Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment proc...Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants have a limited efficiencies of antibiotics resistant bacteria(ARB)disinfection and ARGs degradation and even promote the proliferation of ARGs.Problematically,ARB and ARGs in effluent pose potential risks if they are not further treated.Photocatalytic oxidation is considered a promising disinfection technology,where the photocatalytic process generates many free radicals that enhance the interaction between light and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)for ARB elimination and subsequent degradation of ARGs.This reviewaims to illustrate the progress of photocatalytic oxidation technology for removing antibiotics resistant(AR)from wastewater in recent years.We discuss the sources and transfer of ARGs in wastewater.The overall removal efficiencies of ultraviolet radiation(UV)/chlorination,UV/ozone,UV/H_(2)O_(2),and UV/sulfate-radical based system for ARB and ARGs,as well as the experimental parameters and removal mechanisms,are systematically discussed.The contribution of photocatalytic materials based on TiO_(2) and g-C_(3)N_(4) to the inactivation of ARB and degradation of ARGs is highlighted,producingmany free radicals to attack ARB and ARGs while effectively limiting the horizontal gene transfer(HGT)in wastewater.Finally,based on the reviewed studies,future research directions are proposed to realize specific photocatalytic oxidation technology applications and overcome current challenges.展开更多
This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestin...This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatm...BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatment options,and associated risk factors among LT recipients with CRKP is now lacking.AIM To assess the incidence,resistance,therapy,and risk factors of CRKP infections post-LT,and to evaluate the impact of them on prognosis.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted,including 430 consecutive patients who underwent LT between January 2015 and June 2023.This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for CRKP infections and their influence on outcomes using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Among the 430 patients who underwent LT,20(4.7%)experienced at least one documented CRKP infection within 3 months post-transplantation.The median time from LT to the onset of CRKP infections was 6.5 days.The lungs and bloodstream were the most common sites of CRKP infections.CRKP isolates were relatively susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam(93.7%),polymyxin B(90.6%),and tigecycline(75.0%)treatment.However,all isolates were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,aztreonam,meropenem,and levofloxacin treatment.Recipients with CRKP infections had a mortality rate of 35%,the rate was 12.5%for those receiving ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Multivariate analysis identified female sex[odds ratio(OR)=3.306;95%confidence interval(CI):1.239-8.822;P=0.017],intraoperative bleeding≥3000 mL(OR=3.269;95%CI:1.018-10.490;P=0.047),alanine aminotransferase on day 1 post-LT≥1500 U/L(OR=4.370;95%CI:1.686-11.326;P=0.002),and post-LT mechanical ventilation(OR=2.772;95%CI:1.077-7.135;P=0.035)as significant variables associated with CRKP.CRKP infections were related to an intensive care unit length(ICU)of stay≥7 days and 6-month all-cause mortality post-LT.CONCLUSION CRKP infections were frequent complications following LT,with poor associated outcomes.Risk factors for post-LT CRKP infections included female sex,significant intraoperative bleeding,elevated alanine aminotransferase levels,and the need for mechanical ventilation.CRKP infections negatively impacted survival and led to prolonged ICU stays.展开更多
Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has become a critical global public health challenge in the 21st century.Since the initial isolation of a blaNDM-1-carrying and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Indian ho...Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has become a critical global public health challenge in the 21st century.Since the initial isolation of a blaNDM-1-carrying and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Indian hospital in 2009[1],the escalating prevalence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase(NDM)-encoding genes(blaNDM)has transformed carbapenem resistance into a worldwide phenomenon,transcending national and regional boundaries[2].Up to 90 distinct NDM variants have been reported globally according to the NCBI GenBank Pathogens database.Plasmidmediated horizontal gene transfer(HGT),which occurs both within and across bacterial species,has significantly accelerated the global dissemination of blaNDM-related genes and the associated resistance[3].Carbapenem-resistant pathogens were responsible for 200,000 deaths globally in 2019[4].Although NDM-1 has been relatively well characterized[5],the epidemiological profiles of other NDM variants require continued surveillance and indepth investigation.The novel NDM-9 variant(GenBank accession no.KC999080)was first identified in 2013 from a clinically significant isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST107 strain PPH1303 with a high level of resistance to carbapenems recovered from the urine culture of a pediatric patient in Beijing,China,who had acute lymphocytic leukemia and had undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation[6].展开更多
Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistan...Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistant bacteria has gained increasing attention, but direct introduction to sewage leads to poor environmental adaptability and low microbial activity. Biochar was used as a carrier to immobilize the bacteria to improve microbial survival and activity in this study. The basic physicochemical properties of bacteria immobilized by biochar and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency were analyzed. The process mechanism of ammonium nitrogen removal was further explored using kinetic fitting and molecular simulation calculations. The results showed that biochar immobilization of cold-resistant bacteria achieved a significantly higher ammonium nitrogen removal rate of 0.88 mg/(L·h) compared to free mixed bacteria(0.74 mg/(L·h)) and biochar alone(0.22 mg/(L·h)). It also exhibited a removal efficiency of 96.56%, which was 15.02% and 72.58% higher than that of free mixed bacteria and biochar, respectively. Adsorption kinetics further revealed that the pseudosecond-order kinetic equation was a better fit for characterizing ammonia-nitrogen removal by biocharimmobilized cold-resistant bacteria. Combining microscopic morphology analysis and molecular simulations demonstrated that enriching functional groups on biochar enhanced its NH_(4)^(+) adsorption capacity by increasing surface activity and polarity, as well as the biodegradation ability of NH_(4)^(+) by improving the interactions between biochar and active enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into developing more effective ways to improve wastewater treatment efficiency under low temperatures.展开更多
Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whet...Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whether plant genotype affects the durations of the different gall stages.Gall development varied among six Eucalyptus clones that differed in susceptibility to L.invasa viz.,PE-5,316,3011,PE-11,3020 and P-13 in Punjab in a nethouse.In susceptible clones PE-5 and 316,L.invasa emerged from both green and pink galls.Five stages of gall formation were found:Stage 1(tissue disruption),Stage 2(gall develop-ment),Stage 3(glossy pink),Stage 4(dull pink)and Stage 5(exit hole)in susceptible clones when adults emerged from pink galls.However,in resistant clones,adults emerged only from green galls,and galls formed in three stages.In the susceptible clones,when adults emerged from pink galls,the life cycle was 105–115 d;however,when adults emerged from green galls,the duration was significantly shorter(81–87 d).In the most-resistant clone,P-13,corky tissue formed after oviposition,and galls did not develop further.In the resistant clones(3020,PE-11 and 3011),adults emerged from green galls,and the life cycle lasted 90–96 d.When adults emerged from green galls in susceptible and resist-ant clones,Stage 1 lasted longer in resistant clones than in the susceptible;however,in susceptible clones,Stage 5 was longer.When adults emerged from pink galls in susceptible clones and from green galls in resistant clones,the life cycle was longer in susceptible clones.In susceptible clones,the number of emergence holes was significantly higher than resistant clones.Gall width and gall length also differed significantly between susceptible and resistant clones.The results showed that the Eucalyptus genotype had a signifi-cant effect on gall development induced by gall wasps.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut ...Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.展开更多
Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,...Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,line 14(PDF version,same below),there is a spelling mistake of“sui,”.It should be changed to“suitable”.The denominator“dt”in the Equation(3)should be changed to“dt”.展开更多
Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective anti...Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective antivirals for treatment,supportive therapy remains to be the primary measure for severe infections of EV71.EV71 belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family of Picornavirridae.EV71 encodes a polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved into four structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins,i.e.,VP1 to VP4,2A to 2C,and 3A to 3D.Moreover,an alternative encoding strategy of harboring a novel open reading frame encoding a short peptide has been recently reported in gut epithelial cells infected with some enteroviruses(Lulla et al.,2019).Structural proteins play a key role in the packaging and maturation of virus particles,while non-structural proteins are mainly involved in the replication process of virus.Among them,the 3D polymerase(3Dpol)protein functions as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRP)that is essential for viral RNA synthesis(Wu et al.,2010).展开更多
1Introduction To date,in model-based gait-planning methods,the dynamics of the center of mass(COM)of bipedal robots have been analyzed by establishing their linear inverted pendulum model(LIPM)or extended forms(Owaki ...1Introduction To date,in model-based gait-planning methods,the dynamics of the center of mass(COM)of bipedal robots have been analyzed by establishing their linear inverted pendulum model(LIPM)or extended forms(Owaki et al.,2010;Englsberger et al.,2015;Xie et al.,2020).With regard to model-based gait-generation methods for uphill and downhill terrain,Kuo(2007)simulated human gait using an inverted pendulum,which provided a circular trajectory for the COM rather than a horizontal trajectory.He found that a horizontal COM trajectory consumed more muscle energy.Massah et al.(2012)utilized a 3D LIPM and the concept of zero moment point(ZMP).They developed a trajectory planner using the semi-elliptical motion equations of an NAO humanoid robot and simulated walking on various sloped terrains using the Webots platform.展开更多
Background:Achromobacter xylosoxidans(A.xylosoxidans)subspecies strains are known to be opportunistic environmental inhabitants.Among the two species,A.xylosoxidans ssp.xylosoxidans is more commonly reported cause of ...Background:Achromobacter xylosoxidans(A.xylosoxidans)subspecies strains are known to be opportunistic environmental inhabitants.Among the two species,A.xylosoxidans ssp.xylosoxidans is more commonly reported cause of nosocomial infections colonizing the hospital environment and medical devices,while A.xylosoxidans ssp.denitrificans(AD)strains are widely distributed in the abiotic environment.The present retrospective observational study was aimed at understanding the occurrence of AD infections in the Bareilly region,and to look into the effective herbal and conventional antimicrobial resistance profile of the strains identified at the laboratory.Methods:The present retrospective study analysed Clinical Microbiology laboratory data of Indian veterinary research Institute.The data for the last 14 years(2011-2024)was retrieved,tabulated and analysed using MS Excel program to determine significance of occurrence,and variation in antimicrobial resistance of the strains isolated from different sources usingχ2 and odds ratio analysis.Results:The study revealed that AD was detectable as a potential pathogen not only from environmental samples but also from 51 clinical cases(either as pure culture or mixed infection),and also from healthy humans and animals.The pathogen was most commonly associated with deaths in animals and birds due to septicaemia and was isolated is single pathogen from blood samples.It was also detected as single pathogen from cases of abortions,metritis,and urinary tract infections.However,from cases of haemorrhagic enteritis,diarrhoea,mastitis,wound infections,pyoderma and abscesses,and middle ear infections AD was isolated in association of one or more potentially pathogenic bacteria.Of the 80 isolates in the study,68 had multiple drug resistance,and 21 produced metallo-β-lactamases responsible for resistance against most of theβ-lactam antibiotics,including cephalosporins and carbapenems.The most effective antibiotic was gentamicin,inhibiting 90.67%of the isolates,followed by tigecycline(85.00%),ciprofloxacin(80.77%),piperacillin tazobactam(80.65%);other antibiotics were effective against less than 80%of the isolates.Among the herbal antimicrobials,cinnamaldehyde,cinnamon oil,carvacrol,and ajowan oil inhibited 98.41%,85.07%,85.00%,and 83.75%of the isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The study concluded that in the Bareilly region in India,multiple-drug-resistance AD may be an emerging pathogen prevalent in environment and apparently healthy animals.More studies are warranted to understand the AD strains at molecular level to understand their zoonotic potential and circulation in the environment.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus(SA) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of numerous effective anti-staphylococcal antibiotics.This organism is responsible for both nosocomial and ...Staphylococcus aureus(SA) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of numerous effective anti-staphylococcal antibiotics.This organism is responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to life-threateningsystemic infections.The increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant strains has granted an increasing use of vancomycin causing a covert progressive increase of its minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)(dubbed the MIC "creep").In this way,the emergence of vancomycinintermediate SA(VISA) strains and heteroresistantVISA has raised concern for the scarcity of alternative treatment options.Equally alarming,though fortunately less frequent,is the emergence of vancomycin-resistant SA.These strains show different mechanisms of resistance but have similar problems in terms of therapeutic approach.Ultimately,various debate issues have arisen regarding the emergence of SA strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration sitting on the superior limit of the sensitivity range(i.e.,MIC = 2 μg/mL).These strains have shown certain resilience to vancomycin and a different clinical behaviour regardless of vancomycin use,both in methicillin-resistant SA and in methicillin-sensitive SA.The aim of this text is to revise the clinical impact and consequences of the emergence of reduced vancomycin susceptibility SA strains,and the different optimal treatment options known.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipol...Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipolar plates(BPs),one of the core components in PEMWE cells.In this work,NbN coatings are deposited on Ti BPs by magnetron sputtering to improve the corrosion resistance and conductivity,for which the critical process parameters,such as the working pressure,partial nitrogen pressure and de-position temperature are well optimized.It is found that the compact microstructure,highly conductive δ-NbN and uniform nanoparticles play a dominant role in the synergistic improvement of the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of NbN coatings.The optimized NbN coatings exhibit excellent cor-rosion resistance with the low corrosion current density of 1.1×10^(-8) A cm^(-2),a high potential value of-0.005 V vs.SCE and a low ICR value of 15.8 mΩcm2@1.5 MPa.Accordingly,NbN coatings can be a promising candidate for the development of the low-cost and high-anti-corrosion Ti BPs of PEMWE.展开更多
Recent studies have shown a noticeable increase in global Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)resistance,with clarithromycin resistance surpassing 15%in various areas.However,inadequate epidemiological monitoring,especially ...Recent studies have shown a noticeable increase in global Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)resistance,with clarithromycin resistance surpassing 15%in various areas.However,inadequate epidemiological monitoring,especially in developing countries,and the absence of uniform testing methods lead to discrepancies between regions and a possible underestimation of resistance levels.The complexity of treating H.pylori is driven by its highly dynamic genome,which is prone to frequent mutations contributing to phenotypical resistance.The usual course of action in empirical treatment involves using a combination of various drugs simultaneously,leading to significant resistance selection pressure and potential side effects.The emergence of H.pylori strains resistant to multiple drugs is closely tied to failures in first-line treatment,highlighting the need to prevent further resistance by using optimal initial empirical therapy or regimens guided by antibiotic susceptibility testing,requiring a collection of mixed samples and multiple isolates for accurate assessment.The emergence of new treatments like potassium-competitive acid blockers offers a hopeful approach to decrease antimicrobial usage while still ensuring effectiveness in comparison to traditional therapies with proton pump inhibitors.Additionally,the use of probiotics is under investigation to identify specific strains and formulations that may mitigate therapy-associated adverse effects.展开更多
Transparent materials utilized as underwater optical windows are highly vulnerable to various forms of pollution or abrasion due to their intrinsic hydrophilic properties.This susceptibility is particularly pronounced...Transparent materials utilized as underwater optical windows are highly vulnerable to various forms of pollution or abrasion due to their intrinsic hydrophilic properties.This susceptibility is particularly pronounced in underwater environments where pollutants can impede the operation of these optical devices,significantly degrading or even compromising their optical properties.The glass catfish,known for its remarkable transparency in water,maintains surface cleanliness and clarity despite exposure to contaminants,impurities abrasion,and hydraulic pressure.Inspired by the glass catfish’s natural attributes,this study introduces a new solution named subaquatic abrasion-resistant and anti-fouling window(SAAW).Utilizing femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition,the SAAW is engineered by embedding fine metal bone structures into a transparent substrate and anti-fouling sliding layer,akin to the sturdy bones among catfish’s body.This approach significantly bolsters the window’s abrasion resistance and anti-fouling performance while maintaining high light transmittance.The sliding layer on the SAAW’s surface remarkably reduces the friction of various liquids,which is the reason that SAAW owns the great anti-fouling property.The SAAW demonstrates outstanding optical clarity even after enduring hundreds of sandpaper abrasions,attributing to the fine metal bone structures bearing all external forces and protecting the sliding layer of SAAW.Furthermore,it exhibits exceptional resistance to biological adhesion and underwater pressure.In a green algae environment,the window remains clean with minimal change in transmittance over one month.Moreover,it retains its wettability and anti-fouling properties when subjected to a depth of 30 m of underwater pressure for 30 d.Hence,the SAAW prepared by femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition presents a promising strategy for developing stable optical windows in liquid environments.展开更多
Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)as coatings attract much attention in corrosion and protection of light metals due to their interesting properties such as in-situ synthesis,unique layer-stacking structure,tunable compo...Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)as coatings attract much attention in corrosion and protection of light metals due to their interesting properties such as in-situ synthesis,unique layer-stacking structure,tunable composition,and good biocompatibility as well.Currently,single LDH coating faces challenges such as time-consumed synthesis,thin coating thickness and inadequate density.This paper provides a systematic review of the cutting-edge advancements in modulation of composition,synthesis and applications of LDHs on Mg and Al alloys in corrosion protection and biomedicalfields.The focus is concentrated on the intercalation of corrosion inhibitors into LDH coatings.Particularly the anti-corrosion mechanisms of both inorganic anions(nitrate,vanadate,and molybdate)and organic anion intercalation(carboxylic acid anions and hydroxyquinolines)were discussed within the context of corrosion inhibitor intercalation LDH.The modification of LDHs is introduced with low surface energy substances such as silanes and fatty acids.The formation mechanism of LDHfilms and the active anti-corrosion mechanisms were proposed.A comparison of LDH coatings between Mg alloy and Al alloy was carried out from different perspectives,and further researches on LDH corrosion protection were prospected.展开更多
Partially modified Bt Cry1Ac gene and the arrowhead proteinase inhibitor (API) gene were used to construct a plant transformation vector pBtiA and this construct was transferred into the genome of the hybrid popla...Partially modified Bt Cry1Ac gene and the arrowhead proteinase inhibitor (API) gene were used to construct a plant transformation vector pBtiA and this construct was transferred into the genome of the hybrid poplar 741 [ Populus alba L.×( P. davidiana Dode+ P. simonii Carr.)× P. tomentosa Carr.] by Agrobacterium _ mediated transformation. Ten kanamycin resistant plants have been regenerated. Upon insect bioassay using Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius), three of the examined plants were demonstrated to be highly resistant to the testing insects. The mortality of insect larvae on one plant was higher than 90% in 6 days after infestation and the growth of the survival larvae were seriously inhibited. Results of PCR and Southern blot analysis indicated that both Bt Cry1Ac gene and API gene were integrated as a single copy into the genomes of these three plants when Cry1Ac gene fragment was used as the probe. Protein dot blot immunoassay and ELISA analysis revealed that at least the Cry1Ac protein was produced in these three transgenic plants and the expression levels were estimated to be approximately 0.015% of the leaf total soluble protein. This is the first report on insect resistant transgenic hybrid poplar 741 that expresses two insecticidal protein genes.展开更多
In the present manuscript it was presented whether spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial groups in environment could be monitored by our newly developed method by enumerating antibiotic resistant bacterial group...In the present manuscript it was presented whether spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial groups in environment could be monitored by our newly developed method by enumerating antibiotic resistant bacterial groups in various biological wastes and composts. Although the numbers were not so high, diverse kinds of colistin resistant bacteria (25 mg·L<sup>-1</sup><sup></sup>) were included in row cattle feces (1.78 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) and cattle feces manure (>3.84 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>). Compost originated from leftover food (>44.8 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) and shochu lee (>320 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) included higher numbers of chlortetracycline resistant Pseudomonas sp., (25 mg·L<sup>-1</sup><sup></sup>), and row cattle feces included higher numbers of chlortetracycline resistant Enterobacteriacea (15.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), which mostly consisted from Pantoea sp. or Xenorhobdus doucetiae. Numbers of multi drug resistant bacteria, resistant to 25 mg·L<sup>-1 </sup>of<sup> </sup>ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, were the highest in row cattle feces (>143.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), followed by cattle feces manure (4.19 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), and shochu lee (0.36 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), which included diverse kinds of bacterial group. The present results indicated that higher numbers of multi drug resistant bacteria were typically found in row cattle feces, and the method was found suitable to enumerate and identify them. These results suggested that the method might become their environmental risk evaluation method.展开更多
Selection of fire resistant tree species for the southwestern China and the planting of those species can effectively prevent large area's fire damage. In this paper the components and flammability of leaves, twi...Selection of fire resistant tree species for the southwestern China and the planting of those species can effectively prevent large area's fire damage. In this paper the components and flammability of leaves, twigs and barks of 12 tree species in the mountain area of southwestern China have been tested and analyzed in the laboratory. The test and analysis indicate the results as follows:(1) for all the tree species, the fire resistance of leaves is much weaker than that of twigs and barks, and the broad leaves are stronger than those of conifers in fire resistance. (2) Heat value, moisture, ignition point and ash content are main indexes to affect fire resistance. Heat value relates to lignose content and benzene ethanol extractive content linearly.(3) Of all the 12 tree species, Schima superba,Castanopsis hystrix, Myrica rubra have the strongest resistance to fire; Machilus pauhoi, Michelia macclurei, Mytilaria laosensis, Camellia olifera and Manglietia tenuipes are relatively strong in fire resistance, and Lithocapus thalassica, Tsoongiodendron odorum, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana are weak in fire resistance.展开更多
With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid we...With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid were investigated. The results showed that RS contents in both the uncooked flour and cooked flour assumed significantly positive correlation with AAC, and significantly negative cor- relation with protein content; and they were proved to be not significantly correlated with lipid content. RS content in uncooked flour was significantly correlated with that in cooked flour. These results provided references for the genetic improvement of wheat cultivars.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52100182 and 52300204)the the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (No.2023RC3122).
文摘Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants have a limited efficiencies of antibiotics resistant bacteria(ARB)disinfection and ARGs degradation and even promote the proliferation of ARGs.Problematically,ARB and ARGs in effluent pose potential risks if they are not further treated.Photocatalytic oxidation is considered a promising disinfection technology,where the photocatalytic process generates many free radicals that enhance the interaction between light and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)for ARB elimination and subsequent degradation of ARGs.This reviewaims to illustrate the progress of photocatalytic oxidation technology for removing antibiotics resistant(AR)from wastewater in recent years.We discuss the sources and transfer of ARGs in wastewater.The overall removal efficiencies of ultraviolet radiation(UV)/chlorination,UV/ozone,UV/H_(2)O_(2),and UV/sulfate-radical based system for ARB and ARGs,as well as the experimental parameters and removal mechanisms,are systematically discussed.The contribution of photocatalytic materials based on TiO_(2) and g-C_(3)N_(4) to the inactivation of ARB and degradation of ARGs is highlighted,producingmany free radicals to attack ARB and ARGs while effectively limiting the horizontal gene transfer(HGT)in wastewater.Finally,based on the reviewed studies,future research directions are proposed to realize specific photocatalytic oxidation technology applications and overcome current challenges.
文摘This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.
文摘BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatment options,and associated risk factors among LT recipients with CRKP is now lacking.AIM To assess the incidence,resistance,therapy,and risk factors of CRKP infections post-LT,and to evaluate the impact of them on prognosis.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted,including 430 consecutive patients who underwent LT between January 2015 and June 2023.This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for CRKP infections and their influence on outcomes using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Among the 430 patients who underwent LT,20(4.7%)experienced at least one documented CRKP infection within 3 months post-transplantation.The median time from LT to the onset of CRKP infections was 6.5 days.The lungs and bloodstream were the most common sites of CRKP infections.CRKP isolates were relatively susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam(93.7%),polymyxin B(90.6%),and tigecycline(75.0%)treatment.However,all isolates were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,aztreonam,meropenem,and levofloxacin treatment.Recipients with CRKP infections had a mortality rate of 35%,the rate was 12.5%for those receiving ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Multivariate analysis identified female sex[odds ratio(OR)=3.306;95%confidence interval(CI):1.239-8.822;P=0.017],intraoperative bleeding≥3000 mL(OR=3.269;95%CI:1.018-10.490;P=0.047),alanine aminotransferase on day 1 post-LT≥1500 U/L(OR=4.370;95%CI:1.686-11.326;P=0.002),and post-LT mechanical ventilation(OR=2.772;95%CI:1.077-7.135;P=0.035)as significant variables associated with CRKP.CRKP infections were related to an intensive care unit length(ICU)of stay≥7 days and 6-month all-cause mortality post-LT.CONCLUSION CRKP infections were frequent complications following LT,with poor associated outcomes.Risk factors for post-LT CRKP infections included female sex,significant intraoperative bleeding,elevated alanine aminotransferase levels,and the need for mechanical ventilation.CRKP infections negatively impacted survival and led to prolonged ICU stays.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research and Science Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2022YFC2303900)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7232242).
文摘Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has become a critical global public health challenge in the 21st century.Since the initial isolation of a blaNDM-1-carrying and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Indian hospital in 2009[1],the escalating prevalence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase(NDM)-encoding genes(blaNDM)has transformed carbapenem resistance into a worldwide phenomenon,transcending national and regional boundaries[2].Up to 90 distinct NDM variants have been reported globally according to the NCBI GenBank Pathogens database.Plasmidmediated horizontal gene transfer(HGT),which occurs both within and across bacterial species,has significantly accelerated the global dissemination of blaNDM-related genes and the associated resistance[3].Carbapenem-resistant pathogens were responsible for 200,000 deaths globally in 2019[4].Although NDM-1 has been relatively well characterized[5],the epidemiological profiles of other NDM variants require continued surveillance and indepth investigation.The novel NDM-9 variant(GenBank accession no.KC999080)was first identified in 2013 from a clinically significant isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST107 strain PPH1303 with a high level of resistance to carbapenems recovered from the urine culture of a pediatric patient in Beijing,China,who had acute lymphocytic leukemia and had undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation[6].
基金financial support from the Western Light Young Scholars Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences (2022)the Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province,China (Project No.2021YFG0279)。
文摘Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistant bacteria has gained increasing attention, but direct introduction to sewage leads to poor environmental adaptability and low microbial activity. Biochar was used as a carrier to immobilize the bacteria to improve microbial survival and activity in this study. The basic physicochemical properties of bacteria immobilized by biochar and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency were analyzed. The process mechanism of ammonium nitrogen removal was further explored using kinetic fitting and molecular simulation calculations. The results showed that biochar immobilization of cold-resistant bacteria achieved a significantly higher ammonium nitrogen removal rate of 0.88 mg/(L·h) compared to free mixed bacteria(0.74 mg/(L·h)) and biochar alone(0.22 mg/(L·h)). It also exhibited a removal efficiency of 96.56%, which was 15.02% and 72.58% higher than that of free mixed bacteria and biochar, respectively. Adsorption kinetics further revealed that the pseudosecond-order kinetic equation was a better fit for characterizing ammonia-nitrogen removal by biocharimmobilized cold-resistant bacteria. Combining microscopic morphology analysis and molecular simulations demonstrated that enriching functional groups on biochar enhanced its NH_(4)^(+) adsorption capacity by increasing surface activity and polarity, as well as the biodegradation ability of NH_(4)^(+) by improving the interactions between biochar and active enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into developing more effective ways to improve wastewater treatment efficiency under low temperatures.
文摘Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whether plant genotype affects the durations of the different gall stages.Gall development varied among six Eucalyptus clones that differed in susceptibility to L.invasa viz.,PE-5,316,3011,PE-11,3020 and P-13 in Punjab in a nethouse.In susceptible clones PE-5 and 316,L.invasa emerged from both green and pink galls.Five stages of gall formation were found:Stage 1(tissue disruption),Stage 2(gall develop-ment),Stage 3(glossy pink),Stage 4(dull pink)and Stage 5(exit hole)in susceptible clones when adults emerged from pink galls.However,in resistant clones,adults emerged only from green galls,and galls formed in three stages.In the susceptible clones,when adults emerged from pink galls,the life cycle was 105–115 d;however,when adults emerged from green galls,the duration was significantly shorter(81–87 d).In the most-resistant clone,P-13,corky tissue formed after oviposition,and galls did not develop further.In the resistant clones(3020,PE-11 and 3011),adults emerged from green galls,and the life cycle lasted 90–96 d.When adults emerged from green galls in susceptible and resist-ant clones,Stage 1 lasted longer in resistant clones than in the susceptible;however,in susceptible clones,Stage 5 was longer.When adults emerged from pink galls in susceptible clones and from green galls in resistant clones,the life cycle was longer in susceptible clones.In susceptible clones,the number of emergence holes was significantly higher than resistant clones.Gall width and gall length also differed significantly between susceptible and resistant clones.The results showed that the Eucalyptus genotype had a signifi-cant effect on gall development induced by gall wasps.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1100600,2022YFF1100605)the Science and Technology Support Program(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province(BE2022323)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302011)。
文摘Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.
文摘Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,line 14(PDF version,same below),there is a spelling mistake of“sui,”.It should be changed to“suitable”.The denominator“dt”in the Equation(3)should be changed to“dt”.
基金supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2025AFB822)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFD1800100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100110).
文摘Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective antivirals for treatment,supportive therapy remains to be the primary measure for severe infections of EV71.EV71 belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family of Picornavirridae.EV71 encodes a polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved into four structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins,i.e.,VP1 to VP4,2A to 2C,and 3A to 3D.Moreover,an alternative encoding strategy of harboring a novel open reading frame encoding a short peptide has been recently reported in gut epithelial cells infected with some enteroviruses(Lulla et al.,2019).Structural proteins play a key role in the packaging and maturation of virus particles,while non-structural proteins are mainly involved in the replication process of virus.Among them,the 3D polymerase(3Dpol)protein functions as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRP)that is essential for viral RNA synthesis(Wu et al.,2010).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12332023)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY23E050010).
文摘1Introduction To date,in model-based gait-planning methods,the dynamics of the center of mass(COM)of bipedal robots have been analyzed by establishing their linear inverted pendulum model(LIPM)or extended forms(Owaki et al.,2010;Englsberger et al.,2015;Xie et al.,2020).With regard to model-based gait-generation methods for uphill and downhill terrain,Kuo(2007)simulated human gait using an inverted pendulum,which provided a circular trajectory for the COM rather than a horizontal trajectory.He found that a horizontal COM trajectory consumed more muscle energy.Massah et al.(2012)utilized a 3D LIPM and the concept of zero moment point(ZMP).They developed a trajectory planner using the semi-elliptical motion equations of an NAO humanoid robot and simulated walking on various sloped terrains using the Webots platform.
基金supported by grants from CAAST-ACLH(NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of the ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Background:Achromobacter xylosoxidans(A.xylosoxidans)subspecies strains are known to be opportunistic environmental inhabitants.Among the two species,A.xylosoxidans ssp.xylosoxidans is more commonly reported cause of nosocomial infections colonizing the hospital environment and medical devices,while A.xylosoxidans ssp.denitrificans(AD)strains are widely distributed in the abiotic environment.The present retrospective observational study was aimed at understanding the occurrence of AD infections in the Bareilly region,and to look into the effective herbal and conventional antimicrobial resistance profile of the strains identified at the laboratory.Methods:The present retrospective study analysed Clinical Microbiology laboratory data of Indian veterinary research Institute.The data for the last 14 years(2011-2024)was retrieved,tabulated and analysed using MS Excel program to determine significance of occurrence,and variation in antimicrobial resistance of the strains isolated from different sources usingχ2 and odds ratio analysis.Results:The study revealed that AD was detectable as a potential pathogen not only from environmental samples but also from 51 clinical cases(either as pure culture or mixed infection),and also from healthy humans and animals.The pathogen was most commonly associated with deaths in animals and birds due to septicaemia and was isolated is single pathogen from blood samples.It was also detected as single pathogen from cases of abortions,metritis,and urinary tract infections.However,from cases of haemorrhagic enteritis,diarrhoea,mastitis,wound infections,pyoderma and abscesses,and middle ear infections AD was isolated in association of one or more potentially pathogenic bacteria.Of the 80 isolates in the study,68 had multiple drug resistance,and 21 produced metallo-β-lactamases responsible for resistance against most of theβ-lactam antibiotics,including cephalosporins and carbapenems.The most effective antibiotic was gentamicin,inhibiting 90.67%of the isolates,followed by tigecycline(85.00%),ciprofloxacin(80.77%),piperacillin tazobactam(80.65%);other antibiotics were effective against less than 80%of the isolates.Among the herbal antimicrobials,cinnamaldehyde,cinnamon oil,carvacrol,and ajowan oil inhibited 98.41%,85.07%,85.00%,and 83.75%of the isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The study concluded that in the Bareilly region in India,multiple-drug-resistance AD may be an emerging pathogen prevalent in environment and apparently healthy animals.More studies are warranted to understand the AD strains at molecular level to understand their zoonotic potential and circulation in the environment.
文摘Staphylococcus aureus(SA) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of numerous effective anti-staphylococcal antibiotics.This organism is responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to life-threateningsystemic infections.The increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant strains has granted an increasing use of vancomycin causing a covert progressive increase of its minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)(dubbed the MIC "creep").In this way,the emergence of vancomycinintermediate SA(VISA) strains and heteroresistantVISA has raised concern for the scarcity of alternative treatment options.Equally alarming,though fortunately less frequent,is the emergence of vancomycin-resistant SA.These strains show different mechanisms of resistance but have similar problems in terms of therapeutic approach.Ultimately,various debate issues have arisen regarding the emergence of SA strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration sitting on the superior limit of the sensitivity range(i.e.,MIC = 2 μg/mL).These strains have shown certain resilience to vancomycin and a different clinical behaviour regardless of vancomycin use,both in methicillin-resistant SA and in methicillin-sensitive SA.The aim of this text is to revise the clinical impact and consequences of the emergence of reduced vancomycin susceptibility SA strains,and the different optimal treatment options known.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB4002100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271136)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2019TD-020 and 2021JC-06).
文摘Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipolar plates(BPs),one of the core components in PEMWE cells.In this work,NbN coatings are deposited on Ti BPs by magnetron sputtering to improve the corrosion resistance and conductivity,for which the critical process parameters,such as the working pressure,partial nitrogen pressure and de-position temperature are well optimized.It is found that the compact microstructure,highly conductive δ-NbN and uniform nanoparticles play a dominant role in the synergistic improvement of the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of NbN coatings.The optimized NbN coatings exhibit excellent cor-rosion resistance with the low corrosion current density of 1.1×10^(-8) A cm^(-2),a high potential value of-0.005 V vs.SCE and a low ICR value of 15.8 mΩcm2@1.5 MPa.Accordingly,NbN coatings can be a promising candidate for the development of the low-cost and high-anti-corrosion Ti BPs of PEMWE.
基金Supported by the Industrial Technological Initiation Scholarship of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,CNPq,Brazil,No.0932204294929829 and No.7414780530977345the Scientific Initiation Scholarship Programme(PIBIC)of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,CNPq,Brazil,No.5763023359532159,No.6472982965854452,and No.7340128440641417+2 种基金the Scientific Initiation Scholarship Programme(PIBIC)of Bahia State Research Support Foundation,FAPESB,Brazil,No.19.573.301.5418the PERMANECER Programme of Pro-Rectory of Student Assistance at Federal University of Bahia,No.R8EZ-4V4W-6LQX-5LC8the CNPq Research Productivity Fellow,No.4357511882624145.
文摘Recent studies have shown a noticeable increase in global Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)resistance,with clarithromycin resistance surpassing 15%in various areas.However,inadequate epidemiological monitoring,especially in developing countries,and the absence of uniform testing methods lead to discrepancies between regions and a possible underestimation of resistance levels.The complexity of treating H.pylori is driven by its highly dynamic genome,which is prone to frequent mutations contributing to phenotypical resistance.The usual course of action in empirical treatment involves using a combination of various drugs simultaneously,leading to significant resistance selection pressure and potential side effects.The emergence of H.pylori strains resistant to multiple drugs is closely tied to failures in first-line treatment,highlighting the need to prevent further resistance by using optimal initial empirical therapy or regimens guided by antibiotic susceptibility testing,requiring a collection of mixed samples and multiple isolates for accurate assessment.The emergence of new treatments like potassium-competitive acid blockers offers a hopeful approach to decrease antimicrobial usage while still ensuring effectiveness in comparison to traditional therapies with proton pump inhibitors.Additionally,the use of probiotics is under investigation to identify specific strains and formulations that may mitigate therapy-associated adverse effects.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos(Nos.12127806,62175195)the International Joint Research Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies。
文摘Transparent materials utilized as underwater optical windows are highly vulnerable to various forms of pollution or abrasion due to their intrinsic hydrophilic properties.This susceptibility is particularly pronounced in underwater environments where pollutants can impede the operation of these optical devices,significantly degrading or even compromising their optical properties.The glass catfish,known for its remarkable transparency in water,maintains surface cleanliness and clarity despite exposure to contaminants,impurities abrasion,and hydraulic pressure.Inspired by the glass catfish’s natural attributes,this study introduces a new solution named subaquatic abrasion-resistant and anti-fouling window(SAAW).Utilizing femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition,the SAAW is engineered by embedding fine metal bone structures into a transparent substrate and anti-fouling sliding layer,akin to the sturdy bones among catfish’s body.This approach significantly bolsters the window’s abrasion resistance and anti-fouling performance while maintaining high light transmittance.The sliding layer on the SAAW’s surface remarkably reduces the friction of various liquids,which is the reason that SAAW owns the great anti-fouling property.The SAAW demonstrates outstanding optical clarity even after enduring hundreds of sandpaper abrasions,attributing to the fine metal bone structures bearing all external forces and protecting the sliding layer of SAAW.Furthermore,it exhibits exceptional resistance to biological adhesion and underwater pressure.In a green algae environment,the window remains clean with minimal change in transmittance over one month.Moreover,it retains its wettability and anti-fouling properties when subjected to a depth of 30 m of underwater pressure for 30 d.Hence,the SAAW prepared by femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition presents a promising strategy for developing stable optical windows in liquid environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52471080 and 52071191).
文摘Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)as coatings attract much attention in corrosion and protection of light metals due to their interesting properties such as in-situ synthesis,unique layer-stacking structure,tunable composition,and good biocompatibility as well.Currently,single LDH coating faces challenges such as time-consumed synthesis,thin coating thickness and inadequate density.This paper provides a systematic review of the cutting-edge advancements in modulation of composition,synthesis and applications of LDHs on Mg and Al alloys in corrosion protection and biomedicalfields.The focus is concentrated on the intercalation of corrosion inhibitors into LDH coatings.Particularly the anti-corrosion mechanisms of both inorganic anions(nitrate,vanadate,and molybdate)and organic anion intercalation(carboxylic acid anions and hydroxyquinolines)were discussed within the context of corrosion inhibitor intercalation LDH.The modification of LDHs is introduced with low surface energy substances such as silanes and fatty acids.The formation mechanism of LDHfilms and the active anti-corrosion mechanisms were proposed.A comparison of LDH coatings between Mg alloy and Al alloy was carried out from different perspectives,and further researches on LDH corrosion protection were prospected.
基金ThePresidentialFoundationofTheChineseAcademyofSciences NaturalScienceFoundationofHebeiProvince China
文摘Partially modified Bt Cry1Ac gene and the arrowhead proteinase inhibitor (API) gene were used to construct a plant transformation vector pBtiA and this construct was transferred into the genome of the hybrid poplar 741 [ Populus alba L.×( P. davidiana Dode+ P. simonii Carr.)× P. tomentosa Carr.] by Agrobacterium _ mediated transformation. Ten kanamycin resistant plants have been regenerated. Upon insect bioassay using Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius), three of the examined plants were demonstrated to be highly resistant to the testing insects. The mortality of insect larvae on one plant was higher than 90% in 6 days after infestation and the growth of the survival larvae were seriously inhibited. Results of PCR and Southern blot analysis indicated that both Bt Cry1Ac gene and API gene were integrated as a single copy into the genomes of these three plants when Cry1Ac gene fragment was used as the probe. Protein dot blot immunoassay and ELISA analysis revealed that at least the Cry1Ac protein was produced in these three transgenic plants and the expression levels were estimated to be approximately 0.015% of the leaf total soluble protein. This is the first report on insect resistant transgenic hybrid poplar 741 that expresses two insecticidal protein genes.
文摘In the present manuscript it was presented whether spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial groups in environment could be monitored by our newly developed method by enumerating antibiotic resistant bacterial groups in various biological wastes and composts. Although the numbers were not so high, diverse kinds of colistin resistant bacteria (25 mg·L<sup>-1</sup><sup></sup>) were included in row cattle feces (1.78 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) and cattle feces manure (>3.84 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>). Compost originated from leftover food (>44.8 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) and shochu lee (>320 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>) included higher numbers of chlortetracycline resistant Pseudomonas sp., (25 mg·L<sup>-1</sup><sup></sup>), and row cattle feces included higher numbers of chlortetracycline resistant Enterobacteriacea (15.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), which mostly consisted from Pantoea sp. or Xenorhobdus doucetiae. Numbers of multi drug resistant bacteria, resistant to 25 mg·L<sup>-1 </sup>of<sup> </sup>ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, were the highest in row cattle feces (>143.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), followed by cattle feces manure (4.19 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), and shochu lee (0.36 × 10<sup>4</sup> MPN g<sup>-1</sup>), which included diverse kinds of bacterial group. The present results indicated that higher numbers of multi drug resistant bacteria were typically found in row cattle feces, and the method was found suitable to enumerate and identify them. These results suggested that the method might become their environmental risk evaluation method.
文摘Selection of fire resistant tree species for the southwestern China and the planting of those species can effectively prevent large area's fire damage. In this paper the components and flammability of leaves, twigs and barks of 12 tree species in the mountain area of southwestern China have been tested and analyzed in the laboratory. The test and analysis indicate the results as follows:(1) for all the tree species, the fire resistance of leaves is much weaker than that of twigs and barks, and the broad leaves are stronger than those of conifers in fire resistance. (2) Heat value, moisture, ignition point and ash content are main indexes to affect fire resistance. Heat value relates to lignose content and benzene ethanol extractive content linearly.(3) Of all the 12 tree species, Schima superba,Castanopsis hystrix, Myrica rubra have the strongest resistance to fire; Machilus pauhoi, Michelia macclurei, Mytilaria laosensis, Camellia olifera and Manglietia tenuipes are relatively strong in fire resistance, and Lithocapus thalassica, Tsoongiodendron odorum, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana are weak in fire resistance.
文摘With 94 spring wheat cultivars as experimental materials, the correlations between the content of resistant starch （RS） in uncooked flour and cooked flour, and the apparent amylose content （AAC）, protein, lipid were investigated. The results showed that RS contents in both the uncooked flour and cooked flour assumed significantly positive correlation with AAC, and significantly negative cor- relation with protein content; and they were proved to be not significantly correlated with lipid content. RS content in uncooked flour was significantly correlated with that in cooked flour. These results provided references for the genetic improvement of wheat cultivars.
