The breakthrough in super hybrid rice yield has significantly contributed to China’s and global food security.However,the inherent conflict between high productivity and environmentally sustainable agriculture poses ...The breakthrough in super hybrid rice yield has significantly contributed to China’s and global food security.However,the inherent conflict between high productivity and environmentally sustainable agriculture poses substantial challenges.Issues such as water scarcity,energy crises,escalating greenhouse gas emissions,and diminishing farm profitability threaten longterm agricultural sustainability.In response,we applied a holistic food–carbon–nitrogen–water–energy–profit (FCNWEP)nexus framework to comprehensively assess the sustainability of distinct crop management strategies across three subsites in Central China.Field experiments were conducted in Hubei and Hunan provinces from 2017 to 2021 using a widely adopted elite super hybrid rice cultivar (Y-liangyou 900).Four crop management treatments were implemented:a control(CK,0 kg N ha^(-1)),conventional crop management (CCM,210–250 kg N ha^(-1),7:3 basal:mid-tiller fertilizer ratio),and two integrated crop management (ICM) treatments (ICM1,180–210 kg N ha^(-1),5:2:3 basal:mid-tiller:panicle initiation fertilizer ratio;ICM2,240–270 kg N ha^(-1),5:2:2:1 basal:mid-tiller:panicle initiation:flowering fertilizer ratio).Variables assessed included grain yield,carbon footprint,nitrogen footprint,water footprint,energy footprint,nitrogen use efficiency,and economic benefits.Our results showed significant yield variations,with ICM2 consistently outperforming CCM and ICM1across all three sites.In Jingzhou,Suizhou,and Changsha,ICM2’s grain yield was 30.2,24.7,and 13.3%higher than CCM,respectively.Net profits under ICM2 exceeded those of CCM and ICM1 by 31.8 and 115.2%in Jingzhou,32.2 and 109.9%in Suizhou,and 15.4 and 34.0%in Changsha,respectively.Integrated crop management,particularly ICM2,demonstrated improved nitrogen and energy use efficiency,leading to reduced carbon,nitrogen,water,and energy footprints.Overall,composite sustainability scores derived from the FCNWEP framework indicated that both ICM2 and ICM1 exhibited higher sustainability levels compared to CCM.This study provides valuable insights into practical management methodologies and offers recommendations for enhancing agricultural sustainability.展开更多
To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil ...To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.展开更多
Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding ...Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding stress,exploring both the methodology and physiological mechanisms involved.The optimal seed soaking concentration was determined through a gradient experiment,followed by a multi-cultivar validation test.The physiological mechanism of wood vinegar soaking on seedling emergence was analyzed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the flooding water,the changes in starch and soluble sugar contents in the grains and sprouts,and the dynamics ofα-amylase activity and antioxidant-related enzyme activities in the sprouts.The results showed that soaking rice seeds in a wood vinegar solution at a low concentration significantly enhanced the emergence of rice seedlings under flooding conditions,with a 100-fold dilution having the most pronounced effect,increasing seedling rates by 50.6%-60.0%.Further analysis indicated that wood vinegar treatment enhanced seedling establishment by inducing a significant increase inα-amylase activity,leading to a 74.9%-213.6%increase in soluble sugar content in the sprouts during 2-8 d after flooding stress compared with the control.Additionally,the treatment increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in the sprouts,mitigating lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes,and notably lower water electrical conductivity was observed in wood vinegar-treated seeds compared with the control.In conclusion,soaking rice seeds in a 100-fold diluted wood vinegar solution improves rice seedling rates under flooding stress by mitigating oxidative damage and maintaining energy supply.This approach is valuable for developing cost-effective seed treatment technologies and offering novel strategies to improve seedling rates and uniformity of direct-seeded rice under flooding conditions.展开更多
In China,farmers have increasingly adopted direct-seeded rice(DSR).While various impacts of DSR have been studied,limited evidence exists regarding the effect of DSR adoption on pesticide use.This study examines the i...In China,farmers have increasingly adopted direct-seeded rice(DSR).While various impacts of DSR have been studied,limited evidence exists regarding the effect of DSR adoption on pesticide use.This study examines the impact of DSR adoption on pesticide use utilizing data from a 2018 survey of 982 rice farmers in China's Yangtze River Basin.The endogenous treatment-regression and switching regression models are employed to address self-selection bias.The results indicate that,after accounting for self-selection,DSR adopters spend 401.72 CNY ha^(-1) more on pesticides compared to non-adopters.Although DSR adoption significantly increases the use of insecticides,fungicides and herbicides,its impact is most pronounced for insecticide expenditure and least pronounced for herbicide expenditure.The findings remain robust when altering the dependent variable,truncating the research sample,and modifying the estimation method.Heterogeneous analysis reveals that DSR adoption has a stronger positive impact on pesticide expenditure among farmers below 60 years of age,with at least 6 years of education,and managing rice sown areas less than 2 ha.Based on these findings,this study recommends enhancing complementary techniques for DSR,improving the dissemination of DSR cultivation technologies,and strengthening socialized services.This research provides a comprehensive assessment of DSR's advantages and disadvantages,particularly regarding pesticide use,offering important policy implications for pesticide reduction.展开更多
Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural...Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.展开更多
Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain and a by-product of milling rice kernels,possessing high nutritional and therapeutic value.It is abundant in dietary fibers,vitamins,minerals,polyphenols,and various anti...Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain and a by-product of milling rice kernels,possessing high nutritional and therapeutic value.It is abundant in dietary fibers,vitamins,minerals,polyphenols,and various antioxidant molecules.The health-promoting effects of rice bran and its biomolecules have been documented in several studies.In this review,we evaluated the different nutritive and health-promoting effects of rice bran,particularly its impact on gut health and other chronic conditions associated with gut health.The biomolecules present in rice bran and their potential therapeutic effects were also summarized.This paper recapitulated the potential therapeutic and preventive efficacy of rice bran against various ailments,along with their mechanisms of action.Rice bran is an important source of nutritive substances.In addition to their nutritive value,rice bran is rich in diverse biomolecules such as anthocyanins,flavonoids,phenolics,γ-oryzanol,phytosterols and derivatives,saturated fatty acids,monounsaturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids.The dietary fibers in rice bran play a key role in modulating gut microbiota,reducing inflammation,and maintaining gut health.Rice bran and its components have been found to exhibit therapeutic benefits against inflammation,diabetes,cancer,liver disorders,cardiac issues,and neurological disorders through various mechanisms.Different clinical investigations have also confirmed the potential beneficial effects of rice bran and rice bran oil in various metabolic and cardiac disease conditions.Modulating gut microbiota is an important mechanism of the beneficial effects exerted by rice bran.This comprehensive review underscores the nutritional and therapeutic value of rice bran,emphasizing its potential for wider adoption to address nutrient deficiencies and improve human health.展开更多
As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a ...As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a crucial role in rice growth and development,stress response,and hormone signal transduction.This review discusses the role of WRKY53 in stress response,focusing on its functions in cold tolerance,salt tolerance,disease resistance,and pest defense,and explores its role in regulating rice leaf senescence and seed germination.This article also proposes future research directions,including functional genomics studies,protein interaction network analyses,hormone signal transduction pathways,genetic improvement strategies,applications of gene editing technologies,molecular basis of stress responses,cross-species functional conservation,and bioinformatics and comparative genomics research.This review highlights the importance of WRKY53 in rice biology and provides new perspectives and strategies for future research and genetic improvement of rice.展开更多
Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to h...Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).展开更多
In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadm...In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadmium contaminated soil.The main physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash were clarified by SEM,XRF and X-ray diffraction.The unconfined compressive strength test and toxicity leaching test were carried out on the modified soil.Combined with FTIR and TG micro-level,the solidification mechanism of rice husk ash-based geopolymer solidified cadmium contaminated soil was discussed.The results show that the strength of geopolymer modified soil is significantly higher than that of plain soil,and the unconfined compressive strength at 7 d age is 4.2 times that of plain soil.The strength of modified soil with different dosage of geopolymer at 28 d age is about 36% to 40% higher than that of modified soil at 7 d age.Geopolymer has a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in contaminated soil.When the cadmium content is 100 mg/kg,it meets the standard limit.In the process of complex depolymerization-condensation reaction,on the one hand,geopolymers are cemented and agglomerated to form a complex spatial structure,which affects the macro and micro characteristics of soil.On the other hand,it has significant adsorption,precipitation and replacement effects on heavy metal ions in soil,showing good strength and low heavy metal leaching toxicity.展开更多
The NRAMP(natural resistance-associated macrophage protein)family plays a pivotal role in metal ion transport,regulating both essential micronutrient uptake and toxic heavy metal accumulation in plants.In rice(Oryza s...The NRAMP(natural resistance-associated macrophage protein)family plays a pivotal role in metal ion transport,regulating both essential micronutrient uptake and toxic heavy metal accumulation in plants.In rice(Oryza sativa),OsNRAMP transporters critically influence metal homeostasis,stress adaptation,and grain safety.Among them,OsNRAMP5 serves as a major entry point for cadmium(Cd)and manganese(Mn)uptake,making it a prime target for low-Cd rice breeding.However,knockout of OsNRAMP5 leads to severe Mn deficiency,highlighting the need for precise genetic modifications(e.g.,OsNRAMP5-Q337K),which reduce Cd accumulation while maintaining Mn nutrition.Additionally,OsNRAMP1 and OsNRAMP2 contribute to Cd translocation and plant immunity,whereas OsNRAMP3/4/6/7 participate in Mn,iron,and zinc distribution and stress responses.This review systematically summarizes the structural,functional,and regulatory mechanisms of OsNRAMPs,emphasizing their roles in metal transport,pathogen resistance,and abiotic stress adaptation.Furthermore,we discuss strategies for developing low-Cd rice varieties,including QTL-based breeding,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing,and multi-gene stacking approaches.Finally,we outline future research directions,such as structural engineering of metal-binding sites and field validation of engineered rice lines,to ensure sustainable rice production in heavy metal-contaminated soils.展开更多
A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous...A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous rice flour(GRF),and the macroscopic changes in concrete cracking resistance testing were investigated.Simultaneously,a fast cracking resistance evaluation method based on graphic recognition was proposed.The results indicated that pregelatinized glutinous rice flour(T-GRF)delayed the dissolution rate of anhydrous cement during the induction period,shifting the main exothermic peak of hydration backward.The compressive strength developed slowly in 7-28 d age and returned to normal in 28-56 d.The compressive strength of T-GRF-0.6% modified mortar at 56 d age is less than 10% different from that of control group.The 3.0%T-GRF decreased the total porosity by 3%,and the average pore size decreased from 31.2 to 21.3 nm measured by MIP,indicating that T-GRF could inhibit harmful pores and densify concrete.The crack resistance coefficient of T-GRF modified concrete was obtained by image recognition method,and the GRF could decrease the length,width,and damaged area of cracks in the early age of concrete.展开更多
CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Althou...CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Although a limited investigation depicted that CRD310 contained higher levels of glutelin and some essential amino acids,detailed biochemical,molecular,and cellular mechanisms remain to be studied.As one of the means to identify the proteins and understand the underlying mechanism of higher proteins accumulation in grains of CRD310,the comparative proteomics was undertaken on grains of CRD310 and NV at the yellow ripening stage.展开更多
Zinc(Zn)deficiency is a global health issue,exacerbated by low Zn concentration and poor bioavailability in rice,primarily due to phytic acid(PA)interference.In this study,four doubled haploid(DH)progenies(DH1,DH11,DH...Zinc(Zn)deficiency is a global health issue,exacerbated by low Zn concentration and poor bioavailability in rice,primarily due to phytic acid(PA)interference.In this study,four doubled haploid(DH)progenies(DH1,DH11,DH18,and DH29)with distinct Zn and PA profiles were used to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of milling(DOM)on Zn bioavailability.Results showed DOM followed a double-exponential decay pattern(R^(2)>0.99)with milling time,varying among the four DH lines under identical milling conditions.As DOM increased,Zn,PA,and phosphorus(P)concentrations decreased progressively.展开更多
This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagno...This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagnostic performance and computational efficiency.To this end,a total of 3234 high-resolution images(2400×1080)were collected from three major rice diseases Rice Blast,Bacterial Blight,and Brown Spot—frequently found in actual rice cultivation fields.These images served as the training dataset.The proposed YOLOv5-V2 model removes the Focus layer from the original YOLOv5s and integrates ShuffleNet V2 into the backbone,thereby resulting in both model compression and improved inference speed.Additionally,YOLOv5-P,based on PP-PicoDet,was configured as a comparative model to quantitatively evaluate performance.Experimental results demonstrated that YOLOv5-V2 achieved excellent detection performance,with an mAP 0.5 of 89.6%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 66.7%,precision of 91.3%,and recall of 85.6%,while maintaining a lightweight model size of 6.45 MB.In contrast,YOLOv5-P exhibited a smaller model size of 4.03 MB,but showed lower performance with an mAP 0.5 of 70.3%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 35.2%,precision of 62.3%,and recall of 74.1%.This study lays a technical foundation for the implementation of smart agriculture and real-time disease diagnosis systems by proposing a model that satisfies both accuracy and lightweight requirements.展开更多
Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting d...Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important staple crops globally.Rice plant diseases can severely reduce crop yields and,in extreme cases,lead to total production loss.Early diagnosis enables timely intervention,mitigates dise...Rice is one of the most important staple crops globally.Rice plant diseases can severely reduce crop yields and,in extreme cases,lead to total production loss.Early diagnosis enables timely intervention,mitigates disease severity,supports effective treatment strategies,and reduces reliance on excessive pesticide use.Traditional machine learning approaches have been applied for automated rice disease diagnosis;however,these methods depend heavily on manual image preprocessing and handcrafted feature extraction,which are labor-intensive and time-consuming and often require domain expertise.Recently,end-to-end deep learning(DL) models have been introduced for this task,but they often lack robustness and generalizability across diverse datasets.To address these limitations,we propose a novel end-toend training framework for convolutional neural network(CNN) and attention-based model ensembles(E2ETCA).This framework integrates features from two state-of-the-art(SOTA) CNN models,Inception V3 and DenseNet-201,and an attention-based vision transformer(ViT) model.The fused features are passed through an additional fully connected layer with softmax activation for final classification.The entire process is trained end-to-end,enhancing its suitability for realworld deployment.Furthermore,we extract and analyze the learned features using a support vector machine(SVM),a traditional machine learning classifier,to provide comparative insights.We evaluate the proposed E2ETCA framework on three publicly available datasets,the Mendeley Rice Leaf Disease Image Samples dataset,the Kaggle Rice Diseases Image dataset,the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute dataset,and a combined version of all three.Using standard evaluation metrics(accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score),our framework demonstrates superior performance compared to existing SOTA methods in rice disease diagnosis,with potential applicability to other agricultural disease detection tasks.展开更多
The doubled haploid(DH)technique accelerates homozygosity by inducing chromosome doubling in haploid embryos derived from hybrid plants.This approach offers significant advantages over conventional rice breeding metho...The doubled haploid(DH)technique accelerates homozygosity by inducing chromosome doubling in haploid embryos derived from hybrid plants.This approach offers significant advantages over conventional rice breeding methods by shortening the breeding cycle and enabling rapid development of pure homozygous lines.Anther culture(AC)has been established as an efficient and successful method for producing DH plants via androgenesis in rice.However,despite its success in japonica rice.展开更多
Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.L...Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.Lipid and free fatty acid contents in grains correlate positively with cooking and eating quality of rice.This study examined Yangdao 6(YD6,a conventional taste indica inbred)and Nanjing 9108(NJ9108,a superior taste japonica inbred)cultivated under conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation(AWSD)from 10 days after transplanting to maturity.The research investigated the relationship between lipid and free fatty acid biosynthesis in grains and the cooking and eating quality of rice.Compared to CI treatment,AWMD significantly enhanced the contents of lipid,total free fatty acids(TFFAs),free unsaturated fatty acids(FUFAs),linoleic acid,and oleic acid in milled rice by increasing activities of enzymes associated with lipid synthesis,while AWSD produced opposite effects.Correlation analysis revealed that elevated levels of lipid,TFFAs,FUFAs,linoleic acid,and oleic acid contribute to improved rice cooking and eating quality.The findings demonstrate that AWMD enhances cooking and eating quality of milled rice through optimization of lipid and fatty acid synthesis in rice grains.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172108 and 32301940)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology (2023QNRC001)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M710489)the Chinese Scholarship Council (202310930003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2301004)。
文摘The breakthrough in super hybrid rice yield has significantly contributed to China’s and global food security.However,the inherent conflict between high productivity and environmentally sustainable agriculture poses substantial challenges.Issues such as water scarcity,energy crises,escalating greenhouse gas emissions,and diminishing farm profitability threaten longterm agricultural sustainability.In response,we applied a holistic food–carbon–nitrogen–water–energy–profit (FCNWEP)nexus framework to comprehensively assess the sustainability of distinct crop management strategies across three subsites in Central China.Field experiments were conducted in Hubei and Hunan provinces from 2017 to 2021 using a widely adopted elite super hybrid rice cultivar (Y-liangyou 900).Four crop management treatments were implemented:a control(CK,0 kg N ha^(-1)),conventional crop management (CCM,210–250 kg N ha^(-1),7:3 basal:mid-tiller fertilizer ratio),and two integrated crop management (ICM) treatments (ICM1,180–210 kg N ha^(-1),5:2:3 basal:mid-tiller:panicle initiation fertilizer ratio;ICM2,240–270 kg N ha^(-1),5:2:2:1 basal:mid-tiller:panicle initiation:flowering fertilizer ratio).Variables assessed included grain yield,carbon footprint,nitrogen footprint,water footprint,energy footprint,nitrogen use efficiency,and economic benefits.Our results showed significant yield variations,with ICM2 consistently outperforming CCM and ICM1across all three sites.In Jingzhou,Suizhou,and Changsha,ICM2’s grain yield was 30.2,24.7,and 13.3%higher than CCM,respectively.Net profits under ICM2 exceeded those of CCM and ICM1 by 31.8 and 115.2%in Jingzhou,32.2 and 109.9%in Suizhou,and 15.4 and 34.0%in Changsha,respectively.Integrated crop management,particularly ICM2,demonstrated improved nitrogen and energy use efficiency,leading to reduced carbon,nitrogen,water,and energy footprints.Overall,composite sustainability scores derived from the FCNWEP framework indicated that both ICM2 and ICM1 exhibited higher sustainability levels compared to CCM.This study provides valuable insights into practical management methodologies and offers recommendations for enhancing agricultural sustainability.
基金support of the Japanese Government(Monbukagakusho)Scholarship for his studies in Japansupported by the Yamagata University YU-COE(S)program and by the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan+2 种基金financially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(26310304)Yamagata University YU-COE(S)programby the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan。
文摘To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD2301300)the National Rice Industry Technology System,China(Grant No.CARS-01).
文摘Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding stress,exploring both the methodology and physiological mechanisms involved.The optimal seed soaking concentration was determined through a gradient experiment,followed by a multi-cultivar validation test.The physiological mechanism of wood vinegar soaking on seedling emergence was analyzed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the flooding water,the changes in starch and soluble sugar contents in the grains and sprouts,and the dynamics ofα-amylase activity and antioxidant-related enzyme activities in the sprouts.The results showed that soaking rice seeds in a wood vinegar solution at a low concentration significantly enhanced the emergence of rice seedlings under flooding conditions,with a 100-fold dilution having the most pronounced effect,increasing seedling rates by 50.6%-60.0%.Further analysis indicated that wood vinegar treatment enhanced seedling establishment by inducing a significant increase inα-amylase activity,leading to a 74.9%-213.6%increase in soluble sugar content in the sprouts during 2-8 d after flooding stress compared with the control.Additionally,the treatment increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in the sprouts,mitigating lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes,and notably lower water electrical conductivity was observed in wood vinegar-treated seeds compared with the control.In conclusion,soaking rice seeds in a 100-fold diluted wood vinegar solution improves rice seedling rates under flooding stress by mitigating oxidative damage and maintaining energy supply.This approach is valuable for developing cost-effective seed treatment technologies and offering novel strategies to improve seedling rates and uniformity of direct-seeded rice under flooding conditions.
基金supported by the General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education of China(24YJA790085)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology,China(2024CX01020)。
文摘In China,farmers have increasingly adopted direct-seeded rice(DSR).While various impacts of DSR have been studied,limited evidence exists regarding the effect of DSR adoption on pesticide use.This study examines the impact of DSR adoption on pesticide use utilizing data from a 2018 survey of 982 rice farmers in China's Yangtze River Basin.The endogenous treatment-regression and switching regression models are employed to address self-selection bias.The results indicate that,after accounting for self-selection,DSR adopters spend 401.72 CNY ha^(-1) more on pesticides compared to non-adopters.Although DSR adoption significantly increases the use of insecticides,fungicides and herbicides,its impact is most pronounced for insecticide expenditure and least pronounced for herbicide expenditure.The findings remain robust when altering the dependent variable,truncating the research sample,and modifying the estimation method.Heterogeneous analysis reveals that DSR adoption has a stronger positive impact on pesticide expenditure among farmers below 60 years of age,with at least 6 years of education,and managing rice sown areas less than 2 ha.Based on these findings,this study recommends enhancing complementary techniques for DSR,improving the dissemination of DSR cultivation technologies,and strengthening socialized services.This research provides a comprehensive assessment of DSR's advantages and disadvantages,particularly regarding pesticide use,offering important policy implications for pesticide reduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201654 and U22A20464)National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2020YFA0907600)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.
文摘Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain and a by-product of milling rice kernels,possessing high nutritional and therapeutic value.It is abundant in dietary fibers,vitamins,minerals,polyphenols,and various antioxidant molecules.The health-promoting effects of rice bran and its biomolecules have been documented in several studies.In this review,we evaluated the different nutritive and health-promoting effects of rice bran,particularly its impact on gut health and other chronic conditions associated with gut health.The biomolecules present in rice bran and their potential therapeutic effects were also summarized.This paper recapitulated the potential therapeutic and preventive efficacy of rice bran against various ailments,along with their mechanisms of action.Rice bran is an important source of nutritive substances.In addition to their nutritive value,rice bran is rich in diverse biomolecules such as anthocyanins,flavonoids,phenolics,γ-oryzanol,phytosterols and derivatives,saturated fatty acids,monounsaturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids.The dietary fibers in rice bran play a key role in modulating gut microbiota,reducing inflammation,and maintaining gut health.Rice bran and its components have been found to exhibit therapeutic benefits against inflammation,diabetes,cancer,liver disorders,cardiac issues,and neurological disorders through various mechanisms.Different clinical investigations have also confirmed the potential beneficial effects of rice bran and rice bran oil in various metabolic and cardiac disease conditions.Modulating gut microbiota is an important mechanism of the beneficial effects exerted by rice bran.This comprehensive review underscores the nutritional and therapeutic value of rice bran,emphasizing its potential for wider adoption to address nutrient deficiencies and improve human health.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2024AFB917).
文摘As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a crucial role in rice growth and development,stress response,and hormone signal transduction.This review discusses the role of WRKY53 in stress response,focusing on its functions in cold tolerance,salt tolerance,disease resistance,and pest defense,and explores its role in regulating rice leaf senescence and seed germination.This article also proposes future research directions,including functional genomics studies,protein interaction network analyses,hormone signal transduction pathways,genetic improvement strategies,applications of gene editing technologies,molecular basis of stress responses,cross-species functional conservation,and bioinformatics and comparative genomics research.This review highlights the importance of WRKY53 in rice biology and provides new perspectives and strategies for future research and genetic improvement of rice.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200800)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2024A1515030094)。
文摘Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).
基金Funded by Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Special Fund Project(No.ZYYD2023B02)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.S202410994015)+2 种基金China University of Mining and Technology Coal Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development National Key Laboratory Xinjiang Engineering College Joint Fund(No.SKLCRSM-XJIE24KF001)Basic Research Funds for Autonomous Region Universities(No.XJEDU2024P082)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41662017)。
文摘In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste rice husk ash and heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil,rice husk ash-based geopolymer prepared by alkaline activator was used to modify cadmium contaminated soil.The main physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash were clarified by SEM,XRF and X-ray diffraction.The unconfined compressive strength test and toxicity leaching test were carried out on the modified soil.Combined with FTIR and TG micro-level,the solidification mechanism of rice husk ash-based geopolymer solidified cadmium contaminated soil was discussed.The results show that the strength of geopolymer modified soil is significantly higher than that of plain soil,and the unconfined compressive strength at 7 d age is 4.2 times that of plain soil.The strength of modified soil with different dosage of geopolymer at 28 d age is about 36% to 40% higher than that of modified soil at 7 d age.Geopolymer has a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in contaminated soil.When the cadmium content is 100 mg/kg,it meets the standard limit.In the process of complex depolymerization-condensation reaction,on the one hand,geopolymers are cemented and agglomerated to form a complex spatial structure,which affects the macro and micro characteristics of soil.On the other hand,it has significant adsorption,precipitation and replacement effects on heavy metal ions in soil,showing good strength and low heavy metal leaching toxicity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program,China(Grant No.2022YFD1201505)the Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Open Project,China(Grant No.2023LYKF02)+1 种基金the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202306)the Sichuan Provincial Financial Independent Innovation Project,China(Grant No.2022ZZCX001).
文摘The NRAMP(natural resistance-associated macrophage protein)family plays a pivotal role in metal ion transport,regulating both essential micronutrient uptake and toxic heavy metal accumulation in plants.In rice(Oryza sativa),OsNRAMP transporters critically influence metal homeostasis,stress adaptation,and grain safety.Among them,OsNRAMP5 serves as a major entry point for cadmium(Cd)and manganese(Mn)uptake,making it a prime target for low-Cd rice breeding.However,knockout of OsNRAMP5 leads to severe Mn deficiency,highlighting the need for precise genetic modifications(e.g.,OsNRAMP5-Q337K),which reduce Cd accumulation while maintaining Mn nutrition.Additionally,OsNRAMP1 and OsNRAMP2 contribute to Cd translocation and plant immunity,whereas OsNRAMP3/4/6/7 participate in Mn,iron,and zinc distribution and stress responses.This review systematically summarizes the structural,functional,and regulatory mechanisms of OsNRAMPs,emphasizing their roles in metal transport,pathogen resistance,and abiotic stress adaptation.Furthermore,we discuss strategies for developing low-Cd rice varieties,including QTL-based breeding,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing,and multi-gene stacking approaches.Finally,we outline future research directions,such as structural engineering of metal-binding sites and field validation of engineered rice lines,to ensure sustainable rice production in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
基金Funded by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.522QN279)State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials(No.2023CEM004)。
文摘A green pregelatinized glutinous rice flour biological admixture was developed in this paper.The cement hydration process,hydration products,pore structure,and strength of mortar with different quantities of glutinous rice flour(GRF),and the macroscopic changes in concrete cracking resistance testing were investigated.Simultaneously,a fast cracking resistance evaluation method based on graphic recognition was proposed.The results indicated that pregelatinized glutinous rice flour(T-GRF)delayed the dissolution rate of anhydrous cement during the induction period,shifting the main exothermic peak of hydration backward.The compressive strength developed slowly in 7-28 d age and returned to normal in 28-56 d.The compressive strength of T-GRF-0.6% modified mortar at 56 d age is less than 10% different from that of control group.The 3.0%T-GRF decreased the total porosity by 3%,and the average pore size decreased from 31.2 to 21.3 nm measured by MIP,indicating that T-GRF could inhibit harmful pores and densify concrete.The crack resistance coefficient of T-GRF modified concrete was obtained by image recognition method,and the GRF could decrease the length,width,and damaged area of cracks in the early age of concrete.
基金supported by the director of Indian Council of Agricultural Research and International Rice Research Institute (ICAR-CRRI), Cuttack, Indiathe coordinator of the ICAR-sponsored project ‘C-reactive protein (CRP) in Biofortification in Selected Crops’, India
文摘CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Although a limited investigation depicted that CRD310 contained higher levels of glutelin and some essential amino acids,detailed biochemical,molecular,and cellular mechanisms remain to be studied.As one of the means to identify the proteins and understand the underlying mechanism of higher proteins accumulation in grains of CRD310,the comparative proteomics was undertaken on grains of CRD310 and NV at the yellow ripening stage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1200702)the Sanya Fanxing Technology Special Program,China(Grant No.2024KJFX023)the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.2023LZGCQY018).
文摘Zinc(Zn)deficiency is a global health issue,exacerbated by low Zn concentration and poor bioavailability in rice,primarily due to phytic acid(PA)interference.In this study,four doubled haploid(DH)progenies(DH1,DH11,DH18,and DH29)with distinct Zn and PA profiles were used to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of milling(DOM)on Zn bioavailability.Results showed DOM followed a double-exponential decay pattern(R^(2)>0.99)with milling time,varying among the four DH lines under identical milling conditions.As DOM increased,Zn,PA,and phosphorus(P)concentrations decreased progressively.
文摘This study proposes a lightweight rice disease detection model optimized for edge computing environments.The goal is to enhance the You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 architecture to achieve a balance between real-time diagnostic performance and computational efficiency.To this end,a total of 3234 high-resolution images(2400×1080)were collected from three major rice diseases Rice Blast,Bacterial Blight,and Brown Spot—frequently found in actual rice cultivation fields.These images served as the training dataset.The proposed YOLOv5-V2 model removes the Focus layer from the original YOLOv5s and integrates ShuffleNet V2 into the backbone,thereby resulting in both model compression and improved inference speed.Additionally,YOLOv5-P,based on PP-PicoDet,was configured as a comparative model to quantitatively evaluate performance.Experimental results demonstrated that YOLOv5-V2 achieved excellent detection performance,with an mAP 0.5 of 89.6%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 66.7%,precision of 91.3%,and recall of 85.6%,while maintaining a lightweight model size of 6.45 MB.In contrast,YOLOv5-P exhibited a smaller model size of 4.03 MB,but showed lower performance with an mAP 0.5 of 70.3%,mAP 0.5–0.95 of 35.2%,precision of 62.3%,and recall of 74.1%.This study lays a technical foundation for the implementation of smart agriculture and real-time disease diagnosis systems by proposing a model that satisfies both accuracy and lightweight requirements.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Project,China(2025CSA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001467)。
文摘Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.
基金the Begum Rokeya University,Rangpur,and the United Arab Emirates University,UAE for partially supporting this work。
文摘Rice is one of the most important staple crops globally.Rice plant diseases can severely reduce crop yields and,in extreme cases,lead to total production loss.Early diagnosis enables timely intervention,mitigates disease severity,supports effective treatment strategies,and reduces reliance on excessive pesticide use.Traditional machine learning approaches have been applied for automated rice disease diagnosis;however,these methods depend heavily on manual image preprocessing and handcrafted feature extraction,which are labor-intensive and time-consuming and often require domain expertise.Recently,end-to-end deep learning(DL) models have been introduced for this task,but they often lack robustness and generalizability across diverse datasets.To address these limitations,we propose a novel end-toend training framework for convolutional neural network(CNN) and attention-based model ensembles(E2ETCA).This framework integrates features from two state-of-the-art(SOTA) CNN models,Inception V3 and DenseNet-201,and an attention-based vision transformer(ViT) model.The fused features are passed through an additional fully connected layer with softmax activation for final classification.The entire process is trained end-to-end,enhancing its suitability for realworld deployment.Furthermore,we extract and analyze the learned features using a support vector machine(SVM),a traditional machine learning classifier,to provide comparative insights.We evaluate the proposed E2ETCA framework on three publicly available datasets,the Mendeley Rice Leaf Disease Image Samples dataset,the Kaggle Rice Diseases Image dataset,the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute dataset,and a combined version of all three.Using standard evaluation metrics(accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score),our framework demonstrates superior performance compared to existing SOTA methods in rice disease diagnosis,with potential applicability to other agricultural disease detection tasks.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,China(Grant No.KFB22045)the General Program of Natural Science Foundation Fujian,China(Grant No.2023J01460).
文摘The doubled haploid(DH)technique accelerates homozygosity by inducing chromosome doubling in haploid embryos derived from hybrid plants.This approach offers significant advantages over conventional rice breeding methods by shortening the breeding cycle and enabling rapid development of pure homozygous lines.Anther culture(AC)has been established as an efficient and successful method for producing DH plants via androgenesis in rice.However,despite its success in japonica rice.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241931 and BK 20221371)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071943,32372214,and 31901444)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)。
文摘Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.Lipid and free fatty acid contents in grains correlate positively with cooking and eating quality of rice.This study examined Yangdao 6(YD6,a conventional taste indica inbred)and Nanjing 9108(NJ9108,a superior taste japonica inbred)cultivated under conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation(AWSD)from 10 days after transplanting to maturity.The research investigated the relationship between lipid and free fatty acid biosynthesis in grains and the cooking and eating quality of rice.Compared to CI treatment,AWMD significantly enhanced the contents of lipid,total free fatty acids(TFFAs),free unsaturated fatty acids(FUFAs),linoleic acid,and oleic acid in milled rice by increasing activities of enzymes associated with lipid synthesis,while AWSD produced opposite effects.Correlation analysis revealed that elevated levels of lipid,TFFAs,FUFAs,linoleic acid,and oleic acid contribute to improved rice cooking and eating quality.The findings demonstrate that AWMD enhances cooking and eating quality of milled rice through optimization of lipid and fatty acid synthesis in rice grains.
