This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestin...This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut ...Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.展开更多
With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid we...With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid were investigated. The results showed that RS contents in both the uncooked flour and cooked flour assumed significantly positive correlation with AAC, and significantly negative cor- relation with protein content; and they were proved to be not significantly correlated with lipid content. RS content in uncooked flour was significantly correlated with that in cooked flour. These results provided references for the genetic improvement of wheat cultivars.展开更多
This study aimed to compare starch properties among rice germplasms with different contents of resistant starch. Rice germplasms with significant differ- ences in resistant starch content were screened by the rice ger...This study aimed to compare starch properties among rice germplasms with different contents of resistant starch. Rice germplasms with significant differ- ences in resistant starch content were screened by the rice germplasm resource project team in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to analyze the differences in RVA eigenvalues and starch crystal thermodynamic properties using differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The result showed that three rice materials with high contents of resistant starch exhibited low breakdown viscosity and high setback vis- cosity; three rice materials with low contents of resistant starch exhibited high breakdown viscosity and low setback viscosity. Significant differences were observed in RVA eigenvalues and starch crystal thermodynamic properties among rice germplasms with different contents of resistant starch, which provided new indices for breeding functional rice cultivars with high resistant starch content.展开更多
Resistant starch （RS） is the undigested starch that passes through the small intestine to the large intestine. As a functional low calorie additive, it has special applications in the food industry. Rapid visco anal...Resistant starch （RS） is the undigested starch that passes through the small intestine to the large intestine. As a functional low calorie additive, it has special applications in the food industry. Rapid visco analysis （RVA） and the Brabender farinograph were used to study the pasting properties and the viscoelasticity of blends of RS （RS3 and RS2） and three wheat flours. The wheat flours represented strong gluten wheat （SGW）, intermediate gluten wheat （IGW）, and weak gluten wheat （WGW） flours, at different levels of RS substitution （0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%）. The influence of RS3 on the control wheat flours and RS-wheat flour blends were consistent with those of RS2. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of RS3-wheat flour blends were higher than those of the corresponding RS2-wheat flour blends. The peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities ofwheat-RS blends decreased with an increase in resistant starch contents from 0 to 20% in the blends. The 0-20% RS-wheat flour blends were all able to form doughs. The dough development times, dough stabilities, dough breakdown times, and farinograph quality numbers for the RS-wheat flour blends decreased as the RS proportion in the blends increased. The values for RS-SGW flour blends were the highest, followed by RS-IGW and then RS-WGW flour blends. The water absorption values for RS-wheat flour blends and the mixing tolerance index for RS-WGW flour blends were found to increase significantly with an increasing proportion of RS from 0 to 20%, but the mixing tolerance index for RS-SGW and RS-IGW flour blends showed no significant differences amongst the different ratios. Correlation analysis showed that the Farinograph quality number was highly positively correlated with dough breakdown time, dough stability, and dough development time （r= 1.000, 0.958, 0.894）, and highly negatively correlated with the mixing tolerance index （r =-0.890）. Data from this study can be used for the development of dough-based products. It also provides a basis for RS-wheat flour blends and quality evaluation in the food industry.展开更多
Overweight or obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world, scientists are concentrating their efforts on exploring novel ways to treat obesity. Nowadays, the availabilities of bariatric surgery and...Overweight or obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world, scientists are concentrating their efforts on exploring novel ways to treat obesity. Nowadays, the availabilities of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy have enhanced obesity treatment, but it should has support from diet, physical exercise and lifestyle modification, especially the functional food. Resistant starch, an indigestible starch, has been studied for years for its beneficial effects on regulating blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of resistant starch on weight loss and the possible mechanisms. According to numerous previous studies it could be concluded that resistant starch can reduce fat accumulation, enhance insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. Recent investigations have focused on the possible associations between resistant starch and incretins as well as gut microbiota. Resistant starch seems to be a promising dietary fiber for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its related diseases.展开更多
With changes in food preferences and life styles,more and more attentions have been focused on healthier food.Nowadays,resistant starch(RS)which can resist digestion in the human intestine has been recognized and acce...With changes in food preferences and life styles,more and more attentions have been focused on healthier food.Nowadays,resistant starch(RS)which can resist digestion in the human intestine has been recognized and accepted.High RS diet shows great benefit for the human health,and breeding high RS rice variety is a great target for realizing dietary intervention.To provide guidance for RS improvement in rice,this review summarized the unique physiochemical properties of RS and the possible approaches,i.e.genetic regulation,for enhancing RS content in rice,and proposed the potential ways to obtain rice variety with high RS content.展开更多
Starch from cereal grains,pulse grains,and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55%of the diet.In pigs,starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreaticα-amylase,and has ...Starch from cereal grains,pulse grains,and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55%of the diet.In pigs,starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreaticα-amylase,and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides(glucose)for absorption.Resistant starch(RS)is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine.The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation,which produces short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)for absorption.SCFA in turn,influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs.These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes,maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity,and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes.Thus,RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period.Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs,RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs.digested starch absorption products.The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake,energy metabolism,and feed efficiency.Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby,reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea(PWD)and associated mortality.This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology,gut health and growth performance in pigs.展开更多
Background:Consumption of resistant starch(RS)has been associated with various intestinal and systemic health benefits,but knowledge of its effects on intestinal health and inflammatory response in stressed birds is l...Background:Consumption of resistant starch(RS)has been associated with various intestinal and systemic health benefits,but knowledge of its effects on intestinal health and inflammatory response in stressed birds is limited.Here,we examined how dietary RS supplementation from 12%raw potato starch(RPS)modulated inflammatory severity induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in meat ducks.Results:LPS administration at 14,16,and 18 d(chronic challenge)decreased body weight(BW)and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor(GLP-1R)level with higher intestinal permeability and inflammation,evident by higher proinflammatory cytokine levels.Dietary 12%RPS supplementation enhanced Claudin-1 and GLP-1R expression,along with lower levels of inflammatory factors in both ileum and serum.Microbiome analysis showed that RS treatment shifted microbial structure reflected by enriched the proportion of Firmicutes,Bifidobacterium,Ruminococcus,etc.Dietary RS addition also significantly increased the concentrations of propionate and butyrate during chronic LPS challenge.Furthermore,response to acute challenge,the ducks received 2 mg/kg BW LPS at 14 d had higher concentrations of serum endotoxins and inflammatory cytokines,as well as upregulated transcription of toll like receptor 4(TLR4)in ileum when compared to control birds.Analogous to GLP-1 agonist liraglutide,dietary RS addition decreased endotoxins and inflammation cytokines,whereas it upregulated the GLP-1 synthesis related genes expression.Meanwhile,dietary RS supplementation suppressed the acute LPS challenge-induced TLR4 transcription.Conclusions:These data suggest that dietary 12%RPS supplementation could attenuate the LPS-induced inflammation as well as intestinal injury of meat ducks,which might involve in the alteration in gut microbiota,SCFAs production and the signaling pathways of TLR4 and GLP-1/GLP-1R.展开更多
Background:Yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)has been consumed as a food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Resistant starch(RS)3 is of particular interest because it is heat-resistant,safe an...Background:Yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)has been consumed as a food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Resistant starch(RS)3 is of particular interest because it is heat-resistant,safe and non-toxic,and retains good nutritional benefits;it is therefore used in a wide range of traditional and emerging foods as a heat-stable prebiotic ingredient.In our previous study,we found that yam RS includes strong lipid-lowering and anti-constipation activities.Methods:Yam RS3 was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation and pullulanase debranching to yield autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS and pullulanase debranching yam RS,respectively.First,the physicochemical properties of both RS3s were analyzed.Second,the structures of the RS3s were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray powder diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Finally,the regulatory effects of the RS3s on the gut microbiota were evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model.Results:The RS content of the RS3s decreased after processing,but was higher in pullulanase debranching yam RS(35.67%)than in autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS(28.71%).Compared with native yam starch,RS3s lost their original granular shapes and instead exhibited irregularly shapes with continuous phases.The crystalline structure of the RS3s was completely altered,with pullulanase debranching yam RS exhibiting B-type patterns.Both RS3s,and especially pullulanase debranching yam RS,promoted a significant increase in short chain fatty acid content after in vitro fermentation(all P<0.05).Moreover,pullulanase debranching yam RS significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia and Shigella(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Our findings show that yam RS3s can regulate the composition of the gut microbiota and promote the production of short chain fatty acid,especially butyric acid.Pullulanase debranching was a more effective method for producing functional yam RS3.展开更多
Semen coicis resistant starch is a type of starch which has undergone retrogradation. In this study,the structural characteristics of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Seme...Semen coicis resistant starch is a type of starch which has undergone retrogradation. In this study,the structural characteristics of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch were investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy results indicated that compared to Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch,the surface of heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch was rough and full of irregular layered strips. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated the degree of ordered structure values of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch are 1.355,1.372,and 1.410,respectively,and the degree of double helix values is 1.931,1.942,and 2.027,respectively,indicating that the degree of ordered structure and double helix structure of heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch is both higher than those of Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch. ^（13） C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch exhibited A-type crystal structures,while heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch displayed B-type crystal structures. The relative crystallinity of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch is 76.41,85.36,and 87.25,respectively,and the percentages of amorphous region are 5.78,4.72,and 4.39,respectively. Additionally,heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch could increase the proliferation of Bifidobacterium bifidum more than Semen coicis native starch or high-amylose maize starch. Bifidobacterium bifidum displayed a higher tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions such as low p H,bile acid,pepsin,and trypsin in heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch medium than in Semen coicis native starch or high-amylose maize starch media.展开更多
Background:Escherichia coli(E.coli)infection in humans and animals usually comes with gut dysbiosis,which is potential culprit to skeletal health,it is still unclear to whether diet interfered gut microbiome changes c...Background:Escherichia coli(E.coli)infection in humans and animals usually comes with gut dysbiosis,which is potential culprit to skeletal health,it is still unclear to whether diet interfered gut microbiome changes can be a protective strategy to bone loss development.Here,the effects of resistant starch from raw potato starch(RPS),a type of prebiotic,on E.coli-induced bone loss and gut microbial composition in meat ducks were evaluated.Results:The results showed that dietary 12%RPS treatment improved bone quality,depressed bone resorption,and attenuated the pro-inflammatory reaction in both ileum and bone marrow.Meanwhile,the 12%RPS diet also increased the abundance of Firmicutes in E.coli-treated birds,along with higher production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)especially propionate and butyrate.Whereas addition ofβ-acid,an inhibitor of bacterial SCFAs production,to the drinking water of ducks fed 12%RPS diet significantly decreased SCFAs level in cecum content and eliminated RPS-induced tibial mass improvement.Further,treatment with MI-2 to abrogate mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1(Malt1)activity replicated the protective role of dietary 12%RPS in E.coli-induced bone loss including reduced the inhibition on nuclear factorκB(NF-κB)inflammasome activation,decreased bone resorption,and improved bone quality,which were correlated with comparable and higher regulatory T cells(Treg)frequency in MI-2 and 12%RPS group,respectively.Conclusions:These findings suggested that the diet with 12%RPS could alleviate E.coli-induced bone loss in meat ducks by changing the gut microbial composition and promoting concomitant SCFAs production,and consequently inhibiting Malt1/NF-κB inflammasome activation and Treg cells expansion.展开更多
“Pinhão”, the seed of Araucaria angustifolia, is an important food, being part of the eating habits of Indigenous communities. In this study, we evaluated the oligosaccharide content, resistant starch and the g...“Pinhão”, the seed of Araucaria angustifolia, is an important food, being part of the eating habits of Indigenous communities. In this study, we evaluated the oligosaccharide content, resistant starch and the growth of probiotic bacteria. GF4 (1-fructofuranosylnystose) was the main fructo-oligosaccharides found, in higher contents compared to other food sources. Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) represented the main part of the oligosaccharides profile of Brazilian pine seeds. In descending order of importance was maltoheptaose (G7), maltohexose (G6) and maltotriose (G3). The starches from the variety Sanct josephi presented the highest amount of resistant starch that could stimulate probiotic strains, mainly B. breve and L. plantarum, and may have a prebiotic effect, potentially promoting health benefits. This study advances the understanding of the chemical composition of the main portion of the “pinhão” enhancing awareness of its potential as a healthy food source, contributing to different uses and indirectly with the species preservation.展开更多
Using ＇Luotian chestnut＇ as the raw material, the content changes of resistant starch and main nutrients in the processed fruit were studied after taken common processing of high-temperature steaming of canned food,...Using ＇Luotian chestnut＇ as the raw material, the content changes of resistant starch and main nutrients in the processed fruit were studied after taken common processing of high-temperature steaming of canned food, sand-mixed frying and cooking without shells, with the aim to find out the effects of different processing methods on the content changes of nutrients in chestnuts. The result showed that there were significant differences in the resistant starch contents by different processing methods. After processing, the retention degree of resistant starch was the lowest using the methods of sand-mixed frying, of 42.42%, while the highest was found in canned chestnut products, of 93.16%. Among the main nutrients, adding water and sugar would reduce content of resistant starch, while increasing the protein content would promote the retention of resistant starch retention. The changes in lipid content had no effect or not a single promoting or weakening effects on the content of resistant starch.展开更多
This study examined the effects of overexpressing the DOF(DNA binding with one finger protein)transcription factor gene,TaDOF6,on wheat grain native starch and III-type resistant starch(RS3).Overexpression of TaDOF6 i...This study examined the effects of overexpressing the DOF(DNA binding with one finger protein)transcription factor gene,TaDOF6,on wheat grain native starch and III-type resistant starch(RS3).Overexpression of TaDOF6 in the endosperm resulted in a significant increase in amylopectin content,particularly in long-branched chains,as well as larger starch particle size.Additionally,there was an increase in both rapidly and slowly digestible starches,along with an elevated level of native resistant starch.The enhanced crystallinity and orderliness of native starch,along with improved pasting properties,were also observed.However,TaDOF6 overexpression negatively impacted RS3 by reducing its crystal order,thermal stability,and pasting performance.Principal component analysis highlighted the substantial role of amylopectin in determining the crystal structure and physicochemical properties of starch.Moreover,a significant correlation was found between the particle size of RS3 and its physicochemical characteristics.Overall,these findings demonstrate that TaDOF6 overexpression alters the composition of grain starch,leading to improvements in its molecular structure and physicochemical properties.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)has significant health advantages,such as promoting gut health and lowering the risk of obesity,diabetes,and colon cancer.RS can be produced by physical,chemical,and enzymatic methods.Enzyme treatm...Resistant starch(RS)has significant health advantages,such as promoting gut health and lowering the risk of obesity,diabetes,and colon cancer.RS can be produced by physical,chemical,and enzymatic methods.Enzyme treatment can enhance the yield of RS3,formed from the retrogradation and recrystallization of amylose and amylopectin after gelatinization.This comprehensive review provides an in-depth summary of the enzymes and protocols employed in the production of RS3.Several factors including the source of starch,type of enzyme,and add-on procedures such as autoclaving and cooling,and ultrasonication could impact the yield of RS.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS),as a natural plant active ingredient,had been widely used in preventing or alleviating colitis due to its anti-digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.In this study,starch was extracted from lo...Resistant starch(RS),as a natural plant active ingredient,had been widely used in preventing or alleviating colitis due to its anti-digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.In this study,starch was extracted from lotus root(LS),and RS was prepared using physical(autoclaving)and biotechnological(pullulanase debranching)methods.Lotus root resistant starch type III(LRS)was then purified using amyloglucosidase and porcine pancreaticα-amylase.A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the structural and physicochemical characteristics and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of LRS.The findings revealed that autoclaving and enzymatic treatment increased the solubility and thermal stability of the starch,reduced the swelling power,and changed the crystalline type from CA-type to B-type.More importantly,the amylose content and molecular order of LRS were increased,which promoted the formation of crystalline structures and significantly increased the antidigestive ability of starch.Animal experiments showed that LRS was effective in alleviating colitis.After the intervention of LRS,the levels of IL-10,T-AOC,SOD and CAT were significantly increased,while the levels of IL-6,TNF-αand MDA were significantly decreased in the colon of mice.In addition,LRS was able to improve gut microflora dysbiosis as well as promote the production of SCFAs.These results suggested that LRS had a great potential in the field of functional foods.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)is a type of dietary fiber with prebiotic-like properties that can reduce fat accumulation,modulate glucose and insulin levels,and protect the gut barrier.These functions from RS are closely associ...Resistant starch(RS)is a type of dietary fiber with prebiotic-like properties that can reduce fat accumulation,modulate glucose and insulin levels,and protect the gut barrier.These functions from RS are closely associated with gut microbiota.RS was consumed to different extents by gut microbiota,but there are significant differences in the utilization rates.We summarized the interaction between each type of RS and gut microbiota and the role of RS in regulating gut microbiota and metabolic activities were reviewed.It focused on exploring the differences in the utilization of RS due to variations in glycoside hydrolases encoded by gut microbes,and the effects of differences in utilization on gut microbial structure,composition,and metabolism including short-chain fatty acid,bile acids,and tryptophan.Furthermore,taking mineral levels,hyperlipidemia,gastric injury,colon cancer,metabolic syndrome,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as examples,we elaborated on the role of RS in-teractions with intestinal flora in regulating human health.Finally,we discussed the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in RS modulating human health.The structure and composition of gut flora are signif-icantly heterogeneous in individuals,it is possible to combine in vitro and in vivo fermentation experiments with artificial intelligence algorithms such as machine learning algorithms to analyze the differences in the response of the gut flora and metabolic network to different RS.Based on differences,personalized guidance on diet,nutrition,and lifestyle can be provided based on individual characteristics to more effectively utilize RS for disease prevention and intervention.展开更多
The prebiotic efficacy of resistant starch(RS)hinges on the growth of beneficial microbes and the sustained generation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),processes that remain constrained in conventional or dysbiotic d...The prebiotic efficacy of resistant starch(RS)hinges on the growth of beneficial microbes and the sustained generation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),processes that remain constrained in conventional or dysbiotic dietary fermentation systems.As one of the exogenous SCFAs and a complementary stimulus,sodium butyrate may enhance the metabolic engagement of the microbiome with RS and support deployment of RS-utilization pathways.In this work,sodium butyrate was incorporated into the lotus seed resistant starch system,and changes in gut microbiota composition,SCFAs,and sugar-derived metabolites were examined following in vitro fermentation.The results demonstrate that the RS carbon source supplemented with sodium butyrate accelerated microbial growth and acid production in the early fermentation phase,concomitant with a marked increase in starch structural ordering.Compared with the RS-only system,the relative abundances of Actinomycetota and Bifidobacterium increased by 57.1%and 29.2%,respectively.In addition,sodium butyrate promoted the pro-duction of acetic acid and butyric acid in the RS fermentation system.The decrease in sugar-derived metabolites during starch fermentation indicated that sodium butyrate enhanced the prebiotic performance of RS when its microbial utilization was reduced.These findings reveal a synergistic modulation of gut microbial growth and metabolism by sodium butyrate and RS,providing a theoretical foundation for the development of nextgeneration prebiotics.展开更多
Corn starch sugar residue,an abundant by-product of the starch industry,represents a significant resource that remains largely underutilized.Corn starch sugar residue resistant starch(CRS)is a novel resistant starch p...Corn starch sugar residue,an abundant by-product of the starch industry,represents a significant resource that remains largely underutilized.Corn starch sugar residue resistant starch(CRS)is a novel resistant starch pre-pared from the by-products of starch sugar production,characterized by high resistant starch content,structural stability,and strong resistance to in vitro digestion.However,the prebiotic activity of CRS and its effects on animal gut microbiota are unknown.This study systematically evaluated its prebiotic activity and potential application in aquafeeds for largemouth bass.In vitro,a suitable concentration for bacterial growth was found to be 20 g/L.CRS selectively promoted the proliferation of various probiotics,including Lactobacillus rhamnosus,Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum,Bifidobacterium adolescentis,Lactobacillus plantarum,and Lacto-coccus lactis,while exhibiting lower growth promotion for pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Aero-monas hydrophila compared to conventional carbon sources.CRS fermentation significantly lowered medium pH,demonstrating its acid-producing capacity,and its prebiotic index(0.38)showed no significant difference from inulin and FOS.In an 8-week feeding trial,dietary inclusion of CRS at a 15%level effectively modulated the gut microbiota of largemouth bass.While reducing overall microbial diversity,CRS improved community structure by significantly downregulating potential pathogens including Proteobacteria,Ralstonia,and Brevundimonas vesicularis,while upregulating beneficial bacteria such as Cetobacterium,Clostridium,and Plesiomonas shigelloides.These findings demonstrate that CRS possesses strong prebiotic properties and can modulate gut mocrobiota,supporting its potential as a functional ingredient in sustainable aquafeeds.展开更多
文摘This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1100600,2022YFF1100605)the Science and Technology Support Program(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province(BE2022323)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302011)。
文摘Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.
文摘With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid were investigated. The results showed that RS contents in both the uncooked flour and cooked flour assumed significantly positive correlation with AAC, and significantly negative cor- relation with protein content; and they were proved to be not significantly correlated with lipid content. RS content in uncooked flour was significantly correlated with that in cooked flour. These results provided references for the genetic improvement of wheat cultivars.
基金Supported by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[CX(11)1020]~~
文摘This study aimed to compare starch properties among rice germplasms with different contents of resistant starch. Rice germplasms with significant differ- ences in resistant starch content were screened by the rice germplasm resource project team in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to analyze the differences in RVA eigenvalues and starch crystal thermodynamic properties using differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The result showed that three rice materials with high contents of resistant starch exhibited low breakdown viscosity and high setback vis- cosity; three rice materials with low contents of resistant starch exhibited high breakdown viscosity and low setback viscosity. Significant differences were observed in RVA eigenvalues and starch crystal thermodynamic properties among rice germplasms with different contents of resistant starch, which provided new indices for breeding functional rice cultivars with high resistant starch content.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30671270）the National High Technology R ＆ D Program of China （2006AA100101）.
文摘Resistant starch （RS） is the undigested starch that passes through the small intestine to the large intestine. As a functional low calorie additive, it has special applications in the food industry. Rapid visco analysis （RVA） and the Brabender farinograph were used to study the pasting properties and the viscoelasticity of blends of RS （RS3 and RS2） and three wheat flours. The wheat flours represented strong gluten wheat （SGW）, intermediate gluten wheat （IGW）, and weak gluten wheat （WGW） flours, at different levels of RS substitution （0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%）. The influence of RS3 on the control wheat flours and RS-wheat flour blends were consistent with those of RS2. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of RS3-wheat flour blends were higher than those of the corresponding RS2-wheat flour blends. The peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities ofwheat-RS blends decreased with an increase in resistant starch contents from 0 to 20% in the blends. The 0-20% RS-wheat flour blends were all able to form doughs. The dough development times, dough stabilities, dough breakdown times, and farinograph quality numbers for the RS-wheat flour blends decreased as the RS proportion in the blends increased. The values for RS-SGW flour blends were the highest, followed by RS-IGW and then RS-WGW flour blends. The water absorption values for RS-wheat flour blends and the mixing tolerance index for RS-WGW flour blends were found to increase significantly with an increasing proportion of RS from 0 to 20%, but the mixing tolerance index for RS-SGW and RS-IGW flour blends showed no significant differences amongst the different ratios. Correlation analysis showed that the Farinograph quality number was highly positively correlated with dough breakdown time, dough stability, and dough development time （r= 1.000, 0.958, 0.894）, and highly negatively correlated with the mixing tolerance index （r =-0.890）. Data from this study can be used for the development of dough-based products. It also provides a basis for RS-wheat flour blends and quality evaluation in the food industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation major international(regional)joint research project(81220108006)to WJYoung Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation(81200292),Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation(81200655)to LSShanghai Rising-Star Program(13QA1402900)and Hong Kong Scholars Program(XJ2013035)to HL
文摘Overweight or obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world, scientists are concentrating their efforts on exploring novel ways to treat obesity. Nowadays, the availabilities of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy have enhanced obesity treatment, but it should has support from diet, physical exercise and lifestyle modification, especially the functional food. Resistant starch, an indigestible starch, has been studied for years for its beneficial effects on regulating blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of resistant starch on weight loss and the possible mechanisms. According to numerous previous studies it could be concluded that resistant starch can reduce fat accumulation, enhance insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. Recent investigations have focused on the possible associations between resistant starch and incretins as well as gut microbiota. Resistant starch seems to be a promising dietary fiber for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its related diseases.
基金the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture(Grant No.2016ZX08001006)Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant Nos.2016C02052-6,C02058-4,2017C02019 and 2018C02055)。
文摘With changes in food preferences and life styles,more and more attentions have been focused on healthier food.Nowadays,resistant starch(RS)which can resist digestion in the human intestine has been recognized and accepted.High RS diet shows great benefit for the human health,and breeding high RS rice variety is a great target for realizing dietary intervention.To provide guidance for RS improvement in rice,this review summarized the unique physiochemical properties of RS and the possible approaches,i.e.genetic regulation,for enhancing RS content in rice,and proposed the potential ways to obtain rice variety with high RS content.
基金Project funding was provided by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(Ottawa,ON,Canada)Discovery Grant。
文摘Starch from cereal grains,pulse grains,and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55%of the diet.In pigs,starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreaticα-amylase,and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides(glucose)for absorption.Resistant starch(RS)is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine.The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation,which produces short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)for absorption.SCFA in turn,influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs.These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes,maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity,and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes.Thus,RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period.Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs,RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs.digested starch absorption products.The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake,energy metabolism,and feed efficiency.Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby,reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea(PWD)and associated mortality.This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology,gut health and growth performance in pigs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772622)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-42-10)+2 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0502004)“111”project of Foreign Experts Affairs of ChinaSichuan Agricultural University 211 Foundation.
文摘Background:Consumption of resistant starch(RS)has been associated with various intestinal and systemic health benefits,but knowledge of its effects on intestinal health and inflammatory response in stressed birds is limited.Here,we examined how dietary RS supplementation from 12%raw potato starch(RPS)modulated inflammatory severity induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in meat ducks.Results:LPS administration at 14,16,and 18 d(chronic challenge)decreased body weight(BW)and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor(GLP-1R)level with higher intestinal permeability and inflammation,evident by higher proinflammatory cytokine levels.Dietary 12%RPS supplementation enhanced Claudin-1 and GLP-1R expression,along with lower levels of inflammatory factors in both ileum and serum.Microbiome analysis showed that RS treatment shifted microbial structure reflected by enriched the proportion of Firmicutes,Bifidobacterium,Ruminococcus,etc.Dietary RS addition also significantly increased the concentrations of propionate and butyrate during chronic LPS challenge.Furthermore,response to acute challenge,the ducks received 2 mg/kg BW LPS at 14 d had higher concentrations of serum endotoxins and inflammatory cytokines,as well as upregulated transcription of toll like receptor 4(TLR4)in ileum when compared to control birds.Analogous to GLP-1 agonist liraglutide,dietary RS addition decreased endotoxins and inflammation cytokines,whereas it upregulated the GLP-1 synthesis related genes expression.Meanwhile,dietary RS supplementation suppressed the acute LPS challenge-induced TLR4 transcription.Conclusions:These data suggest that dietary 12%RPS supplementation could attenuate the LPS-induced inflammation as well as intestinal injury of meat ducks,which might involve in the alteration in gut microbiota,SCFAs production and the signaling pathways of TLR4 and GLP-1/GLP-1R.
基金the key project at central government level(No.2060302)Key R&D Project of Hebei Province(V1584581541757)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Qinghai Province(No.2021-SF-150)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1710603,No.2019YFC1710604).
文摘Background:Yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)has been consumed as a food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Resistant starch(RS)3 is of particular interest because it is heat-resistant,safe and non-toxic,and retains good nutritional benefits;it is therefore used in a wide range of traditional and emerging foods as a heat-stable prebiotic ingredient.In our previous study,we found that yam RS includes strong lipid-lowering and anti-constipation activities.Methods:Yam RS3 was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation and pullulanase debranching to yield autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS and pullulanase debranching yam RS,respectively.First,the physicochemical properties of both RS3s were analyzed.Second,the structures of the RS3s were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray powder diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Finally,the regulatory effects of the RS3s on the gut microbiota were evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model.Results:The RS content of the RS3s decreased after processing,but was higher in pullulanase debranching yam RS(35.67%)than in autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS(28.71%).Compared with native yam starch,RS3s lost their original granular shapes and instead exhibited irregularly shapes with continuous phases.The crystalline structure of the RS3s was completely altered,with pullulanase debranching yam RS exhibiting B-type patterns.Both RS3s,and especially pullulanase debranching yam RS,promoted a significant increase in short chain fatty acid content after in vitro fermentation(all P<0.05).Moreover,pullulanase debranching yam RS significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia and Shigella(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Our findings show that yam RS3s can regulate the composition of the gut microbiota and promote the production of short chain fatty acid,especially butyric acid.Pullulanase debranching was a more effective method for producing functional yam RS3.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(No.31301441)the Cooperation in Production,Study and Research of Science and Technology Major Projects of Fujian Province(2012N5004)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2012J01081)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Support Plan of Institution of Higher Learning in Fujian Province([2012]03)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Support Plan of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(cxtd12009)
文摘Semen coicis resistant starch is a type of starch which has undergone retrogradation. In this study,the structural characteristics of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch were investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy results indicated that compared to Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch,the surface of heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch was rough and full of irregular layered strips. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated the degree of ordered structure values of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch are 1.355,1.372,and 1.410,respectively,and the degree of double helix values is 1.931,1.942,and 2.027,respectively,indicating that the degree of ordered structure and double helix structure of heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch is both higher than those of Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch. ^（13） C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that Semen coicis native starch and high-amylose maize starch exhibited A-type crystal structures,while heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch displayed B-type crystal structures. The relative crystallinity of Semen coicis native starch,high-amylose maize starch,and heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch is 76.41,85.36,and 87.25,respectively,and the percentages of amorphous region are 5.78,4.72,and 4.39,respectively. Additionally,heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch could increase the proliferation of Bifidobacterium bifidum more than Semen coicis native starch or high-amylose maize starch. Bifidobacterium bifidum displayed a higher tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions such as low p H,bile acid,pepsin,and trypsin in heat-moisture treated Semen coicis resistant starch medium than in Semen coicis native starch or high-amylose maize starch media.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31772622)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32072748)Doctoral Fellowship from Henan Agricultural University(No.0501182)。
文摘Background:Escherichia coli(E.coli)infection in humans and animals usually comes with gut dysbiosis,which is potential culprit to skeletal health,it is still unclear to whether diet interfered gut microbiome changes can be a protective strategy to bone loss development.Here,the effects of resistant starch from raw potato starch(RPS),a type of prebiotic,on E.coli-induced bone loss and gut microbial composition in meat ducks were evaluated.Results:The results showed that dietary 12%RPS treatment improved bone quality,depressed bone resorption,and attenuated the pro-inflammatory reaction in both ileum and bone marrow.Meanwhile,the 12%RPS diet also increased the abundance of Firmicutes in E.coli-treated birds,along with higher production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)especially propionate and butyrate.Whereas addition ofβ-acid,an inhibitor of bacterial SCFAs production,to the drinking water of ducks fed 12%RPS diet significantly decreased SCFAs level in cecum content and eliminated RPS-induced tibial mass improvement.Further,treatment with MI-2 to abrogate mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1(Malt1)activity replicated the protective role of dietary 12%RPS in E.coli-induced bone loss including reduced the inhibition on nuclear factorκB(NF-κB)inflammasome activation,decreased bone resorption,and improved bone quality,which were correlated with comparable and higher regulatory T cells(Treg)frequency in MI-2 and 12%RPS group,respectively.Conclusions:These findings suggested that the diet with 12%RPS could alleviate E.coli-induced bone loss in meat ducks by changing the gut microbial composition and promoting concomitant SCFAs production,and consequently inhibiting Malt1/NF-κB inflammasome activation and Treg cells expansion.
文摘“Pinhão”, the seed of Araucaria angustifolia, is an important food, being part of the eating habits of Indigenous communities. In this study, we evaluated the oligosaccharide content, resistant starch and the growth of probiotic bacteria. GF4 (1-fructofuranosylnystose) was the main fructo-oligosaccharides found, in higher contents compared to other food sources. Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) represented the main part of the oligosaccharides profile of Brazilian pine seeds. In descending order of importance was maltoheptaose (G7), maltohexose (G6) and maltotriose (G3). The starches from the variety Sanct josephi presented the highest amount of resistant starch that could stimulate probiotic strains, mainly B. breve and L. plantarum, and may have a prebiotic effect, potentially promoting health benefits. This study advances the understanding of the chemical composition of the main portion of the “pinhão” enhancing awareness of its potential as a healthy food source, contributing to different uses and indirectly with the species preservation.
基金Supported by the Project for the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of the Outstanding Middle-aged and Young of Hubei Provincial Institution of Higher Learning(T201619)the Project for the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Huanggang Normal University(201613303)
文摘Using ＇Luotian chestnut＇ as the raw material, the content changes of resistant starch and main nutrients in the processed fruit were studied after taken common processing of high-temperature steaming of canned food, sand-mixed frying and cooking without shells, with the aim to find out the effects of different processing methods on the content changes of nutrients in chestnuts. The result showed that there were significant differences in the resistant starch contents by different processing methods. After processing, the retention degree of resistant starch was the lowest using the methods of sand-mixed frying, of 42.42%, while the highest was found in canned chestnut products, of 93.16%. Among the main nutrients, adding water and sugar would reduce content of resistant starch, while increasing the protein content would promote the retention of resistant starch retention. The changes in lipid content had no effect or not a single promoting or weakening effects on the content of resistant starch.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971931).
文摘This study examined the effects of overexpressing the DOF(DNA binding with one finger protein)transcription factor gene,TaDOF6,on wheat grain native starch and III-type resistant starch(RS3).Overexpression of TaDOF6 in the endosperm resulted in a significant increase in amylopectin content,particularly in long-branched chains,as well as larger starch particle size.Additionally,there was an increase in both rapidly and slowly digestible starches,along with an elevated level of native resistant starch.The enhanced crystallinity and orderliness of native starch,along with improved pasting properties,were also observed.However,TaDOF6 overexpression negatively impacted RS3 by reducing its crystal order,thermal stability,and pasting performance.Principal component analysis highlighted the substantial role of amylopectin in determining the crystal structure and physicochemical properties of starch.Moreover,a significant correlation was found between the particle size of RS3 and its physicochemical characteristics.Overall,these findings demonstrate that TaDOF6 overexpression alters the composition of grain starch,leading to improvements in its molecular structure and physicochemical properties.
基金the Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship,Chulalongkorn University to A.I.the CE support grant,Chulalongkorn University to K.K.
文摘Resistant starch(RS)has significant health advantages,such as promoting gut health and lowering the risk of obesity,diabetes,and colon cancer.RS can be produced by physical,chemical,and enzymatic methods.Enzyme treatment can enhance the yield of RS3,formed from the retrogradation and recrystallization of amylose and amylopectin after gelatinization.This comprehensive review provides an in-depth summary of the enzymes and protocols employed in the production of RS3.Several factors including the source of starch,type of enzyme,and add-on procedures such as autoclaving and cooling,and ultrasonication could impact the yield of RS.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31871803).
文摘Resistant starch(RS),as a natural plant active ingredient,had been widely used in preventing or alleviating colitis due to its anti-digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.In this study,starch was extracted from lotus root(LS),and RS was prepared using physical(autoclaving)and biotechnological(pullulanase debranching)methods.Lotus root resistant starch type III(LRS)was then purified using amyloglucosidase and porcine pancreaticα-amylase.A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the structural and physicochemical characteristics and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of LRS.The findings revealed that autoclaving and enzymatic treatment increased the solubility and thermal stability of the starch,reduced the swelling power,and changed the crystalline type from CA-type to B-type.More importantly,the amylose content and molecular order of LRS were increased,which promoted the formation of crystalline structures and significantly increased the antidigestive ability of starch.Animal experiments showed that LRS was effective in alleviating colitis.After the intervention of LRS,the levels of IL-10,T-AOC,SOD and CAT were significantly increased,while the levels of IL-6,TNF-αand MDA were significantly decreased in the colon of mice.In addition,LRS was able to improve gut microflora dysbiosis as well as promote the production of SCFAs.These results suggested that LRS had a great potential in the field of functional foods.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.BK20221078)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32360584)+1 种基金the Research Initiation Program for High-level Talents at Shihezi University(Grant No.RCZK202356)Talent Program"Tianchi Talent(Young Doctor)"in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
文摘Resistant starch(RS)is a type of dietary fiber with prebiotic-like properties that can reduce fat accumulation,modulate glucose and insulin levels,and protect the gut barrier.These functions from RS are closely associated with gut microbiota.RS was consumed to different extents by gut microbiota,but there are significant differences in the utilization rates.We summarized the interaction between each type of RS and gut microbiota and the role of RS in regulating gut microbiota and metabolic activities were reviewed.It focused on exploring the differences in the utilization of RS due to variations in glycoside hydrolases encoded by gut microbes,and the effects of differences in utilization on gut microbial structure,composition,and metabolism including short-chain fatty acid,bile acids,and tryptophan.Furthermore,taking mineral levels,hyperlipidemia,gastric injury,colon cancer,metabolic syndrome,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as examples,we elaborated on the role of RS in-teractions with intestinal flora in regulating human health.Finally,we discussed the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in RS modulating human health.The structure and composition of gut flora are signif-icantly heterogeneous in individuals,it is possible to combine in vitro and in vivo fermentation experiments with artificial intelligence algorithms such as machine learning algorithms to analyze the differences in the response of the gut flora and metabolic network to different RS.Based on differences,personalized guidance on diet,nutrition,and lifestyle can be provided based on individual characteristics to more effectively utilize RS for disease prevention and intervention.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:32372331).
文摘The prebiotic efficacy of resistant starch(RS)hinges on the growth of beneficial microbes and the sustained generation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),processes that remain constrained in conventional or dysbiotic dietary fermentation systems.As one of the exogenous SCFAs and a complementary stimulus,sodium butyrate may enhance the metabolic engagement of the microbiome with RS and support deployment of RS-utilization pathways.In this work,sodium butyrate was incorporated into the lotus seed resistant starch system,and changes in gut microbiota composition,SCFAs,and sugar-derived metabolites were examined following in vitro fermentation.The results demonstrate that the RS carbon source supplemented with sodium butyrate accelerated microbial growth and acid production in the early fermentation phase,concomitant with a marked increase in starch structural ordering.Compared with the RS-only system,the relative abundances of Actinomycetota and Bifidobacterium increased by 57.1%and 29.2%,respectively.In addition,sodium butyrate promoted the pro-duction of acetic acid and butyric acid in the RS fermentation system.The decrease in sugar-derived metabolites during starch fermentation indicated that sodium butyrate enhanced the prebiotic performance of RS when its microbial utilization was reduced.These findings reveal a synergistic modulation of gut microbial growth and metabolism by sodium butyrate and RS,providing a theoretical foundation for the development of nextgeneration prebiotics.
基金supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Xia-men(No.3502Z202473060,3502Z202373033)the Xiamen Science and Technology Planning Project(No.2024CXY0315)the Xiamen Treatgut Biotechnology project(No.S2023073),China.
文摘Corn starch sugar residue,an abundant by-product of the starch industry,represents a significant resource that remains largely underutilized.Corn starch sugar residue resistant starch(CRS)is a novel resistant starch pre-pared from the by-products of starch sugar production,characterized by high resistant starch content,structural stability,and strong resistance to in vitro digestion.However,the prebiotic activity of CRS and its effects on animal gut microbiota are unknown.This study systematically evaluated its prebiotic activity and potential application in aquafeeds for largemouth bass.In vitro,a suitable concentration for bacterial growth was found to be 20 g/L.CRS selectively promoted the proliferation of various probiotics,including Lactobacillus rhamnosus,Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum,Bifidobacterium adolescentis,Lactobacillus plantarum,and Lacto-coccus lactis,while exhibiting lower growth promotion for pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Aero-monas hydrophila compared to conventional carbon sources.CRS fermentation significantly lowered medium pH,demonstrating its acid-producing capacity,and its prebiotic index(0.38)showed no significant difference from inulin and FOS.In an 8-week feeding trial,dietary inclusion of CRS at a 15%level effectively modulated the gut microbiota of largemouth bass.While reducing overall microbial diversity,CRS improved community structure by significantly downregulating potential pathogens including Proteobacteria,Ralstonia,and Brevundimonas vesicularis,while upregulating beneficial bacteria such as Cetobacterium,Clostridium,and Plesiomonas shigelloides.These findings demonstrate that CRS possesses strong prebiotic properties and can modulate gut mocrobiota,supporting its potential as a functional ingredient in sustainable aquafeeds.
