In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadm...In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadmium contaminated soil.The main physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash were clarified by SEM,XRF and X-ray diffraction.The unconfined compressive strength test and toxicity leaching test were carried out on the modified soil.Combined with FTIR and TG micro-level,the solidification mechanism of rice husk ash-based geopolymer solidified cadmium contaminated soil was discussed.The results show that the strength of geopolymer modified soil is significantly higher than that of plain soil,and the unconfined compressive strength at 7 d age is 4.2 times that of plain soil.The strength of modified soil with different dosage of geopolymer at 28 d age is about 36% to 40% higher than that of modified soil at 7 d age.Geopolymer has a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in contaminated soil.When the cadmium content is 100 mg/kg,it meets the standard limit.In the process of complex depolymerization-condensation reaction,on the one hand,geopolymers are cemented and agglomerated to form a complex spatial structure,which affects the macro and micro characteristics of soil.On the other hand,it has significant adsorption,precipitation and replacement effects on heavy metal ions in soil,showing good strength and low heavy metal leaching toxicity.展开更多
A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous...A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous rice flour(GRF),and the macroscopic changes in concrete cracking resistance testing were investigated.Simultaneously,a fast cracking resistance evaluation method based on graphic recognition was proposed.The results indicated that pregelatinized glutinous rice flour(T-GRF)delayed the dissolution rate of anhydrous cement during the induction period,shifting the main exothermic peak of hydration backward.The compressive strength developed slowly in 7-28 d age and returned to normal in 28-56 d.The compressive strength of T-GRF-0.6% modified mortar at 56 d age is less than 10% different from that of control group.The 3.0%T-GRF decreased the total porosity by 3%,and the average pore size decreased from 31.2 to 21.3 nm measured by MIP,indicating that T-GRF could inhibit harmful pores and densify concrete.The crack resistance coefficient of T-GRF modified concrete was obtained by image recognition method,and the GRF could decrease the length,width,and damaged area of cracks in the early age of concrete.展开更多
This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagno...This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagnostic performance and computational efficiency.To this end,a total of 3234 high-resolution images(2400×1080)were collected from three major rice diseases Rice Blast,Bacterial Blight,and Brown Spot—frequently found in actual rice cultivation fields.These images served as the training dataset.The proposed YOLOv5-V2 model removes the Focus layer from the original YOLOv5s and integrates ShuffleNet V2 into the backbone,thereby resulting in both model compression and improved inference speed.Additionally,YOLOv5-P,based on PP-PicoDet,was configured as a comparative model to quantitatively evaluate performance.Experimental results demonstrated that YOLOv5-V2 achieved excellent detection performance,with an mAP 0.5 of 89.6%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 66.7%,precision of 91.3%,and recall of 85.6%,while maintaining a lightweight model size of 6.45 MB.In contrast,YOLOv5-P exhibited a smaller model size of 4.03 MB,but showed lower performance with an mAP 0.5 of 70.3%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 35.2%,precision of 62.3%,and recall of 74.1%.This study lays a technical foundation for the implementation of smart agriculture and real-time disease diagnosis systems by proposing a model that satisfies both accuracy and lightweight requirements.展开更多
One of Cambodia’s leading rice exporters,Apsara Rice,is known for its flagship product Apsara fragrant rice.Nurtured by the country’s fertile red soil and ample sunlight and rainfall thanks to its tropical monsoon c...One of Cambodia’s leading rice exporters,Apsara Rice,is known for its flagship product Apsara fragrant rice.Nurtured by the country’s fertile red soil and ample sunlight and rainfall thanks to its tropical monsoon climate,this rice features plump,translucent grains with a rich aroma and a soft,sticky,and elastic texture.展开更多
Adoption of Chinese hybrid rice boosts food security in Madagascar As the sun rises over the rice paddies of Mahitsy,Ramos Rakotorinina breathes in the cool morning air,watching the emerald green shoots of Chinese hyb...Adoption of Chinese hybrid rice boosts food security in Madagascar As the sun rises over the rice paddies of Mahitsy,Ramos Rakotorinina breathes in the cool morning air,watching the emerald green shoots of Chinese hybrid rice sway softly in the breeze.展开更多
Grain shape is an important trait affecting yield and quality(Ren et al.2023).Indica and japonica rice have differences in quality and yield-related traits,including grain shape.Indica rice generally has a slender gra...Grain shape is an important trait affecting yield and quality(Ren et al.2023).Indica and japonica rice have differences in quality and yield-related traits,including grain shape.Indica rice generally has a slender grain that decreases the head rice rate and yield loss,while japonica has shorter and wider grains with high yield(Jiang et al.2022).However,grain shape and chalkiness are often correlated.Grain width is a significant factor influencing grain filling.Wider grain is often accompanied by more chalkiness,whereas slender grains can optimize grain-filling pathways,reducing the chalkiness without yield loss.展开更多
Ratoon rice is of great significance in ensuring rice production due to its high economic benefits and low-cost inputs.However,current research on its cultivation is limited,and there is a shortage of specialized vari...Ratoon rice is of great significance in ensuring rice production due to its high economic benefits and low-cost inputs.However,current research on its cultivation is limited,and there is a shortage of specialized varieties developed for this purpose.In this study,we investigated the regeneration rates of hybrid rice varieties from the Chunyou and Zheliangyou series,as well as the Zhehui series restorer lines used in production.The differences in ratooning ability between different varieties and their respective parents were analyzed.Additionally,to preliminarily explore the genetic basis of the ratooning potential of indicajaponica hybrids,three japonica male sterile lines were used as female parents to make incomplete diallel crosses with 11 indicaclinous indica-japonica restorer lines.展开更多
Excessive waste production has led to the concept of a circular bioeconomy to deliver valuable by-products and improve environmental sustainability.The annual worldwide rice production accounts for more than 750 milli...Excessive waste production has led to the concept of a circular bioeconomy to deliver valuable by-products and improve environmental sustainability.The annual worldwide rice production accounts for more than 750 million tons of grain and 150 million tons of husk.Rice husk(RH)contains valuable biomaterials with extensive applications in various fields.The proportions of each component depend primarily on rice genotype,soil chemistry,and climatic conditions.RH and its derivatives,including ash,biochar,hydrochar,and activated carbon have been placed foreground of applications in agriculture and other industries.While the investigation on RH’s compositions,microstructures,and by-products has been done copiously,owing to its unique features,it is still an open-ended area with enormous scope for innovation,research,and technology.Here,we reviewed the latest applications of RH and its derivatives,including fuel and other energy resources,construction materials,pharmacy,medicine,and nanobiotechnology to keep this versatile biomaterial in the spotlight.展开更多
Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorl...Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorly understood.In this study,we assessed SRBSDV susceptibility in 20 Xian/indica(XI)and 20 Geng/japonica(GJ)rice varieties.XI-1B accessions in the Xian subgroup displayed higher resistance than GJ accessions.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed changes in processes like oxidoreductase activity,jasmonic acid(JA)metabolism,and stress response.JA sensitivity assays further linked antiviral defense to the JA pathway.These findings highlight a JA-mediated resistance mechanism in rice and offer insights for breeding SRBSDV-resistant varieties.展开更多
The development of transgenic rice with novel traits in China can increase rice productivity, but transgene flow to improved or weedy rice has become a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the potential maximum frequen...The development of transgenic rice with novel traits in China can increase rice productivity, but transgene flow to improved or weedy rice has become a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the potential maximum frequencies of transgene flow from glufosinate-resistant rice to improved rice cultivars and weedy rice. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2010 at the Center for Environmental Safety Supervision and Inspection for Genetically Modified Plants, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China. Glufosinate-resistant japonica rice 99-1 was the pollen donor. The pollen recipients were two inbred japonica rice （Chunjiang 016 and Xiushui 09）, two inbred indica rice （Zhongzu 14 and Zhongzao 22）, two indica hybrid rice （Zhongzheyou 1 and Guodao 1）, and one weedy indica rice （Taizhou weedy rice）. The offspring of recipients were planted in the field and sprayed with a commercial dose of glufosinate. Leaf tissues of survivors were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the transgene. The frequency of gene flow ranged from 0 to 0.488%. In 2009, the order of gene flow frequency was as follows： weedy rice 〉 Chunjiang 016 〉 Xiushui 09 and Zhongzu 14 〉 Guodao 1, Zhongzheyou 1 and Zhongzao 22. Gene flow frequencies were generally higher in 2009 than in 2010, but did not differ significantly among rice materials. Gene flow frequency was the highest in weedy rice followed by the inbred japonica rice. The risk of gene flow differed significantly between years and year-to-year variance could mask risk differences among pollen recipients. Gene flow was generally lesser in taller pollen recipients than in shorter ones, but plant height only accounted for about 30% of variation in gene flow. When flowering synchrony was maximized, as in this study, low frequencies of gene flow occurred from herbicide-resistant japonica rice to other cultivars and weedy rice. Averaged across years, the risk of gene flow to weedy rice was higher than that of improved rice and hybrids. Greater resources must be dedicated to the management of remnant weedy rice in fields planted with herbicide-resistant rice, and to prevent the evolution of resistant weedy rice populations.展开更多
Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because it...Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin.When rice straw is burned,hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,methane,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen monoxide are released into the air as smoke(less than 10μm-sized particles).The rise in the burning of rice straw has contributed to too many accidents and health issues in the general population residing in Haryana,Punjab,and Uttar Pradesh of India.These states are being urged by the National Green Tribunal to generate money instead of burning rice straw.Even though these lignocellulosic materials might be beneficial,not much has been carried out with them.This overview covers the properties of rice straw and husks,the numerous procedures used to create valuable products,and various applications that may be made for them.These include energy sources,environmental adsorbents,building supplies,and specialist commodities.展开更多
The article discusses the prospects of using algae in the soil—to improve the fertility of rice fields in the Osh oblast of Kyrgyzstan.The authors note that the Fergana Valley,where Osh oblast is located,is an import...The article discusses the prospects of using algae in the soil—to improve the fertility of rice fields in the Osh oblast of Kyrgyzstan.The authors note that the Fergana Valley,where Osh oblast is located,is an important rice-grow-ing region,and there are currently plans to expand rice fields.In this regard,the study of methods to increase rice yields,such as algolization,is of particular relevance.The article emphasizes that rice fields are unique aquatic ecosystems where microorganisms,especially algae,play an important role.Algae,particularly blue-green algae(cyanobacteria),are capable of fixing nitrogen from the air and enrich the soil with it,which is especially important for rice,which needs nitrogen for growth.The algolization method helps to improve soil structure,reduce the need for mineral fertilizers,control weeds and is an environmentally friendly method of fertility improvement.The authors provide data on the spe-cies composition of cyanobacteria found in rice fields in Osh oblast,noting the predominance of Chroococcus and Hor-mogonium forms.They also indicate seasonal fluctuations in algae abundance associated with climatic conditions.In conclusion,the authors highlight the promising application of algolization in rice farming in Osh oblast and the need for further research to identify the most effective algal species and develop optimal methods of their application.展开更多
Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germ...Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germplasm and varieties with multiple resistances is the most economical,sustainable,and efficient way to solve these problems.In this study,marker-assisted backcrossing was used to pyramid multiple resistance genes,resulting in the development of a penta-resistance restorer line,B2A1920.This line was evaluated for its agronomic traits and resistance to diseases,pests,and herbicides.It was confirmed that B2A1920 contains the herbicide resistance gene Bar,the lepidopteran pest resistance gene Cry2Aa,the bacterial blight(BB)resistance gene Xa23,the blast resistance gene Pi2,and the brown planthopper(BPH)resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15.These genes confer resistance to glufosinate,lepidopteran pests,BB,blast,and BPH,respectively,while the line also exhibits elite agronomic traits.Its hybrids,Gui A×B2A1920,Quan 9311A×B2A1920,Yexiang A×B2A1920,Xianglong A×B2A1920,Tiantai A×B2A1920,and Shen 9A×B2A1920,likewise showed penta-resistance and superior agronomic performance.These results indicate the successful development of a cytoplasmic male sterile restorer line with high combining ability and penta-resistance.展开更多
Many parks in western Beijing were once the main production areas for Jingxi Rice.Today,the well-preserved rice fields there are a microcosm of the past,standing as a green treasure where urban development and agricul...Many parks in western Beijing were once the main production areas for Jingxi Rice.Today,the well-preserved rice fields there are a microcosm of the past,standing as a green treasure where urban development and agriculture coexist。展开更多
Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent chall...Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent challenge in rice breeding programs.Notably,compared with GW,brown rice weight(BRW)provides a more direct metric associated with actual grain yield potential.In this study,we conducted a two-year replicated genome-wide association study to elucidate the genetic architecture of BRW and identify new loci regulating GW.Among seven consistently detected loci across experimental replicates,four were not co-localized with previously reported genes associated with BRW or GW traits.BRW1.1,one of the four newly identified loci,was found to encode a novel RNA-binding protein.Functional characterization revealed that BRW1.1 acts as a negative regulator of BRW,potentially through modulating mRNA translation processes.Intriguingly,through integrated analysis of mutant phenotypes and haplotype variations,we demonstrated that BRW1.1 mediates the physiological tradeoff between GW and panicle number.This study not only delineates the genetic determinants of BRW but also identifies BRW1.1 as a promising molecular target for breaking the yield component tradeoff in precision rice breeding.展开更多
The ubiquitin-proteasome system involves three types of enzymes(E1,E2,and E3)that promote protein ubiquitination and degradation.Among these,the E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates substrate specificity.In rice,over 1500 E3 ...The ubiquitin-proteasome system involves three types of enzymes(E1,E2,and E3)that promote protein ubiquitination and degradation.Among these,the E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates substrate specificity.In rice,over 1500 E3 enzymes have been identified,playing diverse roles in growth,developmental processes,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In recent years,significant progress has been made,with some breakthroughs in regulating disease resistance.Here,we summarize the roles of rice E3 ubiquitin ligases in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses,as well as their functions in regulating key agronomic traits such as seed size.Additionally,future research directions are discussed.This review aims to facilitate further studies on E3 ubiquitin ligases in rice.展开更多
Inside the production workshop of a food processing enterprise under Jiangsu Province’s Sheyang Rice Group,rice harvested from Sheyang County’s green cultivation bases moves smoothly along the assembly line.Followin...Inside the production workshop of a food processing enterprise under Jiangsu Province’s Sheyang Rice Group,rice harvested from Sheyang County’s green cultivation bases moves smoothly along the assembly line.Following raw material processing,enzymatic hydrolysis,and blending,the rice is converted into a liquid product and packaged in easy-open cans.展开更多
Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield...Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield remains unclear.In this study,we identified five rice SUT genes(OsSUT1-OsSUT5)and examined their molecular characteristics and biological functions.OsSUT1,OsSUT2,and OsSUT4 were predominantly expressed in stems,while OsSUT3 and OsSUT5 showed higher expression in panicles.OsSUT1 and OsSUT4 are located on the plasma membrane,whereas OsSUT2,OsSUT3,and OsSUT5 are localized to the tonoplast.展开更多
Winter planting green manures in southern China effectively improve soil properties and rice production through microbial community construction.However,the effects of soil communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(...Winter planting green manures in southern China effectively improve soil properties and rice production through microbial community construction.However,the effects of soil communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)from different winter planting green manures on the soil properties and post-cropping rice production remain unclear.In this study,the soil AMF communities of three common winter planting patterns in southern China,winter fallow,winter ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum L.),and winter Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.),were explored and their effects on post-cropping rice production were investigated.Compared with winter fallow,the winter ryegrass and winter Chinese milk vetch patterns could alleviate soil acidification,significantly increase soil AMF spore density,and improve the soil AMF community structure.Based on sterilized soil,rice production indicators such as thousandseed weight,theoretical yield,and the grain amylose and total sugar contents of rice inoculated with AMF spores from winter Chinese milk vetch soil were 6.68–53.57%higher than those without AMF inoculation.Rice panicle weight,seed setting rate,and theoretical yield were 15.38–22.71%higher in the treatment with AMF spores from winter ryegrass soil than in the treatments with no AMF inoculation.In addition,the protein,amylose,and total sugar contents of rice grains were 14.92,104.82,and 802.23 mg kg^(–1),respectively,which were 31.31,14.25 and 34.47%higher than those without AMF inoculation.The AMF community dominated by Glomus and Acaulospora in winter Chinese milk vetch had a more positive effect on the improvement of rice yield,while the AMF community dominated by Glomus in winter ryegrass soil was more conducive to rice quality improvement.These findings have revealed the critical role of AMF communities from green manure in rice production,which lays the theoretical basis for a promising strategy to promote the sustainable development of southern winter agriculture.展开更多
基金Funded by Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Special Fund Project(No.ZYYD2023B02)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.S202410994015)+2 种基金China University of Mining and Technology Coal Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development National Key Laboratory Xinjiang Engineering College Joint Fund(No.SKLCRSM-XJIE24KF001)Basic Research Funds for Autonomous Region Universities(No.XJEDU2024P082)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41662017)。
文摘In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadmium contaminated soil.The main physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash were clarified by SEM,XRF and X-ray diffraction.The unconfined compressive strength test and toxicity leaching test were carried out on the modified soil.Combined with FTIR and TG micro-level,the solidification mechanism of rice husk ash-based geopolymer solidified cadmium contaminated soil was discussed.The results show that the strength of geopolymer modified soil is significantly higher than that of plain soil,and the unconfined compressive strength at 7 d age is 4.2 times that of plain soil.The strength of modified soil with different dosage of geopolymer at 28 d age is about 36% to 40% higher than that of modified soil at 7 d age.Geopolymer has a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in contaminated soil.When the cadmium content is 100 mg/kg,it meets the standard limit.In the process of complex depolymerization-condensation reaction,on the one hand,geopolymers are cemented and agglomerated to form a complex spatial structure,which affects the macro and micro characteristics of soil.On the other hand,it has significant adsorption,precipitation and replacement effects on heavy metal ions in soil,showing good strength and low heavy metal leaching toxicity.
基金Funded by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.522QN279)State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials(No.2023CEM004)。
文摘A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous rice flour(GRF),and the macroscopic changes in concrete cracking resistance testing were investigated.Simultaneously,a fast cracking resistance evaluation method based on graphic recognition was proposed.The results indicated that pregelatinized glutinous rice flour(T-GRF)delayed the dissolution rate of anhydrous cement during the induction period,shifting the main exothermic peak of hydration backward.The compressive strength developed slowly in 7-28 d age and returned to normal in 28-56 d.The compressive strength of T-GRF-0.6% modified mortar at 56 d age is less than 10% different from that of control group.The 3.0%T-GRF decreased the total porosity by 3%,and the average pore size decreased from 31.2 to 21.3 nm measured by MIP,indicating that T-GRF could inhibit harmful pores and densify concrete.The crack resistance coefficient of T-GRF modified concrete was obtained by image recognition method,and the GRF could decrease the length,width,and damaged area of cracks in the early age of concrete.
文摘This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagnostic performance and computational efficiency.To this end,a total of 3234 high-resolution images(2400×1080)were collected from three major rice diseases Rice Blast,Bacterial Blight,and Brown Spot—frequently found in actual rice cultivation fields.These images served as the training dataset.The proposed YOLOv5-V2 model removes the Focus layer from the original YOLOv5s and integrates ShuffleNet V2 into the backbone,thereby resulting in both model compression and improved inference speed.Additionally,YOLOv5-P,based on PP-PicoDet,was configured as a comparative model to quantitatively evaluate performance.Experimental results demonstrated that YOLOv5-V2 achieved excellent detection performance,with an mAP 0.5 of 89.6%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 66.7%,precision of 91.3%,and recall of 85.6%,while maintaining a lightweight model size of 6.45 MB.In contrast,YOLOv5-P exhibited a smaller model size of 4.03 MB,but showed lower performance with an mAP 0.5 of 70.3%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 35.2%,precision of 62.3%,and recall of 74.1%.This study lays a technical foundation for the implementation of smart agriculture and real-time disease diagnosis systems by proposing a model that satisfies both accuracy and lightweight requirements.
文摘One of Cambodia’s leading rice exporters,Apsara Rice,is known for its flagship product Apsara fragrant rice.Nurtured by the country’s fertile red soil and ample sunlight and rainfall thanks to its tropical monsoon climate,this rice features plump,translucent grains with a rich aroma and a soft,sticky,and elastic texture.
文摘Adoption of Chinese hybrid rice boosts food security in Madagascar As the sun rises over the rice paddies of Mahitsy,Ramos Rakotorinina breathes in the cool morning air,watching the emerald green shoots of Chinese hybrid rice sway softly in the breeze.
基金supported by grants from the Government of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2023331,JBGS[2021]001,23KJA210001,BE2021334,BM2022008-02,KYCX23_3575)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971914)。
文摘Grain shape is an important trait affecting yield and quality(Ren et al.2023).Indica and japonica rice have differences in quality and yield-related traits,including grain shape.Indica rice generally has a slender grain that decreases the head rice rate and yield loss,while japonica has shorter and wider grains with high yield(Jiang et al.2022).However,grain shape and chalkiness are often correlated.Grain width is a significant factor influencing grain filling.Wider grain is often accompanied by more chalkiness,whereas slender grains can optimize grain-filling pathways,reducing the chalkiness without yield loss.
基金funded by the Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project,China(Grant No.B2024003)the Zhejiang Province Major Project for Crop Variety Breeding,China(Grant No.2021C02063-2-3)。
文摘Ratoon rice is of great significance in ensuring rice production due to its high economic benefits and low-cost inputs.However,current research on its cultivation is limited,and there is a shortage of specialized varieties developed for this purpose.In this study,we investigated the regeneration rates of hybrid rice varieties from the Chunyou and Zheliangyou series,as well as the Zhehui series restorer lines used in production.The differences in ratooning ability between different varieties and their respective parents were analyzed.Additionally,to preliminarily explore the genetic basis of the ratooning potential of indicajaponica hybrids,three japonica male sterile lines were used as female parents to make incomplete diallel crosses with 11 indicaclinous indica-japonica restorer lines.
文摘Excessive waste production has led to the concept of a circular bioeconomy to deliver valuable by-products and improve environmental sustainability.The annual worldwide rice production accounts for more than 750 million tons of grain and 150 million tons of husk.Rice husk(RH)contains valuable biomaterials with extensive applications in various fields.The proportions of each component depend primarily on rice genotype,soil chemistry,and climatic conditions.RH and its derivatives,including ash,biochar,hydrochar,and activated carbon have been placed foreground of applications in agriculture and other industries.While the investigation on RH’s compositions,microstructures,and by-products has been done copiously,owing to its unique features,it is still an open-ended area with enormous scope for innovation,research,and technology.Here,we reviewed the latest applications of RH and its derivatives,including fuel and other energy resources,construction materials,pharmacy,medicine,and nanobiotechnology to keep this versatile biomaterial in the spotlight.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2023YFD1400300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A6006,32270149,32272555)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ22C140001)the Ningbo Major Research and Development Plan Project(2023Z124).
文摘Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorly understood.In this study,we assessed SRBSDV susceptibility in 20 Xian/indica(XI)and 20 Geng/japonica(GJ)rice varieties.XI-1B accessions in the Xian subgroup displayed higher resistance than GJ accessions.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed changes in processes like oxidoreductase activity,jasmonic acid(JA)metabolism,and stress response.JA sensitivity assays further linked antiviral defense to the JA pathway.These findings highlight a JA-mediated resistance mechanism in rice and offer insights for breeding SRBSDV-resistant varieties.
基金funded by the China Agriculture Research System (Grant No. CARS-01)Zhejiang Science and Technology Project of China (Grant No. 2008C22086)
文摘The development of transgenic rice with novel traits in China can increase rice productivity, but transgene flow to improved or weedy rice has become a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the potential maximum frequencies of transgene flow from glufosinate-resistant rice to improved rice cultivars and weedy rice. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2010 at the Center for Environmental Safety Supervision and Inspection for Genetically Modified Plants, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China. Glufosinate-resistant japonica rice 99-1 was the pollen donor. The pollen recipients were two inbred japonica rice （Chunjiang 016 and Xiushui 09）, two inbred indica rice （Zhongzu 14 and Zhongzao 22）, two indica hybrid rice （Zhongzheyou 1 and Guodao 1）, and one weedy indica rice （Taizhou weedy rice）. The offspring of recipients were planted in the field and sprayed with a commercial dose of glufosinate. Leaf tissues of survivors were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the transgene. The frequency of gene flow ranged from 0 to 0.488%. In 2009, the order of gene flow frequency was as follows： weedy rice 〉 Chunjiang 016 〉 Xiushui 09 and Zhongzu 14 〉 Guodao 1, Zhongzheyou 1 and Zhongzao 22. Gene flow frequencies were generally higher in 2009 than in 2010, but did not differ significantly among rice materials. Gene flow frequency was the highest in weedy rice followed by the inbred japonica rice. The risk of gene flow differed significantly between years and year-to-year variance could mask risk differences among pollen recipients. Gene flow was generally lesser in taller pollen recipients than in shorter ones, but plant height only accounted for about 30% of variation in gene flow. When flowering synchrony was maximized, as in this study, low frequencies of gene flow occurred from herbicide-resistant japonica rice to other cultivars and weedy rice. Averaged across years, the risk of gene flow to weedy rice was higher than that of improved rice and hybrids. Greater resources must be dedicated to the management of remnant weedy rice in fields planted with herbicide-resistant rice, and to prevent the evolution of resistant weedy rice populations.
文摘Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin.When rice straw is burned,hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,methane,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen monoxide are released into the air as smoke(less than 10μm-sized particles).The rise in the burning of rice straw has contributed to too many accidents and health issues in the general population residing in Haryana,Punjab,and Uttar Pradesh of India.These states are being urged by the National Green Tribunal to generate money instead of burning rice straw.Even though these lignocellulosic materials might be beneficial,not much has been carried out with them.This overview covers the properties of rice straw and husks,the numerous procedures used to create valuable products,and various applications that may be made for them.These include energy sources,environmental adsorbents,building supplies,and specialist commodities.
文摘The article discusses the prospects of using algae in the soil—to improve the fertility of rice fields in the Osh oblast of Kyrgyzstan.The authors note that the Fergana Valley,where Osh oblast is located,is an important rice-grow-ing region,and there are currently plans to expand rice fields.In this regard,the study of methods to increase rice yields,such as algolization,is of particular relevance.The article emphasizes that rice fields are unique aquatic ecosystems where microorganisms,especially algae,play an important role.Algae,particularly blue-green algae(cyanobacteria),are capable of fixing nitrogen from the air and enrich the soil with it,which is especially important for rice,which needs nitrogen for growth.The algolization method helps to improve soil structure,reduce the need for mineral fertilizers,control weeds and is an environmentally friendly method of fertility improvement.The authors provide data on the spe-cies composition of cyanobacteria found in rice fields in Osh oblast,noting the predominance of Chroococcus and Hor-mogonium forms.They also indicate seasonal fluctuations in algae abundance associated with climatic conditions.In conclusion,the authors highlight the promising application of algolization in rice farming in Osh oblast and the need for further research to identify the most effective algal species and develop optimal methods of their application.
基金supported by the Open Competition Program of Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory,China(Grant No.B23YQ1513)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Precision Seed Design and Breeding)(Grant No.XDA24030201)the National Science and Technology Major Project on Breeding of New Genetically Modified Organisms,China(Grant No.2016ZX08001003-001).
文摘Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germplasm and varieties with multiple resistances is the most economical,sustainable,and efficient way to solve these problems.In this study,marker-assisted backcrossing was used to pyramid multiple resistance genes,resulting in the development of a penta-resistance restorer line,B2A1920.This line was evaluated for its agronomic traits and resistance to diseases,pests,and herbicides.It was confirmed that B2A1920 contains the herbicide resistance gene Bar,the lepidopteran pest resistance gene Cry2Aa,the bacterial blight(BB)resistance gene Xa23,the blast resistance gene Pi2,and the brown planthopper(BPH)resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15.These genes confer resistance to glufosinate,lepidopteran pests,BB,blast,and BPH,respectively,while the line also exhibits elite agronomic traits.Its hybrids,Gui A×B2A1920,Quan 9311A×B2A1920,Yexiang A×B2A1920,Xianglong A×B2A1920,Tiantai A×B2A1920,and Shen 9A×B2A1920,likewise showed penta-resistance and superior agronomic performance.These results indicate the successful development of a cytoplasmic male sterile restorer line with high combining ability and penta-resistance.
文摘Many parks in western Beijing were once the main production areas for Jingxi Rice.Today,the well-preserved rice fields there are a microcosm of the past,standing as a green treasure where urban development and agriculture coexist。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32000377,32172037,and 32472211)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project,China(Grant No.2023ZD04068)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.KJQN202103)the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics&Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization,China(Grant No.ZW202401)the Cyrus Tang Innovation Center for Crop Seed Industry,China.
文摘Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent challenge in rice breeding programs.Notably,compared with GW,brown rice weight(BRW)provides a more direct metric associated with actual grain yield potential.In this study,we conducted a two-year replicated genome-wide association study to elucidate the genetic architecture of BRW and identify new loci regulating GW.Among seven consistently detected loci across experimental replicates,four were not co-localized with previously reported genes associated with BRW or GW traits.BRW1.1,one of the four newly identified loci,was found to encode a novel RNA-binding protein.Functional characterization revealed that BRW1.1 acts as a negative regulator of BRW,potentially through modulating mRNA translation processes.Intriguingly,through integrated analysis of mutant phenotypes and haplotype variations,we demonstrated that BRW1.1 mediates the physiological tradeoff between GW and panicle number.This study not only delineates the genetic determinants of BRW but also identifies BRW1.1 as a promising molecular target for breaking the yield component tradeoff in precision rice breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071922)the Henan Province Science and Technology Joint Fund,China(Grant No.242301420134).
文摘The ubiquitin-proteasome system involves three types of enzymes(E1,E2,and E3)that promote protein ubiquitination and degradation.Among these,the E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates substrate specificity.In rice,over 1500 E3 enzymes have been identified,playing diverse roles in growth,developmental processes,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In recent years,significant progress has been made,with some breakthroughs in regulating disease resistance.Here,we summarize the roles of rice E3 ubiquitin ligases in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses,as well as their functions in regulating key agronomic traits such as seed size.Additionally,future research directions are discussed.This review aims to facilitate further studies on E3 ubiquitin ligases in rice.
文摘Inside the production workshop of a food processing enterprise under Jiangsu Province’s Sheyang Rice Group,rice harvested from Sheyang County’s green cultivation bases moves smoothly along the assembly line.Following raw material processing,enzymatic hydrolysis,and blending,the rice is converted into a liquid product and packaged in easy-open cans.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372099,32172080,and 32188102)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(Grant No.CAAS-CSCB-202402).
文摘Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield remains unclear.In this study,we identified five rice SUT genes(OsSUT1-OsSUT5)and examined their molecular characteristics and biological functions.OsSUT1,OsSUT2,and OsSUT4 were predominantly expressed in stems,while OsSUT3 and OsSUT5 showed higher expression in panicles.OsSUT1 and OsSUT4 are located on the plasma membrane,whereas OsSUT2,OsSUT3,and OsSUT5 are localized to the tonoplast.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171683)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(JCYJ20220530145606015)+4 种基金the Agricultural and Social Development Project of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,China(202206010058)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201503122)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2020A1515010494)the Yangfan Innovative&Entrepreneurial Research Team Project,China(2015YT02H032)the Zhang Hong-da Science Research Fund of Sun Yat-sen University,China。
文摘Winter planting green manures in southern China effectively improve soil properties and rice production through microbial community construction.However,the effects of soil communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)from different winter planting green manures on the soil properties and post-cropping rice production remain unclear.In this study,the soil AMF communities of three common winter planting patterns in southern China,winter fallow,winter ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum L.),and winter Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.),were explored and their effects on post-cropping rice production were investigated.Compared with winter fallow,the winter ryegrass and winter Chinese milk vetch patterns could alleviate soil acidification,significantly increase soil AMF spore density,and improve the soil AMF community structure.Based on sterilized soil,rice production indicators such as thousandseed weight,theoretical yield,and the grain amylose and total sugar contents of rice inoculated with AMF spores from winter Chinese milk vetch soil were 6.68–53.57%higher than those without AMF inoculation.Rice panicle weight,seed setting rate,and theoretical yield were 15.38–22.71%higher in the treatment with AMF spores from winter ryegrass soil than in the treatments with no AMF inoculation.In addition,the protein,amylose,and total sugar contents of rice grains were 14.92,104.82,and 802.23 mg kg^(–1),respectively,which were 31.31,14.25 and 34.47%higher than those without AMF inoculation.The AMF community dominated by Glomus and Acaulospora in winter Chinese milk vetch had a more positive effect on the improvement of rice yield,while the AMF community dominated by Glomus in winter ryegrass soil was more conducive to rice quality improvement.These findings have revealed the critical role of AMF communities from green manure in rice production,which lays the theoretical basis for a promising strategy to promote the sustainable development of southern winter agriculture.
