, immunization of rice nursery (IRN)could raise seedlings with well developed ...The damage caused by rice damping-off diseasecould be controlled efficiently by planting vig-orous seedlings. By adjusting the environ-ment, immunization of rice nursery (IRN)could raise seedlings with well developed rootsand high physiological activity. These展开更多
Photoinhibition occurs when crops grow under strong light and are simultaneously subjected to stresses such as high or low temperature, drought,etc. It causes a decrease of crop photosynthetic efficiency leading to an...Photoinhibition occurs when crops grow under strong light and are simultaneously subjected to stresses such as high or low temperature, drought,etc. It causes a decrease of crop photosynthetic efficiency leading to an obvious decrease of the yield.展开更多
Understanding the breakage characteristics of rice grains is an important means to reduce rice breakage rate. However, the dynamic breakage mechanism of rice grain is unclear due to the lack of a reasonable breakage m...Understanding the breakage characteristics of rice grains is an important means to reduce rice breakage rate. However, the dynamic breakage mechanism of rice grain is unclear due to the lack of a reasonable breakage model. In this study, the uniaxial compression test and drop weight test of single rice were carried out, the breakage model of rice grain was constructed, the reliability of rice model was verified by the experiment and simulation results. The results showed that the fracture energy distribution of rice can be obtained by uniaxial compression test, the specific fracture energy of rice accords with a lognormal distribution, and the median specific fracture energy of rice is 479.75 J/kg. The damage accumulation coefficient and fragment size distribution of rice can be acquired by drop test, the result of damage accumulation coefficient of rice was 4.3. Rice grain breakage mainly occurs in the milling section of the vertical circulation rice mill.展开更多
文摘The mechanization of rice production in China has experienced a comparatively long and an undulating process. The full-scale making of mechanization of irrigated rice cropping regions was started at the mid 1960’s, later than that of upland cropping and its average level of mechanization operation also lower than the average level of the country. During this peiod, however, a series of mechines were created, which adapted to the characteristics of rice cropping regions in China, and the foundation was laid for the later paddy field machinery. For example, transplanting machine (created in 1956), boat—shaped tractors (1961), paddy field ploughing and harrowing serial (1974), and single wheel plowing machines (1979) etc.
基金Brand Discipline Construction Project of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(PPZY2015A087)
文摘Shallow planting of the rice seedlings is an important factor for getting high yield as it can increase the effective tillers on the lownode of the stem. The 2 ZB-79 shallow rice seedling transplanter combined the advantages of shallow planting of the seedling-casting rice transplanter and orderly planting of the traditional rice transplanter. The principle of this kind of machine is firstly to cut the standardization nursery rice seedlings with rug soil into many small pieces,and then to plant the small pieces composed of pot soil and some seedlings on it to the field surface in order,only shallowly planted on the very top part of paddy soil. Not only it can keep the performance of planting shallowly and orderly,but also simplify many mechanisms for transition,separation,and plantation of rice seedlings. It is a new type of rice seedling transplanter called laying-type up to now to get higher efficiency when working and higher yield for rice production. This paper will introduce its developing results and analyze the comparative experiments.
基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2020B1515020034)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX201700083)+3 种基金the Commonweal Project(Grant No.201203059)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong(Grant No.2019B020221003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0100800)as well as the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-01-41).
文摘Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging and yield,and their relationships with root traits.In this study,field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two super rice varieties(hybrid rice Peizataifeng and inbred rice Yuxiangyouzhan)under three furrow establishment treatments(T1,both water and seed furrows were established by the machine;T2,only seed furrows were established by the machine;and T3,neither water nor seed furrows were established by the machine).Lodging index,lodging-related traits,grain yield,above-ground dry weight and root traits were measured.The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with furrows(T1 and T2).The strongest lodging resistance was detected in the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment(T1)in both 2012 and 2013.Lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance.No significant difference was found in grain yield or dry weight of the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice.Therefore,the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment increased rice lodging resistance,which was related to root traits.
基金financially supported by grants from the Major Independent Innovation Project in Jiangsu Province,China(CX(15)1002)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund in Jiangsu Province,China(CX(12)1003-09)+3 种基金the National Key Research Program of China(2016YFD0300503)the Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2015340)the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province,China(KYLX15_1369)Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Several studies have demonstrated the effect of planting methods on rice yield, but information on the climate resources is limited. This study aims to reveal the effects of planting methods on climate resources associated with rice yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with two japonica, two indica hybrid, and two japonica-indica hybrid varieties grown under three mechanized planting methods： carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting（CT）, mechanical direct seeding（DS）, and pot-hole seedling of mechanical transplanting（PT）. The rice yield and total dry matter under PT were greater than those under CT and DS methods. Besides, the entire growth duration and daily production showed significant positive relations with rice yield. Compared with CT and DS, the effective accumulated temperature and cumulative solar radiation of rice under PT were higher in phenological phases. In addition, the dry matter/effective accumulated temperature and solar energy utilization of rice under CT and DS were higher during vegetative phase and lower during reproductive and grain filling phases in contrast to PT. The mean daily temperature and mean daily solar radiation in the entire growth duration showed significant positive correlation with rice yield, total dry matter, and harvest index. This study demonstrated that when the mean daily temperature is 〈25.1°C in vegetative phase and 〉20.1°C in grain filling phase, rice yield could be increased by selecting mechanized planting methods. Most varieties under PT method exhibited high yield and climate resources use efficiency compared with CT and DS. In conclusion, the PT method could be a better cultivation measure for high rice yield, accompanied with high temperature and solar radiation use efficiency in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China.
文摘Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this
文摘The damage caused by rice damping-off diseasecould be controlled efficiently by planting vig-orous seedlings. By adjusting the environ-ment, immunization of rice nursery (IRN)could raise seedlings with well developed rootsand high physiological activity. These
文摘Photoinhibition occurs when crops grow under strong light and are simultaneously subjected to stresses such as high or low temperature, drought,etc. It causes a decrease of crop photosynthetic efficiency leading to an obvious decrease of the yield.
基金The authors express their acknowledgment to the Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation(project Nos.LBHZ22008,LBH-Z23098)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.11802057)for financial support and all the persons whoassisted inthis work.
文摘Understanding the breakage characteristics of rice grains is an important means to reduce rice breakage rate. However, the dynamic breakage mechanism of rice grain is unclear due to the lack of a reasonable breakage model. In this study, the uniaxial compression test and drop weight test of single rice were carried out, the breakage model of rice grain was constructed, the reliability of rice model was verified by the experiment and simulation results. The results showed that the fracture energy distribution of rice can be obtained by uniaxial compression test, the specific fracture energy of rice accords with a lognormal distribution, and the median specific fracture energy of rice is 479.75 J/kg. The damage accumulation coefficient and fragment size distribution of rice can be acquired by drop test, the result of damage accumulation coefficient of rice was 4.3. Rice grain breakage mainly occurs in the milling section of the vertical circulation rice mill.
