The Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate the precipitation event that occurred during 1–2 May 1994 to the south of the Yangtze River. In five experiments the Kain–Fritsch scheme is made use of ...The Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate the precipitation event that occurred during 1–2 May 1994 to the south of the Yangtze River. In five experiments the Kain–Fritsch scheme is made use of for the subgrid–scale convective precipitation, but five different resolvable–scale microphysical parameterization schemes are employed. They are the simple super-saturation removal scheme, the warm rain scheme of Hsie et al. (1984), the simple ice scheme of Dudhia (1989), the complex mixed–phase scheme developed by Reisner et al. (1993), and the GSFC microphysical scheme with graupel. Our interest is how the various resolvable-scale schemes affect the domain-averaged precipitation, the precipitation distribution, the sea level pressure, the cloud water and the cloud ice. Through a series of experiments about a warm sector rainfall case, results show that although the different resolvable-scale scheme is used, the differences of the precipitation characteristics among all five runs are not very obvious. However, the precipitation is over-predicted and the strong mesoscale low is produced by the simple super-saturation removal scheme. The warm rain scheme with the inclusion of condensation and evaporation under-predicts the precipitation and allows the cloud water to reach the 300 hPa level. The scheme of the addition of graupel increases the resolvable-scale precipitation by about 20%-30%. The inclusion of supercooled liquid water in the grid-scale scheme does not affect significantly the results. Key words Mesoscale model - Precipitation - Resolvable-scale microphysical parameterization展开更多
Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in we...Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in weather forecasting and climate prediction models.Hence,the latest activation and triple-moment condensation schemes were combined to simulate and analyze the evolution characteristics of a cloud droplet spectrum from activation to condensation and compared with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin model and the current double-moment condensation schemes,in which the spectral shape parameter is fixed or diagnosed by an empirical formula.The results demonstrate that the latest schemes effectively capture the evolution characteristics of the cloud droplet spectrum during activation and condensation,which is in line with the performance of the bin model.The simulation of the latest activation and condensation schemes in a parcel model shows that the cloud droplet spectrum gradually widens and exhibits a multimodal distribution during the activation process,accompanied by a decrease in the spectral shape and slope parameters over time.Conversely,during the condensation process,the cloud droplet spectrum gradually narrows,resulting in increases in the spectral shape and slope parameters.However,these double-moment schemes fail to accurately replicate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum and its multimodal distribution characteristics.Furthermore,the latest schemes were coupled into a 1.5D cumulus model,and an observation case was simulated.The simulations confirm that the cloud droplet spectrum appears wider at the supersaturated cloud base and cloud top due to activation,while it becomes narrower at the middle altitudes of the cloud due to condensation growth.展开更多
A heavy rainfall event in south China was simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with three microphysics schemes, including the Morrison scheme, Thompson scheme, and Milbrandt and Yau scheme(MY),...A heavy rainfall event in south China was simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with three microphysics schemes, including the Morrison scheme, Thompson scheme, and Milbrandt and Yau scheme(MY), which aim to evaluate the capability to reproduce the precipitation and radar echo reflectivity features, and to evaluate evaluate their differences in microphysics and the associated thermodynamical and dynamical feedback. Results show that all simulations reproduce the main features crucial for rainfall formation. Compared with the observation, the MY scheme performed better than the other two schemes in terms of intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Due to abundant water vapor, the accretion of cloud droplets by raindrops was the dominant process in the growth of raindrops while the contribution of melting was a secondary effect. Riming processes, in which frozen hydrometeors collect cloud droplets mainly, contributed more to the growth of frozen hydrometeors than the Bergeron process. Extremely abundant snow and ice were produced in the Thompson and MY schemes respectively by a deposition process. The MY scheme has the highest condensation and evaporation, but the lowest deposition. As a result, in the MY scheme, the enhanced vertical gradient of condensation heating and evaporation cooling at low levels produces strong positive and weak negative potential vorticity in Guangdong, and may favor the formation of the enhanced rainfall center over there.展开更多
This study examines the effects of cumulus parameterizations and microphysics schemes on the track forecast of typhoon Nabi using the Weather Research Forecast model. The study found that the effects of cumulus parame...This study examines the effects of cumulus parameterizations and microphysics schemes on the track forecast of typhoon Nabi using the Weather Research Forecast model. The study found that the effects of cumulus parameterizations on typhoon track forecast were comparatively strong and the typhoon track forecast of Kain-Fritsch (KF) was superior to that of Betts-Miller (BM). When KF was selected, the simulated results would be improved if microphysics schemes were selected than otherwise. The results from Ferrier, WSM6, and Lin were very close to those in the best track. KF performed well with the simulations of the western extension and eastern contraction changes of a North Pacific high as well as the distribution and strength of the typhoon wind field.展开更多
Cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resoluti...Cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs)and large-eddy simulation(LES)models.Instead of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years,this study concentrates purposely on several topics that we believe are understudied but hold great potential for further advancing bulk microphysics parameterizations:multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations and the role of the spectral shape of hydrometeor size distributions;discrete vs“continuous”representation of hydrometeor types;turbulence-microphysics interactions including turbulent entrainment-mixing processes and stochastic condensation;theoretical foundations for the mathematical expressions used to describe hydrometeor size distributions and hydrometeor morphology;and approaches for developing bulk microphysics parameterizations.Also presented are the spectral bin scheme and particle-based scheme(especially,super-droplet method)for representing explicit microphysics.Their advantages and disadvantages are elucidated for constructing cloud models with detailed microphysics that are essential to developing processes understanding and bulk microphysics parameterizations.Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation(DNS)models are described as an emerging technique to investigate turbulence-microphysics interactions at the most fundamental level by tracking individual particles and resolving the smallest turbulent eddies in turbulent clouds.Outstanding challenges and future research directions are explored as well.展开更多
A set of microphysics equations is scaled based on the convective length and velocity scales. Comparisons are made among the dynamical transport and various microphysical processes. From the scaling analysis, it becom...A set of microphysics equations is scaled based on the convective length and velocity scales. Comparisons are made among the dynamical transport and various microphysical processes. From the scaling analysis, it becomes apparent which parameterized microphysical processes present off-scaled influences in the integration of the set of microphysics equations. The variabilities of the parameterized microphysical processes are also studied using the approach of a controlled parameter space. Given macroscopic dynamic and thermodynamic conditions in different regions of convective storms, it is possible to analyze and compare vertical profiles of these processes. Bulk diabatic heating profiles for a cumulus convective updraft and downdraft are also derived from this analysis. From the two different angles, the scale analysis and the controlled-parameter space approach can both provide an insight into and an understanding of microphysics parameterizations.展开更多
The shape parameter of the Gamma size distribution plays a key role in the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum in the bulk parameterization schemes. However, due to the inaccurate specification of the shape parame...The shape parameter of the Gamma size distribution plays a key role in the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum in the bulk parameterization schemes. However, due to the inaccurate specification of the shape parameter in the commonly used bulk double-moment schemes, the cloud droplet spectra cannot reasonably be described during the condensation process. Therefore, a newly-developed triple-parameter condensation scheme with the shape parameter diagnosed through the number concentration, cloud water content, and reflectivity factor of cloud droplets can be applied to improve the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. The simulation with the new parameterization scheme was compared to those with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin scheme, the double-moment schemes in a parcel model, and the observation in a 1.5D Eulerian model that consists of two cylinders. The new scheme with the shape parameter varying with time and space can accurately simulate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. Furthermore, the volume-mean radius and cloud water content simulated with the new scheme match the Lagrangian analytical solutions well, and the errors are steady, within approximately 0.2%.展开更多
There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical pro...There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.展开更多
利用实况资料和再分析资料,结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式对南通一次极端大风过程进行诊断分析及数值模拟。分析了该个例发生的天气形势背景和系统的水平、垂直结构,探究大风天气成因,并进一步对比不同参数化方案的模...利用实况资料和再分析资料,结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式对南通一次极端大风过程进行诊断分析及数值模拟。分析了该个例发生的天气形势背景和系统的水平、垂直结构,探究大风天气成因,并进一步对比不同参数化方案的模拟效果。结果表明:1)大风过程发生在高空深厚冷涡和地面强暖湿低压的环流背景下,上空存在不稳定层结和不稳定能量的累积;雷暴大风在12—13时经历了发展、成熟、消散3个阶段,飑线以碎块型的方式形成。2)3种微物理方案中,MG方案模拟出更大面积的层云、强回波和极端大风,模拟的最大地面阵风为44.47 m·s^(-1)。Lin方案较好地模拟出飑线的演变过程和垂直结构特征,模拟的最强上升气流达23.55 m·s^(-1),下沉气流达-13.21 m·s^(-1)。3)水平方向上,雷暴大风附近存在成熟的飑线地面中尺度系统,地面存在深厚冷池出流、变压梯度大值区和冷锋过境,它们共同促进了地面大风的生成。4)垂直方向上,对流单体上空高层辐散、低层辐合,存在强上升气流和水汽潜热释放;后侧的干空气蒸发和粒子的拖曳加强下沉运动,配合地面冷池出流和辐散气流,造成了极端大风天气。展开更多
基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropi...基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropical Oscillations)项目提供的浮标观测数据,通过敏感性试验评估三种微物理参数化方案对1822号超强台风“山竹(Mangkhut)”的路径、强度演变和上层海洋响应的影响.研究表明:海-气耦合模式能在一定程度上模拟台风的移动路径与强度特征,但在台风初期会出现对强度的高估.还能模拟台风造成的海表面温度和盐度空间分布的不对称性.与浮标观测数据相比,海-气耦合模式会略高估海洋冷却与盐度的增加幅度.微物理参数化方案对Mangkhut的模拟有一定影响,Morrison方案对最低平均海平面气压和10 m高度处最大风速的模拟误差较WSM6与Thompson方案低,但该方案会高估海洋表层冷却,因而对Mangkhut成熟到衰减初期的风速模拟偏低. Morrison方案对三小时累积降水量的模拟在Mangkhut前期大于WSM6方案,中后期小于WSM6方案,而与Thompson方案相比,整体相差不大.微物理参数化方案对海洋表面对台风响应的模拟有一定影响,但敏感性有限.海洋表面的热盐变化同时与台风强度和移速有关,海表面温度和海表面盐度的变化幅度都随台风强度的增大而增大,随着台风移速的增大而减小,而台风的强度与移速对于海表响应的影响存在一定的相关性.展开更多
Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes（also called autoconversion） are proposed based on a large number of Cloud Sat observations between June2006 and Apri...Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes（also called autoconversion） are proposed based on a large number of Cloud Sat observations between June2006 and April 2011 over Asian land areas. The emphasis is given to the vertical distribution of liquid water content（LWC）, particularly, the threshold values of LWC for autoconversion. The results warrant a new approach to the numerical parameterization of autoconversion in warm clouds. One feature of this new approach is that the autoconversion threshold, which has been treated as a constant in previous parameterization schemes, is diagnosed as a function of altitude by using a relationship between LWC and height（H）derived from Cloud Sat observations： LWCdig =-500.0 ln（ H/9492.2）. Under this framework, the threshold LWC decreases with increasing H, allowing autoconversion to occur in clouds with low LWC（approximately0.3 g m^-3） at levels above 5.5 km. Autoconversion rates calculated based on the new parameterization are compared to those calculated based on several commonly used parameterization schemes over a range of LWCs from 0.01 to 1.0 g m^-3. The new scheme provides reasonable simulations of autoconversion at various vertical levels.展开更多
Typhoons,characterized by their high destructive potential,significantly impact coastal residents’lives and property safety.To optimize numerical models’typhoon simulation,carefully selecting appropriate physical pa...Typhoons,characterized by their high destructive potential,significantly impact coastal residents’lives and property safety.To optimize numerical models’typhoon simulation,carefully selecting appropriate physical para-meterization schemes is crucial,offering robust support for disaster prevention and reduction efforts.This study focuses on Typhoon Mujigae,conducting a comparative analysis of different physical parameterization schemes(microphysics,cu-mulus parameterization,shortwave radiation,and longwave radiation)in WRF simulations.The key findings are as follows:cumulus and microphysics parameterization schemes notably influence the simulation of typhoon tracks and intensity,while the impact of longwave and shortwave radiation schemes is relatively minor.Typhoon intensity is more sensitive to the choice of parameterization schemes than track.Together,the Kain-Fritsch cumulus convection scheme,WRF Single Moment 5-class scheme,and Dudhia/RRTM radiation scheme yield the best intensity simulation results.Compared with the Betts-Miller-Janjićand Grell 3D scheme,the use of the Kain-Fritsch scheme results in a clearer,taller eyewall and more symmetric deep convection,enhancing precipitation and latent heat release,and consequently improving the simulated typhoon intensity.More complex microphysics schemes like Purdue Lin,WRF Single Moment 5-class,and WRF Double Moment 6-class perform better in simulations,while simpler schemes like Kessler and WSM3 exhibit significant deviations in typhoon simulations.Particularly,the large amount of supercooled water clouds simulated by the Kessler scheme is a major source of bias.Furthermore,a coupling effect exists between cumulus convection and mi-crophysics parameterization schemes,and only a reasonable combination of both can achieve optimal simulation results.展开更多
雾对交通运输有不利影响,尤其是强浓雾。本文利用2019年1月上中旬在寿县国家气候观象台应用FM-100型雾滴谱仪测量的雾滴谱数据和常规气象观测数据,分析了不同强度雾的微物理特征,以及能见度与含水量、雾滴数浓度、相对湿度之间的关系,...雾对交通运输有不利影响,尤其是强浓雾。本文利用2019年1月上中旬在寿县国家气候观象台应用FM-100型雾滴谱仪测量的雾滴谱数据和常规气象观测数据,分析了不同强度雾的微物理特征,以及能见度与含水量、雾滴数浓度、相对湿度之间的关系,在此基础上建立了能见度参数化方案。结果表明:(1)随着雾的强度增强,雾中含水量显著增大,大雾、浓雾和强浓雾阶段含水量平均值分别为0.003 g m;、0.01 g m;和0.09 g m;当含水量大于0.02 g m;出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。(2)雾滴数浓度、雾滴尺度随着雾强度增强而增大,从大雾到浓雾,雾滴数浓度显著增加(增幅67%),而从浓雾到强浓雾,雾滴尺度显著增大,平均直径、平均有效半径分别增加62%、135%;当雾滴有效半径大于4.7μm,出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。(3)强浓雾、浓雾、大雾雾滴数浓度谱分布均为双峰结构,谱分布整体偏向小粒子一端,强浓雾谱型为Deirmendjian分布,浓雾、大雾均为Junge分布;强浓雾的雾水质量浓度谱呈现多峰特征,最大峰值出现在21.5μm处,浓雾雾水质量浓度谱为双峰分布,大雾为单峰型,最大峰值均出现在5μm处。(4)含水量、数浓度与能见度均呈反相关关系,含水量对能见度的影响最为显著;分别采用全样本和分段方式建立了四种能见度参数化方案,评估检验结果表明,基于含水量的能见度分段拟合方案对能见度的估算效果最好。展开更多
文摘The Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate the precipitation event that occurred during 1–2 May 1994 to the south of the Yangtze River. In five experiments the Kain–Fritsch scheme is made use of for the subgrid–scale convective precipitation, but five different resolvable–scale microphysical parameterization schemes are employed. They are the simple super-saturation removal scheme, the warm rain scheme of Hsie et al. (1984), the simple ice scheme of Dudhia (1989), the complex mixed–phase scheme developed by Reisner et al. (1993), and the GSFC microphysical scheme with graupel. Our interest is how the various resolvable-scale schemes affect the domain-averaged precipitation, the precipitation distribution, the sea level pressure, the cloud water and the cloud ice. Through a series of experiments about a warm sector rainfall case, results show that although the different resolvable-scale scheme is used, the differences of the precipitation characteristics among all five runs are not very obvious. However, the precipitation is over-predicted and the strong mesoscale low is produced by the simple super-saturation removal scheme. The warm rain scheme with the inclusion of condensation and evaporation under-predicts the precipitation and allows the cloud water to reach the 300 hPa level. The scheme of the addition of graupel increases the resolvable-scale precipitation by about 20%-30%. The inclusion of supercooled liquid water in the grid-scale scheme does not affect significantly the results. Key words Mesoscale model - Precipitation - Resolvable-scale microphysical parameterization
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant Nos.42305163 and U22A20577)the Construction Project of Weather Modification Ability in Central China(Grant No.ZQC-H22256)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0760300)the Projects of the Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility(Grant Nos.2024-EL-PT-000707,2023-ELPT-000482,2023-EL-ZD-00026,and 2022-EL-PT-00083)the STS Program of the Inner Mongolia Meteorological Service,Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2021CG0047)。
文摘Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in weather forecasting and climate prediction models.Hence,the latest activation and triple-moment condensation schemes were combined to simulate and analyze the evolution characteristics of a cloud droplet spectrum from activation to condensation and compared with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin model and the current double-moment condensation schemes,in which the spectral shape parameter is fixed or diagnosed by an empirical formula.The results demonstrate that the latest schemes effectively capture the evolution characteristics of the cloud droplet spectrum during activation and condensation,which is in line with the performance of the bin model.The simulation of the latest activation and condensation schemes in a parcel model shows that the cloud droplet spectrum gradually widens and exhibits a multimodal distribution during the activation process,accompanied by a decrease in the spectral shape and slope parameters over time.Conversely,during the condensation process,the cloud droplet spectrum gradually narrows,resulting in increases in the spectral shape and slope parameters.However,these double-moment schemes fail to accurately replicate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum and its multimodal distribution characteristics.Furthermore,the latest schemes were coupled into a 1.5D cumulus model,and an observation case was simulated.The simulations confirm that the cloud droplet spectrum appears wider at the supersaturated cloud base and cloud top due to activation,while it becomes narrower at the middle altitudes of the cloud due to condensation growth.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230612,41905071,41620104009)。
文摘A heavy rainfall event in south China was simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with three microphysics schemes, including the Morrison scheme, Thompson scheme, and Milbrandt and Yau scheme(MY), which aim to evaluate the capability to reproduce the precipitation and radar echo reflectivity features, and to evaluate evaluate their differences in microphysics and the associated thermodynamical and dynamical feedback. Results show that all simulations reproduce the main features crucial for rainfall formation. Compared with the observation, the MY scheme performed better than the other two schemes in terms of intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Due to abundant water vapor, the accretion of cloud droplets by raindrops was the dominant process in the growth of raindrops while the contribution of melting was a secondary effect. Riming processes, in which frozen hydrometeors collect cloud droplets mainly, contributed more to the growth of frozen hydrometeors than the Bergeron process. Extremely abundant snow and ice were produced in the Thompson and MY schemes respectively by a deposition process. The MY scheme has the highest condensation and evaporation, but the lowest deposition. As a result, in the MY scheme, the enhanced vertical gradient of condensation heating and evaporation cooling at low levels produces strong positive and weak negative potential vorticity in Guangdong, and may favor the formation of the enhanced rainfall center over there.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421502)National Natural Science Foundation of China (40475018)Research and Development Program of KMA of Korea (NIMR-2010-B-6)
文摘This study examines the effects of cumulus parameterizations and microphysics schemes on the track forecast of typhoon Nabi using the Weather Research Forecast model. The study found that the effects of cumulus parameterizations on typhoon track forecast were comparatively strong and the typhoon track forecast of Kain-Fritsch (KF) was superior to that of Betts-Miller (BM). When KF was selected, the simulated results would be improved if microphysics schemes were selected than otherwise. The results from Ferrier, WSM6, and Lin were very close to those in the best track. KF performed well with the simulations of the western extension and eastern contraction changes of a North Pacific high as well as the distribution and strength of the typhoon wind field.
基金supported by the US Department of Energy(DOE)’s Office of Science Atmospheric Systems Research(ASR)Programthe Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE)Solar Energy Technologies Office(SETO)award(33504)+3 种基金the Brookhaven National Laboratory(BNL)’s Laboratory Directed Research&Development Program(LDRD)(22-065)The Brookhaven National Laboratory is operated by the Brookhaven Science Associates,LLC(BSA),for the US Department of Energy under Contract No.DESC0012704supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No.26286089MEXT KAKENHI Grant No.18H04448。
文摘Cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs)and large-eddy simulation(LES)models.Instead of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years,this study concentrates purposely on several topics that we believe are understudied but hold great potential for further advancing bulk microphysics parameterizations:multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations and the role of the spectral shape of hydrometeor size distributions;discrete vs“continuous”representation of hydrometeor types;turbulence-microphysics interactions including turbulent entrainment-mixing processes and stochastic condensation;theoretical foundations for the mathematical expressions used to describe hydrometeor size distributions and hydrometeor morphology;and approaches for developing bulk microphysics parameterizations.Also presented are the spectral bin scheme and particle-based scheme(especially,super-droplet method)for representing explicit microphysics.Their advantages and disadvantages are elucidated for constructing cloud models with detailed microphysics that are essential to developing processes understanding and bulk microphysics parameterizations.Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation(DNS)models are described as an emerging technique to investigate turbulence-microphysics interactions at the most fundamental level by tracking individual particles and resolving the smallest turbulent eddies in turbulent clouds.Outstanding challenges and future research directions are explored as well.
基金Acknowledgments. Thanks to Dr. Alexander MacDonald of NOAA/FSL for his support throughout this study, and to Professors William Cotton. Roger Pielke. Wayne Schubert of Colorado State University, and to Dr. Fanyou Kong of University of Oklahoma and Mr. Hu
文摘A set of microphysics equations is scaled based on the convective length and velocity scales. Comparisons are made among the dynamical transport and various microphysical processes. From the scaling analysis, it becomes apparent which parameterized microphysical processes present off-scaled influences in the integration of the set of microphysics equations. The variabilities of the parameterized microphysical processes are also studied using the approach of a controlled parameter space. Given macroscopic dynamic and thermodynamic conditions in different regions of convective storms, it is possible to analyze and compare vertical profiles of these processes. Bulk diabatic heating profiles for a cumulus convective updraft and downdraft are also derived from this analysis. From the two different angles, the scale analysis and the controlled-parameter space approach can both provide an insight into and an understanding of microphysics parameterizations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275147 and 41875173)the STS Program of Inner Mongolia Meteorological Service, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 2021CG0047)
文摘The shape parameter of the Gamma size distribution plays a key role in the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum in the bulk parameterization schemes. However, due to the inaccurate specification of the shape parameter in the commonly used bulk double-moment schemes, the cloud droplet spectra cannot reasonably be described during the condensation process. Therefore, a newly-developed triple-parameter condensation scheme with the shape parameter diagnosed through the number concentration, cloud water content, and reflectivity factor of cloud droplets can be applied to improve the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. The simulation with the new parameterization scheme was compared to those with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin scheme, the double-moment schemes in a parcel model, and the observation in a 1.5D Eulerian model that consists of two cylinders. The new scheme with the shape parameter varying with time and space can accurately simulate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. Furthermore, the volume-mean radius and cloud water content simulated with the new scheme match the Lagrangian analytical solutions well, and the errors are steady, within approximately 0.2%.
基金This research was primarily supported by a NOAA Warn-on-Forecast(WoF)grant(Grant No.NA16OAR4320115).
文摘There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.
文摘利用实况资料和再分析资料,结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式对南通一次极端大风过程进行诊断分析及数值模拟。分析了该个例发生的天气形势背景和系统的水平、垂直结构,探究大风天气成因,并进一步对比不同参数化方案的模拟效果。结果表明:1)大风过程发生在高空深厚冷涡和地面强暖湿低压的环流背景下,上空存在不稳定层结和不稳定能量的累积;雷暴大风在12—13时经历了发展、成熟、消散3个阶段,飑线以碎块型的方式形成。2)3种微物理方案中,MG方案模拟出更大面积的层云、强回波和极端大风,模拟的最大地面阵风为44.47 m·s^(-1)。Lin方案较好地模拟出飑线的演变过程和垂直结构特征,模拟的最强上升气流达23.55 m·s^(-1),下沉气流达-13.21 m·s^(-1)。3)水平方向上,雷暴大风附近存在成熟的飑线地面中尺度系统,地面存在深厚冷池出流、变压梯度大值区和冷锋过境,它们共同促进了地面大风的生成。4)垂直方向上,对流单体上空高层辐散、低层辐合,存在强上升气流和水汽潜热释放;后侧的干空气蒸发和粒子的拖曳加强下沉运动,配合地面冷池出流和辐散气流,造成了极端大风天气。
文摘基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropical Oscillations)项目提供的浮标观测数据,通过敏感性试验评估三种微物理参数化方案对1822号超强台风“山竹(Mangkhut)”的路径、强度演变和上层海洋响应的影响.研究表明:海-气耦合模式能在一定程度上模拟台风的移动路径与强度特征,但在台风初期会出现对强度的高估.还能模拟台风造成的海表面温度和盐度空间分布的不对称性.与浮标观测数据相比,海-气耦合模式会略高估海洋冷却与盐度的增加幅度.微物理参数化方案对Mangkhut的模拟有一定影响,Morrison方案对最低平均海平面气压和10 m高度处最大风速的模拟误差较WSM6与Thompson方案低,但该方案会高估海洋表层冷却,因而对Mangkhut成熟到衰减初期的风速模拟偏低. Morrison方案对三小时累积降水量的模拟在Mangkhut前期大于WSM6方案,中后期小于WSM6方案,而与Thompson方案相比,整体相差不大.微物理参数化方案对海洋表面对台风响应的模拟有一定影响,但敏感性有限.海洋表面的热盐变化同时与台风强度和移速有关,海表面温度和海表面盐度的变化幅度都随台风强度的增大而增大,随着台风移速的增大而减小,而台风的强度与移速对于海表响应的影响存在一定的相关性.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41405006)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201006014 and GYHY201306005)+1 种基金National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2012CB417204)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2014R016 and2014Z001)
文摘Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes（also called autoconversion） are proposed based on a large number of Cloud Sat observations between June2006 and April 2011 over Asian land areas. The emphasis is given to the vertical distribution of liquid water content（LWC）, particularly, the threshold values of LWC for autoconversion. The results warrant a new approach to the numerical parameterization of autoconversion in warm clouds. One feature of this new approach is that the autoconversion threshold, which has been treated as a constant in previous parameterization schemes, is diagnosed as a function of altitude by using a relationship between LWC and height（H）derived from Cloud Sat observations： LWCdig =-500.0 ln（ H/9492.2）. Under this framework, the threshold LWC decreases with increasing H, allowing autoconversion to occur in clouds with low LWC（approximately0.3 g m^-3） at levels above 5.5 km. Autoconversion rates calculated based on the new parameterization are compared to those calculated based on several commonly used parameterization schemes over a range of LWCs from 0.01 to 1.0 g m^-3. The new scheme provides reasonable simulations of autoconversion at various vertical levels.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130605,72293604)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019B1515120018,2019A1515111009)+2 种基金Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation(JCYJ20210324131810029)Guangdong Provincial College Innovation Team Project(2019KCXTF021)First-Class Discipline Plan of Guangdong Province(080503032101,231420003)。
文摘Typhoons,characterized by their high destructive potential,significantly impact coastal residents’lives and property safety.To optimize numerical models’typhoon simulation,carefully selecting appropriate physical para-meterization schemes is crucial,offering robust support for disaster prevention and reduction efforts.This study focuses on Typhoon Mujigae,conducting a comparative analysis of different physical parameterization schemes(microphysics,cu-mulus parameterization,shortwave radiation,and longwave radiation)in WRF simulations.The key findings are as follows:cumulus and microphysics parameterization schemes notably influence the simulation of typhoon tracks and intensity,while the impact of longwave and shortwave radiation schemes is relatively minor.Typhoon intensity is more sensitive to the choice of parameterization schemes than track.Together,the Kain-Fritsch cumulus convection scheme,WRF Single Moment 5-class scheme,and Dudhia/RRTM radiation scheme yield the best intensity simulation results.Compared with the Betts-Miller-Janjićand Grell 3D scheme,the use of the Kain-Fritsch scheme results in a clearer,taller eyewall and more symmetric deep convection,enhancing precipitation and latent heat release,and consequently improving the simulated typhoon intensity.More complex microphysics schemes like Purdue Lin,WRF Single Moment 5-class,and WRF Double Moment 6-class perform better in simulations,while simpler schemes like Kessler and WSM3 exhibit significant deviations in typhoon simulations.Particularly,the large amount of supercooled water clouds simulated by the Kessler scheme is a major source of bias.Furthermore,a coupling effect exists between cumulus convection and mi-crophysics parameterization schemes,and only a reasonable combination of both can achieve optimal simulation results.
文摘雾对交通运输有不利影响,尤其是强浓雾。本文利用2019年1月上中旬在寿县国家气候观象台应用FM-100型雾滴谱仪测量的雾滴谱数据和常规气象观测数据,分析了不同强度雾的微物理特征,以及能见度与含水量、雾滴数浓度、相对湿度之间的关系,在此基础上建立了能见度参数化方案。结果表明:(1)随着雾的强度增强,雾中含水量显著增大,大雾、浓雾和强浓雾阶段含水量平均值分别为0.003 g m;、0.01 g m;和0.09 g m;当含水量大于0.02 g m;出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。(2)雾滴数浓度、雾滴尺度随着雾强度增强而增大,从大雾到浓雾,雾滴数浓度显著增加(增幅67%),而从浓雾到强浓雾,雾滴尺度显著增大,平均直径、平均有效半径分别增加62%、135%;当雾滴有效半径大于4.7μm,出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。(3)强浓雾、浓雾、大雾雾滴数浓度谱分布均为双峰结构,谱分布整体偏向小粒子一端,强浓雾谱型为Deirmendjian分布,浓雾、大雾均为Junge分布;强浓雾的雾水质量浓度谱呈现多峰特征,最大峰值出现在21.5μm处,浓雾雾水质量浓度谱为双峰分布,大雾为单峰型,最大峰值均出现在5μm处。(4)含水量、数浓度与能见度均呈反相关关系,含水量对能见度的影响最为显著;分别采用全样本和分段方式建立了四种能见度参数化方案,评估检验结果表明,基于含水量的能见度分段拟合方案对能见度的估算效果最好。
