There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(...There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.展开更多
Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severi...Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.展开更多
数字人是将人类的外貌、行为、思维等特征数字化,能够实现虚拟世界与现实空间交互的虚拟形象。数字人的兴起为品牌形象塑造和消费者互动带来了新的契机,加速了传统数字营销向虚拟与现实融合营销模式的转变。有关数字人营销的问题得到了...数字人是将人类的外貌、行为、思维等特征数字化,能够实现虚拟世界与现实空间交互的虚拟形象。数字人的兴起为品牌形象塑造和消费者互动带来了新的契机,加速了传统数字营销向虚拟与现实融合营销模式的转变。有关数字人营销的问题得到了越来越多学者和管理者的关注,但数字人营销的理论研究与实践需求之间仍存在一系列关键阻碍亟需打通。基于Web of Science核心数据库和CNKI数据库,通过对213篇英文文献和216篇中文文献的剖析,本文首先分析了数字人的外在特征和内在特征,从个体认知、信息加工和情感交互三个角度探讨了数字人营销研究的理论基础,总结出数字人营销效果的四个维度。在此基础上,归纳出认知反应和情感反应两条中介作用机制,并从消费者、企业和环境层面梳理出影响数字人营销效果的三方面边界条件。最后,针对现有数字人营销研究中尚需解决的问题,展望了数字人营销研究的未来方向。展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology 973 Project(No.2010CB950501-03)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.41175066)
文摘There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.
文摘Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.
文摘数字人是将人类的外貌、行为、思维等特征数字化,能够实现虚拟世界与现实空间交互的虚拟形象。数字人的兴起为品牌形象塑造和消费者互动带来了新的契机,加速了传统数字营销向虚拟与现实融合营销模式的转变。有关数字人营销的问题得到了越来越多学者和管理者的关注,但数字人营销的理论研究与实践需求之间仍存在一系列关键阻碍亟需打通。基于Web of Science核心数据库和CNKI数据库,通过对213篇英文文献和216篇中文文献的剖析,本文首先分析了数字人的外在特征和内在特征,从个体认知、信息加工和情感交互三个角度探讨了数字人营销研究的理论基础,总结出数字人营销效果的四个维度。在此基础上,归纳出认知反应和情感反应两条中介作用机制,并从消费者、企业和环境层面梳理出影响数字人营销效果的三方面边界条件。最后,针对现有数字人营销研究中尚需解决的问题,展望了数字人营销研究的未来方向。
