With the rapid development of urbanization, the Chinese government has put equal emphasis on construction and retrofitting. But those projects did not achieve optimal effect because of the lack of targeted and systema...With the rapid development of urbanization, the Chinese government has put equal emphasis on construction and retrofitting. But those projects did not achieve optimal effect because of the lack of targeted and systematic design guidance system. In this study, it first analyzes existing retrofitting methods and sorts into five retrofitting types as a basis, and then, captures the combi-nations and permutations of retrofitting methods and materials by parts and layers to build a database. After that, it combines different kinds of ap-proaches by hierarchical matrix method to conclude the most efficient strat-egy. This study also selects typical residential buildings built between 1980 and 2000 in cold climate area of Northeast China as the research objects to test the integrity and effectiveness. As the results of this paper, it provides systematic guidance and multiple performance-based retrofitting strategies of the existing residential envelope system, which can improve indoor ther-mal comfort with low energy consumption.展开更多
The buildings＇ capacity to maintain minimum structural safety levels during natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is recognisably one of the aspects that most influence urban resilience. Moreover, the public invest...The buildings＇ capacity to maintain minimum structural safety levels during natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is recognisably one of the aspects that most influence urban resilience. Moreover, the public investment in risk mitigation strategies is fimdamental, not only to promote social and urban and resilience, but also to limit consequent material, human and environmental losses. Despite the growing awareness of this issue, there is still a vast number of traditional masonry buildings spread throughout many European old city centres that lacks of adequate seismic resistance, requiring therefore urgent retrofitting interventions in order to both reduce their seismic vulnerability and to cope with the increased seismic requirements of recent code standards. Thus, this paper aims at contributing to mitigate the social and economic impacts of earthquake damage scenarios through the development of vulnerability-based comparative analysis of some of the most popularretrofitting techniques applied after the 1998 Azores earthquake. The influence of each technique individually and globally studied resorting to a seismic vulnerability index methodology integrated into a GIS tool and damage and loss scenarios are constructed and critically discussed. Finally, the economic balance resulting from the implementation of that techniques are also examined.展开更多
Optimal retrofit of low-performance units(LPUs)is promising to abate overflow pollutant mass loading of sewer systems during wet-weathers.This study presents a combination of mathematical model and Sobol algorithm to ...Optimal retrofit of low-performance units(LPUs)is promising to abate overflow pollutant mass loading of sewer systems during wet-weathers.This study presents a combination of mathematical model and Sobol algorithm to help identify LPUs of sewer systems and design retrofitting strategies.Therefore,the solution to minimize the overflow pollutant mass loading from sewers systems can be efficiently obtained.The developed method was demonstrated at a catchment served by one wastewater treatment plant in the Chaohu City,Anhui Province of China,with five pumping stations and a total sewer length of 58.3 km.Within the catchment,there are three rivers and a small lake to receive overflows from the sewer system.Among them,one river that was mostly polluted was selected as the object of overflow pollution abatement during wet weather period.After identifying the LPUs of the sewer system and developing retrofitting strategies using Sobol sequence,the mitigation of overflow pollution during wet weather period was analyzed.Results show that the mass loading of chemical oxygen demand(COD)discharged into the target river could be reduced by 40.6%,by implementing optimal retrofit strategy of LPUs,i.e.,increasing the conveyance capacities of two pumping stations by 2.5–3.2 times and augmenting the diameters of 12 sewers by 1.25–1.29 times.To further coordinate the abatement of overflow pollution and retrofit investment,Sobol sensitivity analysis was conducted to screen the dominant LPUs to update the optimal retrofit strategy.By applying the updated strategy,the overflow COD mass loading per overflow event was close to that of non-updated strategy,while the retrofitting length of sewers was reduced by 40%.Therefore,on the basis of the presented method,decision-makers can flexibly develop retrofitting strategies of sewer system to abate overflow pollution during wet weathers in a cost-effective way.展开更多
1.0.INTRODUCTION In the United States,K-12 school buildings spend more than$8 billion each year on energy-more than they spend on computers and textbooks combined[1].Most occupied older buildings demonstrate poor oper...1.0.INTRODUCTION In the United States,K-12 school buildings spend more than$8 billion each year on energy-more than they spend on computers and textbooks combined[1].Most occupied older buildings demonstrate poor operational performance-for instance,more than 30 percent of schools were built before 1960,and 53 percent of public schools need to spend money on repairs,renovations,and modernization to ensure that the schools’onsite buildings are in good overall condition.And among public schools with permanent buildings,the environmental factors in the permanent buildings have been rated as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory in 5 to 17 percent of them[2].Indoor environment quality(IEQ)is one of the core issues addressed in the majority of sustainable building certification and design guidelines.Children spend a significant amount of time indoors in a school environment.And poor IEA can lead to sickness and absenteeism from school and eventually cause a decrease in student performance[3].Different building types and their IEQ characteristics can be partly attributed to building age and construction materials.[4]Improving the energy performance of school buildings could result in the direct benefit of reduced utility costs and improving the indoor quality could improve the students’learning environment.Research also suggests that aging school facilities and inefficient equipment have a detrimental effect on academic performance that can be reversed when schools are upgraded.[5]Several studies have linked better lighting,thermal comfort,and air quality to higher test scores.[6,7,8]Another benefit of improving the energy efficiency of education buildings is the potential increase in market value through recognition of green building practice and labeling,such as that of a LEED or net zero energy building.In addition,because of their educational function,high-performance or energy-efficient buildings are particularly valuable for institution clients and local government.More and more high-performance buildings,net zero energy buildings,and positive energy buildings serve as living laboratories for educational purposes.Currently,educational/institutional buildings represent the largest portion of NZE(net zero energy)projects.Educational buildings comprise 36 percent of net zero buildings according to a 2014 National New Building Institute report.Of the 58 net zero energy educational buildings,32 are used for kindergarten through grade 12(K-12),21 for higher education,and 5 for general education.[9]Finally,because educational buildings account for the third largest amount of building floor space in the United States,super energy-efficient educational buildings could provide other societal and economic benefits beyond the direct energy cost savings for three reasons:1)educational buildings offer high visibility that can influence community members and the next generation of citizens,2)success stories of the use of public funds that returns lower operating costs and healthier student learning environments provide documentation that can be used by others,and 3)this sector offers national and regional forums and associations to facilitate the transfer of best design and operational practices.展开更多
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization, the Chinese government has put equal emphasis on construction and retrofitting. But those projects did not achieve optimal effect because of the lack of targeted and systematic design guidance system. In this study, it first analyzes existing retrofitting methods and sorts into five retrofitting types as a basis, and then, captures the combi-nations and permutations of retrofitting methods and materials by parts and layers to build a database. After that, it combines different kinds of ap-proaches by hierarchical matrix method to conclude the most efficient strat-egy. This study also selects typical residential buildings built between 1980 and 2000 in cold climate area of Northeast China as the research objects to test the integrity and effectiveness. As the results of this paper, it provides systematic guidance and multiple performance-based retrofitting strategies of the existing residential envelope system, which can improve indoor ther-mal comfort with low energy consumption.
基金URBSIS:Assessing Vulnerability and Managing Earthquake Risk at Urban Scale(PTDC/ECM-URB/2564/2012)
文摘The buildings＇ capacity to maintain minimum structural safety levels during natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is recognisably one of the aspects that most influence urban resilience. Moreover, the public investment in risk mitigation strategies is fimdamental, not only to promote social and urban and resilience, but also to limit consequent material, human and environmental losses. Despite the growing awareness of this issue, there is still a vast number of traditional masonry buildings spread throughout many European old city centres that lacks of adequate seismic resistance, requiring therefore urgent retrofitting interventions in order to both reduce their seismic vulnerability and to cope with the increased seismic requirements of recent code standards. Thus, this paper aims at contributing to mitigate the social and economic impacts of earthquake damage scenarios through the development of vulnerability-based comparative analysis of some of the most popularretrofitting techniques applied after the 1998 Azores earthquake. The influence of each technique individually and globally studied resorting to a seismic vulnerability index methodology integrated into a GIS tool and damage and loss scenarios are constructed and critically discussed. Finally, the economic balance resulting from the implementation of that techniques are also examined.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52170103),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3200703)supported by the Scientific Research Program of Changjiang Institute of Survey,Planning,Design and Research(Grant No.CX2020Z24)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M730366)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023AFB475)the Postdoctoral Innovation and Practice Position in Hubei Province(Grant No.2023CXGW04).
文摘Optimal retrofit of low-performance units(LPUs)is promising to abate overflow pollutant mass loading of sewer systems during wet-weathers.This study presents a combination of mathematical model and Sobol algorithm to help identify LPUs of sewer systems and design retrofitting strategies.Therefore,the solution to minimize the overflow pollutant mass loading from sewers systems can be efficiently obtained.The developed method was demonstrated at a catchment served by one wastewater treatment plant in the Chaohu City,Anhui Province of China,with five pumping stations and a total sewer length of 58.3 km.Within the catchment,there are three rivers and a small lake to receive overflows from the sewer system.Among them,one river that was mostly polluted was selected as the object of overflow pollution abatement during wet weather period.After identifying the LPUs of the sewer system and developing retrofitting strategies using Sobol sequence,the mitigation of overflow pollution during wet weather period was analyzed.Results show that the mass loading of chemical oxygen demand(COD)discharged into the target river could be reduced by 40.6%,by implementing optimal retrofit strategy of LPUs,i.e.,increasing the conveyance capacities of two pumping stations by 2.5–3.2 times and augmenting the diameters of 12 sewers by 1.25–1.29 times.To further coordinate the abatement of overflow pollution and retrofit investment,Sobol sensitivity analysis was conducted to screen the dominant LPUs to update the optimal retrofit strategy.By applying the updated strategy,the overflow COD mass loading per overflow event was close to that of non-updated strategy,while the retrofitting length of sewers was reduced by 40%.Therefore,on the basis of the presented method,decision-makers can flexibly develop retrofitting strategies of sewer system to abate overflow pollution during wet weathers in a cost-effective way.
文摘1.0.INTRODUCTION In the United States,K-12 school buildings spend more than$8 billion each year on energy-more than they spend on computers and textbooks combined[1].Most occupied older buildings demonstrate poor operational performance-for instance,more than 30 percent of schools were built before 1960,and 53 percent of public schools need to spend money on repairs,renovations,and modernization to ensure that the schools’onsite buildings are in good overall condition.And among public schools with permanent buildings,the environmental factors in the permanent buildings have been rated as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory in 5 to 17 percent of them[2].Indoor environment quality(IEQ)is one of the core issues addressed in the majority of sustainable building certification and design guidelines.Children spend a significant amount of time indoors in a school environment.And poor IEA can lead to sickness and absenteeism from school and eventually cause a decrease in student performance[3].Different building types and their IEQ characteristics can be partly attributed to building age and construction materials.[4]Improving the energy performance of school buildings could result in the direct benefit of reduced utility costs and improving the indoor quality could improve the students’learning environment.Research also suggests that aging school facilities and inefficient equipment have a detrimental effect on academic performance that can be reversed when schools are upgraded.[5]Several studies have linked better lighting,thermal comfort,and air quality to higher test scores.[6,7,8]Another benefit of improving the energy efficiency of education buildings is the potential increase in market value through recognition of green building practice and labeling,such as that of a LEED or net zero energy building.In addition,because of their educational function,high-performance or energy-efficient buildings are particularly valuable for institution clients and local government.More and more high-performance buildings,net zero energy buildings,and positive energy buildings serve as living laboratories for educational purposes.Currently,educational/institutional buildings represent the largest portion of NZE(net zero energy)projects.Educational buildings comprise 36 percent of net zero buildings according to a 2014 National New Building Institute report.Of the 58 net zero energy educational buildings,32 are used for kindergarten through grade 12(K-12),21 for higher education,and 5 for general education.[9]Finally,because educational buildings account for the third largest amount of building floor space in the United States,super energy-efficient educational buildings could provide other societal and economic benefits beyond the direct energy cost savings for three reasons:1)educational buildings offer high visibility that can influence community members and the next generation of citizens,2)success stories of the use of public funds that returns lower operating costs and healthier student learning environments provide documentation that can be used by others,and 3)this sector offers national and regional forums and associations to facilitate the transfer of best design and operational practices.
