There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(...There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.展开更多
Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severi...Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.展开更多
The article analyses several key issues which restrict the effectiveness of fund project peer review work. It analyses the evaluating theory and matter-element theory to access the expert anti-evaluation model, and al...The article analyses several key issues which restrict the effectiveness of fund project peer review work. It analyses the evaluating theory and matter-element theory to access the expert anti-evaluation model, and also studies the expert anti-evaluation index system to support the anti-evaluation method. The practical basis is the true score data of the experts which is collected from the actual anti-evaluation in Liaoning province science and technology fund project peer review system. With the practical experience of the actual project, we prove that the expert index system anti-evaluation model and expert anti-evaluation method can improve the fund project peer review work and play a positive role for the peer review work and also make the review work more scientific and more rational.展开更多
目的:对国内外公开发表的替雷利珠单抗注射液的药物经济学评价研究进行系统评价。方法:通过检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CNKI、维普和万方数据库获取自建库起至2024年12月公开发表的相关文献,采用卫生经济...目的:对国内外公开发表的替雷利珠单抗注射液的药物经济学评价研究进行系统评价。方法:通过检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CNKI、维普和万方数据库获取自建库起至2024年12月公开发表的相关文献,采用卫生经济学评价报告标准共识(consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards,CHEERS)2022量表评估文献质量,对纳入文献的基本特征、模型结构及方法学、经济学结果等进行总结和归纳分析。结果:共纳入31篇文献,文献总体质量较好,涉及疾病包括食管鳞状细胞癌(n=13)、非小细胞肺癌(n=8)、肝细胞癌(n=4)、鼻咽癌(n=3)、胃或胃食管结合部腺癌(n=2)、广泛期小细胞肺癌(n=1)。在食管鳞状细胞癌、非小细胞肺癌和肝细胞癌治疗中,直接疗效比较的经济性评价多为替雷利珠单抗注射液(单独或联合化疗)与化疗比较,替雷利珠单抗注射液组多为获得质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)更多、成本更高的方案,增量成本效果比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER)基本小于研究设定阈值,替雷利珠单抗注射液经济性更好。基于网状Meta间接疗效比较的经济性评价中纳入其他PD-1抑制剂,显示替雷利珠单抗较好的经济性,但也存在不同研究中对比个别相同方案的经济性有差异。基于匹配间接比较法的经济性评价研究发现,在食管鳞状细胞癌治疗中,替雷利珠单抗较卡瑞利珠单抗具有经济学优势。结论:目前替雷利珠单抗注射液治疗6种恶性肿瘤药物经济学研究评价结果普遍显示出经济性优势。在进行药物经济学文献系统评价时,应特别注重参照药物选择、价格使用、模型设定、阈值等关键研究设计差异对研究结果可能带来的影响。展开更多
目的系统梳理行为理论和模型在药学实践研究中的应用现状,总结其应用特点、作用与价值。方法采用范围综述法,检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library及中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学数据...目的系统梳理行为理论和模型在药学实践研究中的应用现状,总结其应用特点、作用与价值。方法采用范围综述法,检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library及中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学数据库中所有使用行为理论或模型的药学实践相关文章,检索期限为建库至2025年3月31日。由2名研究者独立对纳入的文献数据进行汇总、筛选、归类及分析。结果共检索到文献1669篇,最终纳入110篇。通过文献分析,提取出药学实践中5个高频使用理论模型,依次为计划行为理论(TPB)、跨理论模型(TTM)、行为改变理论(COM-B)、健康信念模型(HBM)、社会认知理论(SCT),国内外药学实践研究常用理论模型及围绕主题存在一定差异。大多数研究采用单一理论模型,国内外最常见的组合分别是TPB与TTM、COM-B与理论领域框架(TDF)。研究多属于英国医学研究委员会(UK MRC)复杂干预研究框架中的前2个阶段。国外研究人员主要为药学人员及卫生管理部门,而我国主要为护理人员,其次为药学人员。结论我国药学实践研究尚处于起步阶段,有必要借鉴国际经验,明确研究问题并选择合适的理论模型,提高药学服务有效性和可持续性的同时提高研究的科学性和实用性,推动国内药学实践研究的发展。展开更多
背景心力衰竭是严重危害人类健康的重大慢性疾病,冠心病是心力衰竭最常见的病因,针对冠心病并发心力衰竭的危险因素构建风险预测模型,有助于医务人员对心力衰竭高危人群进行早期识别和干预。目的系统评价我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风...背景心力衰竭是严重危害人类健康的重大慢性疾病,冠心病是心力衰竭最常见的病因,针对冠心病并发心力衰竭的危险因素构建风险预测模型,有助于医务人员对心力衰竭高危人群进行早期识别和干预。目的系统评价我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型,为相关风险预测模型的构建、选择与推广提供参考。方法检索中国知网、维普网、万方数据库知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Embase数据库与我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型相关的研究,检索时限为建库至2024年10月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献并提取信息,使用预测模型偏倚风险评价工具(PROBAST)评估纳入研究的偏倚风险及适用性。结果共纳入27篇文献,报告了64个风险预测模型的开发情况,模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.511~0.989,其中63个模型AUC>0.7,提示模型整体预测性能较好;偏倚风险评估工具评估结果显示,纳入的27篇文献均为高偏倚风险,适用性偏低。年龄、左心室射血分数、糖尿病病史、高血压病史、N末端B型钠尿肽前体、Gensini评分是模型中纳入的重要预测因子。结论当前我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型的稳定性和外推性有待行前瞻性、大样本研究验证,后续建模应当严格遵循PROBAST指南设计实施研究,以开发可推广性强的高质量预测模型。展开更多
目的系统评价主动脉夹层患者术后发生谵妄的临床预测模型。方法检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库以及维普数据库中与主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄风险预测模型相关...目的系统评价主动脉夹层患者术后发生谵妄的临床预测模型。方法检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库以及维普数据库中与主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄风险预测模型相关的研究,检索时限从建库至2025年3月。两名研究人员独立进行文献筛选、数据提取以及纳入研究的偏倚风险评估。结果最终纳入10项研究,涉及10个主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄临床预测模型。评价结果显示,偏倚风险方面,10项研究均为高风险;适用性方面,1项研究为高风险、6项研究为低风险、3项研究为不清楚。纳入模型曲线下面积为0.771~0.980,标准差为0.005。最常见预测因子包括年龄、肾损伤、深低温停循环持续时间等。结论主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄临床预测模型的整体预测性能一般,模型偏倚风险较高,临床适用性需进一步验证。展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology 973 Project(No.2010CB950501-03)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.41175066)
文摘There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.
文摘Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.
文摘The article analyses several key issues which restrict the effectiveness of fund project peer review work. It analyses the evaluating theory and matter-element theory to access the expert anti-evaluation model, and also studies the expert anti-evaluation index system to support the anti-evaluation method. The practical basis is the true score data of the experts which is collected from the actual anti-evaluation in Liaoning province science and technology fund project peer review system. With the practical experience of the actual project, we prove that the expert index system anti-evaluation model and expert anti-evaluation method can improve the fund project peer review work and play a positive role for the peer review work and also make the review work more scientific and more rational.
文摘目的:对国内外公开发表的替雷利珠单抗注射液的药物经济学评价研究进行系统评价。方法:通过检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CNKI、维普和万方数据库获取自建库起至2024年12月公开发表的相关文献,采用卫生经济学评价报告标准共识(consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards,CHEERS)2022量表评估文献质量,对纳入文献的基本特征、模型结构及方法学、经济学结果等进行总结和归纳分析。结果:共纳入31篇文献,文献总体质量较好,涉及疾病包括食管鳞状细胞癌(n=13)、非小细胞肺癌(n=8)、肝细胞癌(n=4)、鼻咽癌(n=3)、胃或胃食管结合部腺癌(n=2)、广泛期小细胞肺癌(n=1)。在食管鳞状细胞癌、非小细胞肺癌和肝细胞癌治疗中,直接疗效比较的经济性评价多为替雷利珠单抗注射液(单独或联合化疗)与化疗比较,替雷利珠单抗注射液组多为获得质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)更多、成本更高的方案,增量成本效果比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER)基本小于研究设定阈值,替雷利珠单抗注射液经济性更好。基于网状Meta间接疗效比较的经济性评价中纳入其他PD-1抑制剂,显示替雷利珠单抗较好的经济性,但也存在不同研究中对比个别相同方案的经济性有差异。基于匹配间接比较法的经济性评价研究发现,在食管鳞状细胞癌治疗中,替雷利珠单抗较卡瑞利珠单抗具有经济学优势。结论:目前替雷利珠单抗注射液治疗6种恶性肿瘤药物经济学研究评价结果普遍显示出经济性优势。在进行药物经济学文献系统评价时,应特别注重参照药物选择、价格使用、模型设定、阈值等关键研究设计差异对研究结果可能带来的影响。
文摘目的系统梳理行为理论和模型在药学实践研究中的应用现状,总结其应用特点、作用与价值。方法采用范围综述法,检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library及中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学数据库中所有使用行为理论或模型的药学实践相关文章,检索期限为建库至2025年3月31日。由2名研究者独立对纳入的文献数据进行汇总、筛选、归类及分析。结果共检索到文献1669篇,最终纳入110篇。通过文献分析,提取出药学实践中5个高频使用理论模型,依次为计划行为理论(TPB)、跨理论模型(TTM)、行为改变理论(COM-B)、健康信念模型(HBM)、社会认知理论(SCT),国内外药学实践研究常用理论模型及围绕主题存在一定差异。大多数研究采用单一理论模型,国内外最常见的组合分别是TPB与TTM、COM-B与理论领域框架(TDF)。研究多属于英国医学研究委员会(UK MRC)复杂干预研究框架中的前2个阶段。国外研究人员主要为药学人员及卫生管理部门,而我国主要为护理人员,其次为药学人员。结论我国药学实践研究尚处于起步阶段,有必要借鉴国际经验,明确研究问题并选择合适的理论模型,提高药学服务有效性和可持续性的同时提高研究的科学性和实用性,推动国内药学实践研究的发展。
文摘背景心力衰竭是严重危害人类健康的重大慢性疾病,冠心病是心力衰竭最常见的病因,针对冠心病并发心力衰竭的危险因素构建风险预测模型,有助于医务人员对心力衰竭高危人群进行早期识别和干预。目的系统评价我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型,为相关风险预测模型的构建、选择与推广提供参考。方法检索中国知网、维普网、万方数据库知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Embase数据库与我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型相关的研究,检索时限为建库至2024年10月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献并提取信息,使用预测模型偏倚风险评价工具(PROBAST)评估纳入研究的偏倚风险及适用性。结果共纳入27篇文献,报告了64个风险预测模型的开发情况,模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.511~0.989,其中63个模型AUC>0.7,提示模型整体预测性能较好;偏倚风险评估工具评估结果显示,纳入的27篇文献均为高偏倚风险,适用性偏低。年龄、左心室射血分数、糖尿病病史、高血压病史、N末端B型钠尿肽前体、Gensini评分是模型中纳入的重要预测因子。结论当前我国冠心病患者并发心力衰竭风险预测模型的稳定性和外推性有待行前瞻性、大样本研究验证,后续建模应当严格遵循PROBAST指南设计实施研究,以开发可推广性强的高质量预测模型。
文摘目的系统评价主动脉夹层患者术后发生谵妄的临床预测模型。方法检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库以及维普数据库中与主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄风险预测模型相关的研究,检索时限从建库至2025年3月。两名研究人员独立进行文献筛选、数据提取以及纳入研究的偏倚风险评估。结果最终纳入10项研究,涉及10个主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄临床预测模型。评价结果显示,偏倚风险方面,10项研究均为高风险;适用性方面,1项研究为高风险、6项研究为低风险、3项研究为不清楚。纳入模型曲线下面积为0.771~0.980,标准差为0.005。最常见预测因子包括年龄、肾损伤、深低温停循环持续时间等。结论主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄临床预测模型的整体预测性能一般,模型偏倚风险较高,临床适用性需进一步验证。
