This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifyi...This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in China such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has vast impacts on future reform in China’s agricultural structure.展开更多
This paper uses 4-digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter-industry, with onl...This paper uses 4-digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter-industry, with only a small portion being vertical intra-industry trades （IIT）. Our results confirm that Sino-US trade is complementary. We construct an imbalanced index of IIT, and identify the goods groups that aggravate and reduce the US trade deficit with China. We suggest an approach for calculating a dynamic IIT index that might mitigate the aggregation bias of the existing methodologies. Our improved index reveals that the dynamic imbalances of US-Chinese IIT in manufactured goods are worse than their static IIT imbalances, which means that it would be difficult to correct the deficit of US trade with China in the following couple of years. Adjusting and improving the structures of industries and products is China ＇s major task for sustainable trade growth.展开更多
Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,reve...Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,revealed comparative advantage(RCA)analysis and international market share analysis,to compare the four major rice exporters in the world and the three major rice export provinces and cities in China.Besides,it evaluated the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province from multiple perspectives.It analyzed the reasons for low competitiveness in terms of export product structure,export market structure,production and processing technology,and brand building.Finally,it is recommended to clarify the positioning of rice export quality and take more measures to ensure product quality;improve the level of industrialization of rice production and processing,and extend the rice industry chain;develop diversified rice export markets and improve export flexibility;adhere to the principle of"opening the door and going out",expand the international popularity of high-quality brands,so as to enhance the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,a...The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,assessing key indicators such as export values,revealed comparative advantage(RCA).unit value realisation(UVR),and the effect of tariff rates.展开更多
This paper investigates the extent of competition between China and lndia in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long-te...This paper investigates the extent of competition between China and lndia in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long-term trend analysis and statistical tests of convergence. In the context of the ASEAN market the evaluation of competition between India and China has been undertaken with special reference to the prior implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area relative to the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. The results suggest that threat perceptions at the product level might currently prevail for both economies from each other across all sectors in both markets even though the intensity of the competitive threat varies across products. However, long-term trend analysis shows that the patterns of comparative advantage of India and China are evolving along divergent paths and, therefore, competition between the two economies might not be a major issue.展开更多
The economic potential induced by environmental changes in the Arctic region garnered substantial interest,which positions Arctic trade as a crucial indicator in forecasting the impacts of climate change on the global...The economic potential induced by environmental changes in the Arctic region garnered substantial interest,which positions Arctic trade as a crucial indicator in forecasting the impacts of climate change on the global economy.Nevertheless,attention devoted to the evolving dynamics of trade in the Arctic region remains scarce.In this study,we constructed export trade network in the Arctic region(including Denmark,Finland,Sweden,Norway,Iceland,the Canadian Arctic,the Russian Arctic,Alaska State of the USA,and Greenland)from 1990 to 2019 and analyzed its topology and evolutionary characteristics through complex network theory.We used a structural entropy index based on the distribution of the number of trading partners and the degree of trade concentration to assess export diversity,while we also utilized a revealed comparative advantage index to evaluate product export competitiveness using the share of trade volume of each type of product.The results indicate that the total export trade in the Arctic region increased by 53.4%during 1990-2019,with the most significant growth observed in the exports of chemical products and mineral fuels.The increasing complexity of trade network in the Arctic region resulted in the region’s export destinations no longer being concentrated on a few major countries and regions.The proportion of exports from the Arctic region to Europe decreased by 13.5%,while the proportion of exports from the Arctic region to Asia and North America increased by 6.8%and 3.1%,respectively.The Arctic region exhibited clear distinctions in the range of flows of different products,and its export trade was becoming increasingly diversified.Although differences in comparative advantages between products within individual countries or regions have narrowed,substantial gaps persist.The findings of this study can enhance the comprehensive understanding of the significance and function of Arctic trade activities within the global economy,providing a scientific basis for addressing the associated challenges and opportunities in the context of climate change.展开更多
The study analyzed the foreign trade performance of buffalo products using several indicators. These are the foreign trade structure by product and by Geographic distribution, time trend, instability, the free on boar...The study analyzed the foreign trade performance of buffalo products using several indicators. These are the foreign trade structure by product and by Geographic distribution, time trend, instability, the free on board or freight on board （FOB） price ratio of buffalo to cattle revealed comparative advantage of tradable buffalo products. Thailand has the highest buffalo exports of live animals and hides. India exports the highest share of buffalo meat. Buffalo dairy products exports are rare due to lack of expanded dairy processing industries of buffalo milk and lacking of awareness towards the buffalo milk quality, which limits the demand for buffalo dairy products and shortage in supply beyond the domestic consumption. While buffalo stock all over the world represents 12% of the world bovine stock, its share in buffalo exports of meat is around 27% of the world bovine exports measured in tons in 2007. Such share shrinkages to 13.2% when measured in dollars. This shrinkage is due to lower prices of buffalo products than cattle products. The ratio of annual average ＂FOB price＂ of buffalo meat to bovine price was about one-half and for hides was about 40%, and for live buffalo was 14%. Reasons of the apparent lower FOB price of buffalo Exported Products than cattle are the low carcass weight of buffalo exported mainly for processing, low quality and limited demand for buffalo hides, and commonly, exporting live buffalo as weaned calves. Expansion in exports of buffalo products requires expansion in supply, through the potentiality of higher productivity, rather than stock size, to reach in balance with available feeds.展开更多
Is the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） the curse to Chinese products suffering from U.S. anti-dumping （AD） actions？ This paper carries out studies by sampling 97 products involved in U.S. AD cases against Ch...Is the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） the curse to Chinese products suffering from U.S. anti-dumping （AD） actions？ This paper carries out studies by sampling 97 products involved in U.S. AD cases against China and 395 kinds often- digit products uninvolved in cases. The findings are that： （1） Statistical analysis of case- involved samples indicates that the U.S. AD actions against China mostly focus on Chinese products possessing strong RCA in the U.S. market,＂ inflicted by U.S. AD actions, 35 case-involved Chinese products still maintain strong RCA, whereas 27 ones lose the advantage in the U.S. market. （2） After extending the samples by introducing 395 kinds of products uninvolved in AD cases, two estimation methods verify that the impacts of all factors influencing the probability of U.S. AD actions against China become smaller, showing that the bias in selecting samples is avoided. Relatively, the U.S. trade deficit with China accrued through Chinese products is the most important determinant and the direct reason for the award of industry injury and the issuing of AD orders by the U.S. International Trade Commission （ITC）. RCA is only one of the influencing factors but not the curse to Chinese products suffering from U.S. AD actions. Other influencing factors include slower industrial production growth and rising unemployment in the U.S. The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis is another important influencing factor.展开更多
This paper explores whether the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement(FTA),which entered into ejfect in 2007,has led to advantages or disadvantages for the participating countries.It assesses the gains and losses associ...This paper explores whether the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement(FTA),which entered into ejfect in 2007,has led to advantages or disadvantages for the participating countries.It assesses the gains and losses associated with the agreement rigorously using two different approaches.First,the revealed comparative advantage index is calculated for 10 commodity groups.This identifies the commodity groups in which the participating countries have a comparative advantage.Second,trade creation and trade diversion are estimated for overall imports and for the commodity-group level imports.This analysis provides useful information about the commodity groups in which a particular party to the FTA is experiencing an advantage or a disadvantage.The findings of the study show that China has an advantage in producing capital-intensive goods whereas Pakistan has a comparative advantage in the production of primary and semimanufactured goods.The empirical findings also indicate that,overall,the formation of the bilateral free trade agreement between Pakistan and China enhances trade with member countries as well as with nonparticipating countries.展开更多
This research studies the numerical modelling using computational fluid dynamics with a k-Epsilon turbulence model to analyze airflow behaviors inside the alternative compared with conventional air ductwork combined w...This research studies the numerical modelling using computational fluid dynamics with a k-Epsilon turbulence model to analyze airflow behaviors inside the alternative compared with conventional air ductwork combined with a comprehensive analysis of the economic parameter created by the author called Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index.All alternative air ductwork has lower pressure drop and a higher ability to maintain the temperature inside,showing that alternative air duct systems have a significant advantage over conventional air ductwork.The fabric ductwork has a lower pressure drop than galvanized steel perforated ductwork,which is 69.15%.The pre-insulated ductwork can keep the best temperature inside,with a different temperature value between the air inlet and air outlet of 0.06℃.The Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost of construction costs of the galvanized steel ductwork and the galvanized steel perforated ductwork are 1.02 and 1.06,which means the conventional air ductwork is initially cost-effective in terms of investment and operating costs.However,alternative air ductwork is the better option for long-term use.They have cost-effective electrical energy and maintenance costs with a high Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index.Significantly,the pre-insulated ductwork has the Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index of maintenance,electrical energy,and construction costs of 1.38,1.09,and 0.95,respectively.The results of the airflow behaviors study combined with the Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index study show that the galvanized steel perforated ductwork is not a selectivity that qualifies either for airflow behaviors or is unsuitable for investment.Pre-insulated ductwork is the appropriate option due to the high airflow behaviors and cost,which makes it suitable for investment.However,the Thailand Authority should develop alternative air ductwork Thai standards for engineering design and safety building.展开更多
Chinese outward direct investment （ODI） appears to differ from that of advanced economies. Is there a unique China model？ By reviewing industry distributions of ODI data for 2003-2009, we found that Chinese ODl was...Chinese outward direct investment （ODI） appears to differ from that of advanced economies. Is there a unique China model？ By reviewing industry distributions of ODI data for 2003-2009, we found that Chinese ODl was not concentrated in industries that performed well either in exporting or domestically. Statistical analyses also confirmed that traditional variables, such as market size, production cost and legal environment, did not impact Chinese investors＂ choice of location for ODI. lnstead, investors selected places where they couM either learn advanced technologies or secure stable commodity supplies. We have tentatively concluded that the main purpose of the China model of OD1 has not been to expand production overseas but to strengthen industries at home.展开更多
This paper analyzes the characteristics of BRICS＇s agricultural trading in four ways： export market competition, revealed comparative advantage, trade specialization index, and export similarity index. It shows that...This paper analyzes the characteristics of BRICS＇s agricultural trading in four ways： export market competition, revealed comparative advantage, trade specialization index, and export similarity index. It shows that BRICS countries export different agricultural goods in the same market, so they do not have real competition in agricultural trading markets. BRICS countries have a comparative advantage in different products; especially Brazil with having total different RCA products. In BRICS countries, China and Brazil are the closest trading partners. Compared with other BRICS countries, China and India have a higher similarity in agricultural trading.展开更多
文摘This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in China such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has vast impacts on future reform in China’s agricultural structure.
文摘This paper uses 4-digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter-industry, with only a small portion being vertical intra-industry trades （IIT）. Our results confirm that Sino-US trade is complementary. We construct an imbalanced index of IIT, and identify the goods groups that aggravate and reduce the US trade deficit with China. We suggest an approach for calculating a dynamic IIT index that might mitigate the aggregation bias of the existing methodologies. Our improved index reveals that the dynamic imbalances of US-Chinese IIT in manufactured goods are worse than their static IIT imbalances, which means that it would be difficult to correct the deficit of US trade with China in the following couple of years. Adjusting and improving the structures of industries and products is China ＇s major task for sustainable trade growth.
基金Social Science Planning Project of Xi an City(JG140)Bidding Project of Buchang Xixian Economic Research Institute(SMZX202113).
文摘Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,revealed comparative advantage(RCA)analysis and international market share analysis,to compare the four major rice exporters in the world and the three major rice export provinces and cities in China.Besides,it evaluated the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province from multiple perspectives.It analyzed the reasons for low competitiveness in terms of export product structure,export market structure,production and processing technology,and brand building.Finally,it is recommended to clarify the positioning of rice export quality and take more measures to ensure product quality;improve the level of industrialization of rice production and processing,and extend the rice industry chain;develop diversified rice export markets and improve export flexibility;adhere to the principle of"opening the door and going out",expand the international popularity of high-quality brands,so as to enhance the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province.
文摘The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,assessing key indicators such as export values,revealed comparative advantage(RCA).unit value realisation(UVR),and the effect of tariff rates.
文摘This paper investigates the extent of competition between China and lndia in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long-term trend analysis and statistical tests of convergence. In the context of the ASEAN market the evaluation of competition between India and China has been undertaken with special reference to the prior implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area relative to the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. The results suggest that threat perceptions at the product level might currently prevail for both economies from each other across all sectors in both markets even though the intensity of the competitive threat varies across products. However, long-term trend analysis shows that the patterns of comparative advantage of India and China are evolving along divergent paths and, therefore, competition between the two economies might not be a major issue.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471309)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0608504).
文摘The economic potential induced by environmental changes in the Arctic region garnered substantial interest,which positions Arctic trade as a crucial indicator in forecasting the impacts of climate change on the global economy.Nevertheless,attention devoted to the evolving dynamics of trade in the Arctic region remains scarce.In this study,we constructed export trade network in the Arctic region(including Denmark,Finland,Sweden,Norway,Iceland,the Canadian Arctic,the Russian Arctic,Alaska State of the USA,and Greenland)from 1990 to 2019 and analyzed its topology and evolutionary characteristics through complex network theory.We used a structural entropy index based on the distribution of the number of trading partners and the degree of trade concentration to assess export diversity,while we also utilized a revealed comparative advantage index to evaluate product export competitiveness using the share of trade volume of each type of product.The results indicate that the total export trade in the Arctic region increased by 53.4%during 1990-2019,with the most significant growth observed in the exports of chemical products and mineral fuels.The increasing complexity of trade network in the Arctic region resulted in the region’s export destinations no longer being concentrated on a few major countries and regions.The proportion of exports from the Arctic region to Europe decreased by 13.5%,while the proportion of exports from the Arctic region to Asia and North America increased by 6.8%and 3.1%,respectively.The Arctic region exhibited clear distinctions in the range of flows of different products,and its export trade was becoming increasingly diversified.Although differences in comparative advantages between products within individual countries or regions have narrowed,substantial gaps persist.The findings of this study can enhance the comprehensive understanding of the significance and function of Arctic trade activities within the global economy,providing a scientific basis for addressing the associated challenges and opportunities in the context of climate change.
文摘The study analyzed the foreign trade performance of buffalo products using several indicators. These are the foreign trade structure by product and by Geographic distribution, time trend, instability, the free on board or freight on board （FOB） price ratio of buffalo to cattle revealed comparative advantage of tradable buffalo products. Thailand has the highest buffalo exports of live animals and hides. India exports the highest share of buffalo meat. Buffalo dairy products exports are rare due to lack of expanded dairy processing industries of buffalo milk and lacking of awareness towards the buffalo milk quality, which limits the demand for buffalo dairy products and shortage in supply beyond the domestic consumption. While buffalo stock all over the world represents 12% of the world bovine stock, its share in buffalo exports of meat is around 27% of the world bovine exports measured in tons in 2007. Such share shrinkages to 13.2% when measured in dollars. This shrinkage is due to lower prices of buffalo products than cattle products. The ratio of annual average ＂FOB price＂ of buffalo meat to bovine price was about one-half and for hides was about 40%, and for live buffalo was 14%. Reasons of the apparent lower FOB price of buffalo Exported Products than cattle are the low carcass weight of buffalo exported mainly for processing, low quality and limited demand for buffalo hides, and commonly, exporting live buffalo as weaned calves. Expansion in exports of buffalo products requires expansion in supply, through the potentiality of higher productivity, rather than stock size, to reach in balance with available feeds.
基金This paper is sponsored by Chinese National Social Science Foundation Project （grant 11BJY142）, Shanghai Pujiang Program Project （grant 2011C）, Shu Guang Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation （grant 11SG10）, Chinese Ministry of Education Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities （grant 08JJD790138）, and 985＇Third Period Project of Fudan University （grant 2011SHKXZD002）.
文摘Is the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） the curse to Chinese products suffering from U.S. anti-dumping （AD） actions？ This paper carries out studies by sampling 97 products involved in U.S. AD cases against China and 395 kinds often- digit products uninvolved in cases. The findings are that： （1） Statistical analysis of case- involved samples indicates that the U.S. AD actions against China mostly focus on Chinese products possessing strong RCA in the U.S. market,＂ inflicted by U.S. AD actions, 35 case-involved Chinese products still maintain strong RCA, whereas 27 ones lose the advantage in the U.S. market. （2） After extending the samples by introducing 395 kinds of products uninvolved in AD cases, two estimation methods verify that the impacts of all factors influencing the probability of U.S. AD actions against China become smaller, showing that the bias in selecting samples is avoided. Relatively, the U.S. trade deficit with China accrued through Chinese products is the most important determinant and the direct reason for the award of industry injury and the issuing of AD orders by the U.S. International Trade Commission （ITC）. RCA is only one of the influencing factors but not the curse to Chinese products suffering from U.S. AD actions. Other influencing factors include slower industrial production growth and rising unemployment in the U.S. The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis is another important influencing factor.
文摘This paper explores whether the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement(FTA),which entered into ejfect in 2007,has led to advantages or disadvantages for the participating countries.It assesses the gains and losses associated with the agreement rigorously using two different approaches.First,the revealed comparative advantage index is calculated for 10 commodity groups.This identifies the commodity groups in which the participating countries have a comparative advantage.Second,trade creation and trade diversion are estimated for overall imports and for the commodity-group level imports.This analysis provides useful information about the commodity groups in which a particular party to the FTA is experiencing an advantage or a disadvantage.The findings of the study show that China has an advantage in producing capital-intensive goods whereas Pakistan has a comparative advantage in the production of primary and semimanufactured goods.The empirical findings also indicate that,overall,the formation of the bilateral free trade agreement between Pakistan and China enhances trade with member countries as well as with nonparticipating countries.
基金funded by Kasetsart University through the Graduate School Fellowship Program,year 2021.
文摘This research studies the numerical modelling using computational fluid dynamics with a k-Epsilon turbulence model to analyze airflow behaviors inside the alternative compared with conventional air ductwork combined with a comprehensive analysis of the economic parameter created by the author called Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index.All alternative air ductwork has lower pressure drop and a higher ability to maintain the temperature inside,showing that alternative air duct systems have a significant advantage over conventional air ductwork.The fabric ductwork has a lower pressure drop than galvanized steel perforated ductwork,which is 69.15%.The pre-insulated ductwork can keep the best temperature inside,with a different temperature value between the air inlet and air outlet of 0.06℃.The Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost of construction costs of the galvanized steel ductwork and the galvanized steel perforated ductwork are 1.02 and 1.06,which means the conventional air ductwork is initially cost-effective in terms of investment and operating costs.However,alternative air ductwork is the better option for long-term use.They have cost-effective electrical energy and maintenance costs with a high Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index.Significantly,the pre-insulated ductwork has the Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index of maintenance,electrical energy,and construction costs of 1.38,1.09,and 0.95,respectively.The results of the airflow behaviors study combined with the Reveal Comparative Advantage Cost index study show that the galvanized steel perforated ductwork is not a selectivity that qualifies either for airflow behaviors or is unsuitable for investment.Pre-insulated ductwork is the appropriate option due to the high airflow behaviors and cost,which makes it suitable for investment.However,the Thailand Authority should develop alternative air ductwork Thai standards for engineering design and safety building.
基金a part of a joint research project among Australian National University,the Development Research Center of the State Council and Pcking UniversityResearch for this paper was partially funded by the Ford Foundation
文摘Chinese outward direct investment （ODI） appears to differ from that of advanced economies. Is there a unique China model？ By reviewing industry distributions of ODI data for 2003-2009, we found that Chinese ODl was not concentrated in industries that performed well either in exporting or domestically. Statistical analyses also confirmed that traditional variables, such as market size, production cost and legal environment, did not impact Chinese investors＂ choice of location for ODI. lnstead, investors selected places where they couM either learn advanced technologies or secure stable commodity supplies. We have tentatively concluded that the main purpose of the China model of OD1 has not been to expand production overseas but to strengthen industries at home.
文摘This paper analyzes the characteristics of BRICS＇s agricultural trading in four ways： export market competition, revealed comparative advantage, trade specialization index, and export similarity index. It shows that BRICS countries export different agricultural goods in the same market, so they do not have real competition in agricultural trading markets. BRICS countries have a comparative advantage in different products; especially Brazil with having total different RCA products. In BRICS countries, China and Brazil are the closest trading partners. Compared with other BRICS countries, China and India have a higher similarity in agricultural trading.
