In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical deb...In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate between Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the wiring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual cells.Golgi on the other hand favored the reticular theory that viewed the nervous system as a singular continuing network system.Nevertheless,regardless of the difference in their viewpoints,both theories were intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,with no attention given to neuroglia.It was until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders between synapses were revealed by electron microscopy,which means that neurons are indeed discrete individual cells.This declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,while Golgi’s reticular theory was disregarded.However,the existence of a“low-resistance pathway”between neuroglia was soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),which we now know to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial network.Ever since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the network is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial networks are intimately interwoven with the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of whether a reticular system exists in parallel with the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this day.Interestingly,the wiring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by Golgi.In this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by astrocytes.展开更多
A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amne...A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amnesia continuously from the time of the accident.The patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score（Teasdale et al.,1974）was 6展开更多
Consciousness is controlled by ular activating system （ARAS）. lower and upper parts between activation of the ascending retic- The ARAS consists mainly of the the thalamus and cerebral cortex （Edlow et al., 2012; Y...Consciousness is controlled by ular activating system （ARAS）. lower and upper parts between activation of the ascending retic- The ARAS consists mainly of the the thalamus and cerebral cortex （Edlow et al., 2012; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang et al., 2014）. Because the ARAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex. These neuronal connections begin from the reticular formation （RF） of the brainstem and the intralaminar nucleus of thalamus to the cerebral cortex （Gosseroes et al., 2011）. In addition, the ARAS system also includes several brainstem nuclei （such as dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, pedun-culopontine nucleus, median raphe and parabrachial nucleus）, non-specific thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain （Fuller et al., 2011）.展开更多
The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It i...The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It is well known that the ARAS originates from the reticular formation（RF）of the brainstem,and connects to the cerebral cortex via intralaminar to the cerebral cortex （Paus, 2000; Zeman, 2001; Van der Werf et al., 2002; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang and Kwon, 2015）. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sleep and awareness which is associated with the main timekeeper of consciousness （Lin, 2000; Lin et al., 2011）.展开更多
The thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN)plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding,even at the earliest stages of visual processing,as evidenced by numerous studies.Orientation selectivity,a vital neural response,...The thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN)plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding,even at the earliest stages of visual processing,as evidenced by numerous studies.Orientation selectivity,a vital neural response,is essential for detecting objects through edge perception.Here,we demonstrate that somatostatin(SOM)-expressing and parvalbumin(PV)-expressing neurons in the TRN project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and modulate orientation selectivity and the capacity for visual information processing in the primary visual cortex(V1).These findings show that SOM-positive and PV-positive neurons in the TRN are powerful modulators of visual information encoding in V1,revealing a novel role for this thalamic nucleus in influencing visual processing.展开更多
Social behaviors are crucial for gregarious animals,including humans.In order to exhibit appropriate behaviors in a complex social context,such as mating,aggression,avoidance,and cooperation,individuals need to rememb...Social behaviors are crucial for gregarious animals,including humans.In order to exhibit appropriate behaviors in a complex social context,such as mating,aggression,avoidance,and cooperation,individuals need to remember their previous experiences with other members and accurately recognize them when they meet again.This ability is called“social memory”[1].Many psychiatric disorders in humans,such as autism spectrum disorder,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,and schizophrenia,are characterized by social memory impairments.Patients with these disorders,along with corresponding animal models,often show defects associated with the thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN).The TRN,a thin layer of neurons surrounding the thalamus,mainly regulates and coordinates the transfer of information between the cortex and the thalamus,playing a role in higher brain functions such as consciousness,attention,and sensory processing.However,whether the TRN is involved in social memory remains unknown.展开更多
Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic a...Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic applications,reticular framework materials,including metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),cova-lent organic frameworks(COFs),and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),have attracted signif-icant attention due to their high surface area,tunable architectures,and versatile chemical compositions.These properties enable efficient light harvesting and charge separation,making them promising candi-dates for various photocatalytic processes.This review systematically explores recent advancements in the synthesis and structural properties of MOFs,COFs,and HOFs,elucidating the complex mechanisms governing solar-driven photocatalysis and comparing their performance with a particular focus on their applications in CO_(2)reduction,H_(2)generation,H_(2)O_(2)production,N_(2)fixation,and pollutant degradation.Key strategies for enhancing photocatalytic performance,including structural modifications,bandgap en-gineering,defect engineering,hybridization,and heterojunction formation,are critically analyzed.A com-parative evaluation of reticular framework materials against traditional semiconductors is provided,con-sidering factors such as efficiency,cost,and long-term stability.Furthermore,this review highlights the challenges related to stability and scalability,along with key achievements and barriers to practical im-plementation.This work offers possible insights to overcome existing limitations and improve efficiency.Ultimately,this comprehensive assessment highlights the pivotal role of reticular frameworks in advanc-ing sustainable energy solutions and provides a roadmap for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.展开更多
Porous organic frameworks(POFs)have become a highly sought-after research domain that offers a promising avenue for developing cutting-edge nanostructured materials,both in their pristine state and when subjected to v...Porous organic frameworks(POFs)have become a highly sought-after research domain that offers a promising avenue for developing cutting-edge nanostructured materials,both in their pristine state and when subjected to various chemical and structural modifications.Metal–organic frameworks,covalent organic frameworks,and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks are examples of these emerging materials that have gained significant attention due to their unique properties,such as high crystallinity,intrinsic porosity,unique structural regularity,diverse functionality,design flexibility,and outstanding stability.This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on base-stable POFs,emphasizing the distinct pros and cons of reticular framework nanoparticles compared to other types of nanocluster materials.Thereafter,the review highlights the unique opportunity to produce multifunctional tailoring nanoparticles to meet specific application requirements.It is recommended that this potential for creating customized nanoparticles should be the driving force behind future synthesis efforts to tap the full potential of this multifaceted material category.展开更多
AIM:To investigate thickness characteristics and vascular plexuses in retinas with reticular pseudodrusen(RPD)as an early detection strategy for age-related macular degeneration(AMD).METHODS:This retrospective study i...AIM:To investigate thickness characteristics and vascular plexuses in retinas with reticular pseudodrusen(RPD)as an early detection strategy for age-related macular degeneration(AMD).METHODS:This retrospective study included 24 subjects(33 eyes)with RPD and 25 heathy control subjects(34 eyes).The superficial capillary plexus(SCP)and the deep capillary plexus(DCP)of the retinal posterior poles were investigated with optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).Retinal thicknesses and vessel densities were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The general retinal thicknesses of RPD eyes were significantly decreased(95%CI-14.080,-0.655;P=0.032).The vessel densities of DCP in RPD eyes were significantly increased in the global(95%CI 1.067,7.312;P=0.027),parafoveal(95%CI 0.417,5.241;P=0.022),and perifoveal(95%CI 0.181,6.842;P=0.039)quadrants.However,the vessel densities of the SCP were rarely increased in the eyes with RPD.CONCLUSION:The thinning of retinas in the RPD group suggests a reduction in the number of cells.Additionally,the increased vessel density of the DCP in retinas with RPD indicates a greater demand for blood supply,possibly due to the hypoxia induced RPD compensation caused by RPD in the outer retina.This study highlights the pathological risks associated with RPD and emphasizes the importance of early intervention to retard the progression of AMD.展开更多
Stimulus-specific adaptation(SSA),defined as a decrease in responses to a common stimulus that only partially generalizes to other rare stimuli,is a widespread phenomenon in the brain that is believed to be related to...Stimulus-specific adaptation(SSA),defined as a decrease in responses to a common stimulus that only partially generalizes to other rare stimuli,is a widespread phenomenon in the brain that is believed to be related to novelty detection.Although cross-modal sensory processing is also a widespread phenomenon,the interaction between the two phenomena is not well understood.In this study,the thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN),which is regarded as a hub of the attentional system that contains multi-modal neurons,was investigated.The results showed that SSA existed in an interactive oddball stimulation,which mimics stimulation changes from one modality to another.In the bimodal integration,SSA to bimodal stimulation was stronger than to visual stimulation alone but similar to auditory stimulation alone,which indicated a limited integrative effect.Collectively,the present results provide evidence for independent cross-modal processing in bimodal TRN neurons.展开更多
The design criteria for metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been established by evaluating the rela-tionship between their key characteristics and magnesium-ion conductivity based on three types of sec-ondary building ...The design criteria for metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been established by evaluating the rela-tionship between their key characteristics and magnesium-ion conductivity based on three types of sec-ondary building blocks(Zn_(4)O(CO_(2))_(6):MOF-5 and MOF-177;Cu_(2)(CO_(2))4:MOF-199,MOF-143,MOF-14,and MOF-399;Cu_(2)O_(2)(CO_(2))2:Cu-MOF-74)to achieve pseudo-solid-state magnesium-ion conduction.We found that open-metal sites and channel layouts play a pivotal role in promoting magnesium-ion transport dy-namics at reduced activation energy,transforming MOF scaffolds into ionic-channel analogs.X-ray ab-sorption spectroscopy combined with Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy predicted the chemical environment,solvents,and anions that occupied coordinatively unsaturated metal sites.The chemical compositions of electrolytes determined by^(1)H-NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance)and organic elemental analysis confirmed that isoreticular expansion increases the molar percentage of charge carri-ers,providing high conductivity.The current research systematically reveals the impacts of different MOF characteristics on ionic conduction performance,paving the way for the construction of a new class of fast and selective multivalent-ion pseudo-solid electrolytes.展开更多
AIM: To determine whether the prevalence of treated hypertension is higher among males or females with early/intermediate(e/i) age-related macular degeneration(AMD) with and without bilateral reticular pseudodrusen(RP...AIM: To determine whether the prevalence of treated hypertension is higher among males or females with early/intermediate(e/i) age-related macular degeneration(AMD) with and without bilateral reticular pseudodrusen(RPD).METHODS: Retrospective review of the records of patients with e/iAMD who were recruited into the University of Colorado AMD registry between July 2014 and November 2019.Images were classified using the Beckman Initiative criteria and presence/absence of RPD.Patients were categorized into three groups: 1) e/iAMD with RPD;2) e/iAMD without RPD;3) control patients who did not have AMD.Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used for adjusted analysis with odds ratios(OR) and confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS: There were 260 patients with e/iAMD of which 101 had bilateral RPD and 159 had no RPD, and 221 controls.Overall, 62% of patients were female and the three groups did not differ by gender.When stratified by gender, the female e/iAMD/RPD group had a higher prevalence of hypertension, 64.1% vs 45.2% for controls, OR=2.2(95%CI: 1.2-4.0).The frequency of hypertension in the e/iAMD/no RPD group was 54.1% and did not significantly differ from the control group.Among males, prevalence rates of treated hypertension did not differ.There is a significant interaction of hypertension and gender for the e/iAMD/RPD group such that women with e/iAMD who had RPD were significantly more likely to have hypertension(P=0.042).This relationship was not significant in the e/iAMD/no RPD group(P=0.269).CONCLUSION: Among females treated hypertension is significantly higher among e/iAMD/RPD patients, whereas for males there is no significant association.展开更多
This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and ameliorative effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves on the histologyof liver and hepatic reticular fibres integrity of adult Wistar rats...This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and ameliorative effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves on the histologyof liver and hepatic reticular fibres integrity of adult Wistar rats following lead-induced hepatotoxicity. Twenty four adult Wistar rats, weighing 180 - 220 g, randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each were used for the study. Lead and Moringa oleifera were given orally to the rats. 24 hours after the last administration, animals were sacrificed, blood obtained by cardiac puncture and liver excised, fixed in 10% phosphate buffered formalin for histological and histochemical analysis. The activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used as markers of hepatotoxicity and catalase (CAT) activity were used as marker to evaluate the anti-oxidant status of the tissue. Result showed that lead treatment increased markers of hepatic damage (ALT, AST and ALP) and decreased CAT activities. Histological studies reveal alterations of hepatic structure including hepatocytic vacuolations, sinuosoidal congestion and loss of reticular fibres following lead treatment. Treatment with MO prevented and reversed lead induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, this study shows that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has an appreciable ability to prevent hepatotoxicity caused by lead, partly as result of its chemical constituents which has hepatoprotective properties.展开更多
The relationship between neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and relay neurons of the thalamic nuclei was studied. Activation of the TRN neurons was shown to abate activity of relay neurons. This evidence ...The relationship between neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and relay neurons of the thalamic nuclei was studied. Activation of the TRN neurons was shown to abate activity of relay neurons. This evidence was obtained by stimulation of the TRN and the neocortex and, by introduction of small doses of nembutal as well. Suppression of the relay neuronal activity by the TRN neurons is supposed to occur monosynaptically. It has been also revealed that neuronal activity of the TRN enhances in a clonic phase of seizures generated by stimulation of the hippocampus and as soon as the electroencephalographic seizure reactions disappear. The suppression of limbic motor seizures is obviously related to the process of potentiation in GABAergic synapses of thalamocortical networks. Thus, stimulation of the TRN appears to be a rather valuable methodical tool that can open up prospects in the development of new “anticonvulsive” strategies in the treated of temporal lobe epilepsy.展开更多
This paper sets out to demonstrate that scraping of the flat dorsal surface of human dermis with a scalpel blade and cell plating without centrifugation can lead to the recognition and identification of the individual...This paper sets out to demonstrate that scraping of the flat dorsal surface of human dermis with a scalpel blade and cell plating without centrifugation can lead to the recognition and identification of the individual packing micro pattern of dermal reticular fibroblasts at confluence. The characteristic alignment of papillary and reticular fibroblasts at right angles to each other led to the positive identification of reticular fibroblasts. A non-enzymatic means of sub-culturing (passaging), which yields fully functional, healthy cells with normal, phenotypic morphology is also described. Implications for published subcutaneous wound healing studies are discussed as well as the confluent reticular fibroblast configuration, interpreted as ananatomic site identity code,which may be the address of a specific fibroblast gene pattern expression.展开更多
Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful ...Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful when developing therapeutic strategies for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.In this review,studies that have demonstrated brain changes during recovery of impaired consciousness were reviewed.These studies used positron emission tomography,electroencephalography/transcranial magnetic stimulation,diffusion tensor tractography,and diffusion tensor tractography/electroencephalography.The majority of these studies reported on the importance of supratentorial areas or structures in the recovery of impaired consciousness.The important brain areas or structures that were identified were the prefrontal cortex,basal forebrain,anterior cingulate cortex,and parietal cortex.These results have a clinically important implication that these brain areas or structures can be target areas for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.However,most of studies were case reports;therefore,further original studies involving larger numbers of patients with disorders of consciousness are warranted.In addition,more detailed information on the brain areas or structures that are relevant to the recovery of impaired consciousness is needed.展开更多
The GABAergic neurons in the parafacial zone（PZ） play an important role in sleep-wake regulation and have been identified as part of a sleep-promoting center in the brainstem, but the long-range connections mediatin...The GABAergic neurons in the parafacial zone（PZ） play an important role in sleep-wake regulation and have been identified as part of a sleep-promoting center in the brainstem, but the long-range connections mediating this function remain poorly characterized. Here, we performed whole-brain mapping of both the inputs and outputs of the GABAergic neurons in the PZ of the mouse brain. We used the modified rabies virus Env A-DG-Ds Red combined with a Cre/lox P gene-expression strategy to map the direct monosynaptic inputs to the GABAergic neurons in the PZ, and found that they receive inputs mainly from the hypothalamic area, zona incerta, and parasubthalamic nucleus in the hypothalamus; the substantia nigra, pars reticulata and deep mesencephalic nucleus in the midbrain;and the intermediate reticular nucleus and medial vestibular nucleus（parvocellular part） in the pons and medulla.We also mapped the axonal projections of the PZ GABAergic neurons with adeno-associated virus, and defined the reciprocal connections of the PZ GABAergic neurons with their input and output nuclei. The newlyfound inputs and outputs of the PZ were also listed compared with the literature. This cell-type-specific neuronal whole-brain mapping of the PZ GABAergic neurons may reveal the circuits underlying various functions such as sleep-wake regulation.展开更多
基金sponsored by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke RO1NS062784,R56NS097972
文摘In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate between Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the wiring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual cells.Golgi on the other hand favored the reticular theory that viewed the nervous system as a singular continuing network system.Nevertheless,regardless of the difference in their viewpoints,both theories were intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,with no attention given to neuroglia.It was until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders between synapses were revealed by electron microscopy,which means that neurons are indeed discrete individual cells.This declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,while Golgi’s reticular theory was disregarded.However,the existence of a“low-resistance pathway”between neuroglia was soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),which we now know to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial network.Ever since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the network is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial networks are intimately interwoven with the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of whether a reticular system exists in parallel with the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this day.Interestingly,the wiring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by Golgi.In this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by astrocytes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP),No.2015R1A2A2A01004073
文摘A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amnesia continuously from the time of the accident.The patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score（Teasdale et al.,1974）was 6
基金supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIP) No. 2015R1A2A2A01004073
文摘Consciousness is controlled by ular activating system （ARAS）. lower and upper parts between activation of the ascending retic- The ARAS consists mainly of the the thalamus and cerebral cortex （Edlow et al., 2012; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang et al., 2014）. Because the ARAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex. These neuronal connections begin from the reticular formation （RF） of the brainstem and the intralaminar nucleus of thalamus to the cerebral cortex （Gosseroes et al., 2011）. In addition, the ARAS system also includes several brainstem nuclei （such as dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, pedun-culopontine nucleus, median raphe and parabrachial nucleus）, non-specific thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain （Fuller et al., 2011）.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(NRF-2015R1D1A1A01060314)
文摘The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It is well known that the ARAS originates from the reticular formation（RF）of the brainstem,and connects to the cerebral cortex via intralaminar to the cerebral cortex （Paus, 2000; Zeman, 2001; Van der Werf et al., 2002; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang and Kwon, 2015）. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sleep and awareness which is associated with the main timekeeper of consciousness （Lin, 2000; Lin et al., 2011）.
基金supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200789)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070990).
文摘The thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN)plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding,even at the earliest stages of visual processing,as evidenced by numerous studies.Orientation selectivity,a vital neural response,is essential for detecting objects through edge perception.Here,we demonstrate that somatostatin(SOM)-expressing and parvalbumin(PV)-expressing neurons in the TRN project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and modulate orientation selectivity and the capacity for visual information processing in the primary visual cortex(V1).These findings show that SOM-positive and PV-positive neurons in the TRN are powerful modulators of visual information encoding in V1,revealing a novel role for this thalamic nucleus in influencing visual processing.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32125018 and 32071005)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LD24H090002)+3 种基金Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute(010904008)Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai(SHSMUZDCX20211102)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00133)the MOE Frontiers Science Center for Brain Science&Brain-Machine Integration of Zhejiang University.
文摘Social behaviors are crucial for gregarious animals,including humans.In order to exhibit appropriate behaviors in a complex social context,such as mating,aggression,avoidance,and cooperation,individuals need to remember their previous experiences with other members and accurately recognize them when they meet again.This ability is called“social memory”[1].Many psychiatric disorders in humans,such as autism spectrum disorder,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,and schizophrenia,are characterized by social memory impairments.Patients with these disorders,along with corresponding animal models,often show defects associated with the thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN).The TRN,a thin layer of neurons surrounding the thalamus,mainly regulates and coordinates the transfer of information between the cortex and the thalamus,playing a role in higher brain functions such as consciousness,attention,and sensory processing.However,whether the TRN is involved in social memory remains unknown.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22350410391 and 22001094)the Research Initiation Fund Project from Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.23212072-Y).
文摘Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic applications,reticular framework materials,including metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),cova-lent organic frameworks(COFs),and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),have attracted signif-icant attention due to their high surface area,tunable architectures,and versatile chemical compositions.These properties enable efficient light harvesting and charge separation,making them promising candi-dates for various photocatalytic processes.This review systematically explores recent advancements in the synthesis and structural properties of MOFs,COFs,and HOFs,elucidating the complex mechanisms governing solar-driven photocatalysis and comparing their performance with a particular focus on their applications in CO_(2)reduction,H_(2)generation,H_(2)O_(2)production,N_(2)fixation,and pollutant degradation.Key strategies for enhancing photocatalytic performance,including structural modifications,bandgap en-gineering,defect engineering,hybridization,and heterojunction formation,are critically analyzed.A com-parative evaluation of reticular framework materials against traditional semiconductors is provided,con-sidering factors such as efficiency,cost,and long-term stability.Furthermore,this review highlights the challenges related to stability and scalability,along with key achievements and barriers to practical im-plementation.This work offers possible insights to overcome existing limitations and improve efficiency.Ultimately,this comprehensive assessment highlights the pivotal role of reticular frameworks in advanc-ing sustainable energy solutions and provides a roadmap for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.
基金supported by the Fundamental-Core National Project of the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT,Republic of Korea(2022R1F1A1072739).
文摘Porous organic frameworks(POFs)have become a highly sought-after research domain that offers a promising avenue for developing cutting-edge nanostructured materials,both in their pristine state and when subjected to various chemical and structural modifications.Metal–organic frameworks,covalent organic frameworks,and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks are examples of these emerging materials that have gained significant attention due to their unique properties,such as high crystallinity,intrinsic porosity,unique structural regularity,diverse functionality,design flexibility,and outstanding stability.This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on base-stable POFs,emphasizing the distinct pros and cons of reticular framework nanoparticles compared to other types of nanocluster materials.Thereafter,the review highlights the unique opportunity to produce multifunctional tailoring nanoparticles to meet specific application requirements.It is recommended that this potential for creating customized nanoparticles should be the driving force behind future synthesis efforts to tap the full potential of this multifaceted material category.
基金Supported by the“Municipal School(College)Joint Funding(Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province)Project”of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.202201020458).
文摘AIM:To investigate thickness characteristics and vascular plexuses in retinas with reticular pseudodrusen(RPD)as an early detection strategy for age-related macular degeneration(AMD).METHODS:This retrospective study included 24 subjects(33 eyes)with RPD and 25 heathy control subjects(34 eyes).The superficial capillary plexus(SCP)and the deep capillary plexus(DCP)of the retinal posterior poles were investigated with optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).Retinal thicknesses and vessel densities were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The general retinal thicknesses of RPD eyes were significantly decreased(95%CI-14.080,-0.655;P=0.032).The vessel densities of DCP in RPD eyes were significantly increased in the global(95%CI 1.067,7.312;P=0.027),parafoveal(95%CI 0.417,5.241;P=0.022),and perifoveal(95%CI 0.181,6.842;P=0.039)quadrants.However,the vessel densities of the SCP were rarely increased in the eyes with RPD.CONCLUSION:The thinning of retinas in the RPD group suggests a reduction in the number of cells.Additionally,the increased vessel density of the DCP in retinas with RPD indicates a greater demand for blood supply,possibly due to the hypoxia induced RPD compensation caused by RPD in the outer retina.This study highlights the pathological risks associated with RPD and emphasizes the importance of early intervention to retard the progression of AMD.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872768,32171044,and 32100827)Zhejiang University K.P.Chao's High Technology Development Foundation.
文摘Stimulus-specific adaptation(SSA),defined as a decrease in responses to a common stimulus that only partially generalizes to other rare stimuli,is a widespread phenomenon in the brain that is believed to be related to novelty detection.Although cross-modal sensory processing is also a widespread phenomenon,the interaction between the two phenomena is not well understood.In this study,the thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN),which is regarded as a hub of the attentional system that contains multi-modal neurons,was investigated.The results showed that SSA existed in an interactive oddball stimulation,which mimics stimulation changes from one modality to another.In the bimodal integration,SSA to bimodal stimulation was stronger than to visual stimulation alone but similar to auditory stimulation alone,which indicated a limited integrative effect.Collectively,the present results provide evidence for independent cross-modal processing in bimodal TRN neurons.
基金acknowledges the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory(Grant No.2019B121205001)the Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT)for funding(Project No.0098/2020/A2)+3 种基金this work was also partially supported by the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province of China(Grant No.2020A050515007)the Multi-Year Research Grant(MYRG)from University of Macao(Project No.MYRG2019-00055-IAPME)support by FDCT of Macao under Grants 0015/2021/AGJ and 0130/2019/A3by the University of Macao under Grant MYRG2018-00088-IAPME.
文摘The design criteria for metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been established by evaluating the rela-tionship between their key characteristics and magnesium-ion conductivity based on three types of sec-ondary building blocks(Zn_(4)O(CO_(2))_(6):MOF-5 and MOF-177;Cu_(2)(CO_(2))4:MOF-199,MOF-143,MOF-14,and MOF-399;Cu_(2)O_(2)(CO_(2))2:Cu-MOF-74)to achieve pseudo-solid-state magnesium-ion conduction.We found that open-metal sites and channel layouts play a pivotal role in promoting magnesium-ion transport dy-namics at reduced activation energy,transforming MOF scaffolds into ionic-channel analogs.X-ray ab-sorption spectroscopy combined with Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy predicted the chemical environment,solvents,and anions that occupied coordinatively unsaturated metal sites.The chemical compositions of electrolytes determined by^(1)H-NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance)and organic elemental analysis confirmed that isoreticular expansion increases the molar percentage of charge carri-ers,providing high conductivity.The current research systematically reveals the impacts of different MOF characteristics on ionic conduction performance,paving the way for the construction of a new class of fast and selective multivalent-ion pseudo-solid electrolytes.
基金Supported by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health [No.R01EY032456 (AML)]Research to Prevent Blindness grant to the Department of Ophthalmology,University of Colorado,the Frederic C. Hamilton Macular Degeneration Center+1 种基金the Sue Anschutz-Rogers Eye Center Research Fundby NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA (No.UL1 TR002535)。
文摘AIM: To determine whether the prevalence of treated hypertension is higher among males or females with early/intermediate(e/i) age-related macular degeneration(AMD) with and without bilateral reticular pseudodrusen(RPD).METHODS: Retrospective review of the records of patients with e/iAMD who were recruited into the University of Colorado AMD registry between July 2014 and November 2019.Images were classified using the Beckman Initiative criteria and presence/absence of RPD.Patients were categorized into three groups: 1) e/iAMD with RPD;2) e/iAMD without RPD;3) control patients who did not have AMD.Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used for adjusted analysis with odds ratios(OR) and confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS: There were 260 patients with e/iAMD of which 101 had bilateral RPD and 159 had no RPD, and 221 controls.Overall, 62% of patients were female and the three groups did not differ by gender.When stratified by gender, the female e/iAMD/RPD group had a higher prevalence of hypertension, 64.1% vs 45.2% for controls, OR=2.2(95%CI: 1.2-4.0).The frequency of hypertension in the e/iAMD/no RPD group was 54.1% and did not significantly differ from the control group.Among males, prevalence rates of treated hypertension did not differ.There is a significant interaction of hypertension and gender for the e/iAMD/RPD group such that women with e/iAMD who had RPD were significantly more likely to have hypertension(P=0.042).This relationship was not significant in the e/iAMD/no RPD group(P=0.269).CONCLUSION: Among females treated hypertension is significantly higher among e/iAMD/RPD patients, whereas for males there is no significant association.
文摘This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and ameliorative effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves on the histologyof liver and hepatic reticular fibres integrity of adult Wistar rats following lead-induced hepatotoxicity. Twenty four adult Wistar rats, weighing 180 - 220 g, randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each were used for the study. Lead and Moringa oleifera were given orally to the rats. 24 hours after the last administration, animals were sacrificed, blood obtained by cardiac puncture and liver excised, fixed in 10% phosphate buffered formalin for histological and histochemical analysis. The activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used as markers of hepatotoxicity and catalase (CAT) activity were used as marker to evaluate the anti-oxidant status of the tissue. Result showed that lead treatment increased markers of hepatic damage (ALT, AST and ALP) and decreased CAT activities. Histological studies reveal alterations of hepatic structure including hepatocytic vacuolations, sinuosoidal congestion and loss of reticular fibres following lead treatment. Treatment with MO prevented and reversed lead induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, this study shows that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has an appreciable ability to prevent hepatotoxicity caused by lead, partly as result of its chemical constituents which has hepatoprotective properties.
文摘The relationship between neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and relay neurons of the thalamic nuclei was studied. Activation of the TRN neurons was shown to abate activity of relay neurons. This evidence was obtained by stimulation of the TRN and the neocortex and, by introduction of small doses of nembutal as well. Suppression of the relay neuronal activity by the TRN neurons is supposed to occur monosynaptically. It has been also revealed that neuronal activity of the TRN enhances in a clonic phase of seizures generated by stimulation of the hippocampus and as soon as the electroencephalographic seizure reactions disappear. The suppression of limbic motor seizures is obviously related to the process of potentiation in GABAergic synapses of thalamocortical networks. Thus, stimulation of the TRN appears to be a rather valuable methodical tool that can open up prospects in the development of new “anticonvulsive” strategies in the treated of temporal lobe epilepsy.
文摘This paper sets out to demonstrate that scraping of the flat dorsal surface of human dermis with a scalpel blade and cell plating without centrifugation can lead to the recognition and identification of the individual packing micro pattern of dermal reticular fibroblasts at confluence. The characteristic alignment of papillary and reticular fibroblasts at right angles to each other led to the positive identification of reticular fibroblasts. A non-enzymatic means of sub-culturing (passaging), which yields fully functional, healthy cells with normal, phenotypic morphology is also described. Implications for published subcutaneous wound healing studies are discussed as well as the confluent reticular fibroblast configuration, interpreted as ananatomic site identity code,which may be the address of a specific fibroblast gene pattern expression.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A2B6000996to SHJ)
文摘Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful when developing therapeutic strategies for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.In this review,studies that have demonstrated brain changes during recovery of impaired consciousness were reviewed.These studies used positron emission tomography,electroencephalography/transcranial magnetic stimulation,diffusion tensor tractography,and diffusion tensor tractography/electroencephalography.The majority of these studies reported on the importance of supratentorial areas or structures in the recovery of impaired consciousness.The important brain areas or structures that were identified were the prefrontal cortex,basal forebrain,anterior cingulate cortex,and parietal cortex.These results have a clinically important implication that these brain areas or structures can be target areas for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.However,most of studies were case reports;therefore,further original studies involving larger numbers of patients with disorders of consciousness are warranted.In addition,more detailed information on the brain areas or structures that are relevant to the recovery of impaired consciousness is needed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571090 and 31771167)the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFC1306700)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (2015AA020512)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2017FZA7003)
文摘The GABAergic neurons in the parafacial zone（PZ） play an important role in sleep-wake regulation and have been identified as part of a sleep-promoting center in the brainstem, but the long-range connections mediating this function remain poorly characterized. Here, we performed whole-brain mapping of both the inputs and outputs of the GABAergic neurons in the PZ of the mouse brain. We used the modified rabies virus Env A-DG-Ds Red combined with a Cre/lox P gene-expression strategy to map the direct monosynaptic inputs to the GABAergic neurons in the PZ, and found that they receive inputs mainly from the hypothalamic area, zona incerta, and parasubthalamic nucleus in the hypothalamus; the substantia nigra, pars reticulata and deep mesencephalic nucleus in the midbrain;and the intermediate reticular nucleus and medial vestibular nucleus（parvocellular part） in the pons and medulla.We also mapped the axonal projections of the PZ GABAergic neurons with adeno-associated virus, and defined the reciprocal connections of the PZ GABAergic neurons with their input and output nuclei. The newlyfound inputs and outputs of the PZ were also listed compared with the literature. This cell-type-specific neuronal whole-brain mapping of the PZ GABAergic neurons may reveal the circuits underlying various functions such as sleep-wake regulation.
