Kinetics of adsorption of heavy rare earth with Cyanex272-P507 impregn ated resin was studied. The influences of temperature,concentration,granularit y of resin on the exchange degree were investigated by the limited ...Kinetics of adsorption of heavy rare earth with Cyanex272-P507 impregn ated resin was studied. The influences of temperature,concentration,granularit y of resin on the exchange degree were investigated by the limited bath method. The result showed that the controlling factor of RE3+/H+ diffusion on Cyanex272-P507 extraction resin was particles diffusion. The process of diffuse kinetics f itted well with the expression developed by Body model. The apparent activation energy was determined as 23.20 kJ/mol. The reaction order was 0.452. In addition,the constant of particles diffusion(D0) was 1.352×10-8 m2/S and the entropy of diffusion was-47.055 J/(mol·K).展开更多
Instrument of IR spectrometer and methods of saturation, equimolar series change and slope were applied to study the extraction mechanism of Cyanex272-P507 impregnated resin for heavy rare earths from hydrochloric aci...Instrument of IR spectrometer and methods of saturation, equimolar series change and slope were applied to study the extraction mechanism of Cyanex272-P507 impregnated resin for heavy rare earths from hydrochloric acid solution. The results show that the molar ratio of Cyanex272-P507 to rare earth in the extraction complex is 3. Chlorine ions do not participate in coordination. The extraction reaction can be expressed as RE3＋（a） ＋ 3-HA（r） ＋ 3/2HL（r）= [REA3/2L3/2]（r） ＋ 3H＋（a） （where HA represents 2 2 Cyanex272 and HL represents P507）. The synergic extractant formed in extraction chromatography is in a form ofmonopolymer and with a chemical structure of REA3/2L3/2.展开更多
Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resi...Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resin support （volume to mass） of 6.0 at room temperature （RT） in 24 h was impregnated the resin with a mass ratio of 1.944, while the prepared gross sample of SIR at the ratio of solvent to resin of 3.0 was impregnated with a mass ratio of 1.88. Cerium（Ⅳ） oxide concentrate, prepared from crude Egyptian monazite sand, containing 37% cerium, 1.6% thorium and about 40% the other trivalent rare earth oxides, was used to prepare cerium（Ⅳ） nitrate solution for extraction using the prepared SIR. The impregnated resin was satisfactory for Ce（Ⅳ） extraction from nitric acid medium at room temperature. Cerium loading capacity of the impregnated resin reached 95.6% of the calculated theoretical capacity （173 g/kg （Ce/SIR）） under the conditions of 51.57 g/L cerium and 2.48 g/L thorium, 5.0 mol/L free nitric acid, solution to resin ratio of 10.0 and contacting the phases for 5.0 min. The loading capacity reached 98.75% when cerium concentration was increased to 91.43 g/L under the same conditions.展开更多
Solvent impregnated resins (SIR) with di (2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 571) were studied by adsorption of the extractant into Amberlite XAD 4; XAD 7; XAD 1180 polymeric adsorbents. The results sh...Solvent impregnated resins (SIR) with di (2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 571) were studied by adsorption of the extractant into Amberlite XAD 4; XAD 7; XAD 1180 polymeric adsorbents. The results shas that Cyanex 571/XAD 7 impregnated resins containing extractant of 0 35～0 45 g·g -1 resin have a favorable extractive activity in HCl medium. The rare earths (Tb 3+ , Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ ) are separated by using SIR as the column stationary phase. The better separation effect is obtained at lower load and slower elution rate.展开更多
In Xinjiang,China,Oil-immersed paper bushings used in reactors are highly susceptible to discharge breakdown faults due to drastic fluctuations in environmental and oil temperatures.To mitigate this problem,oil-free a...In Xinjiang,China,Oil-immersed paper bushings used in reactors are highly susceptible to discharge breakdown faults due to drastic fluctuations in environmental and oil temperatures.To mitigate this problem,oil-free and explosion-proof epoxy resin-impregnated paper(ERIP)bushings are recommended as replacements.This study develops a multi-physics(electric-thermal-fluid)coupling model for 750 kV high voltage reactors ERIP bushings.The model aims to comprehensively assess their thermal and electrical performance under extreme ambient temperatures ranging from−40℃ to 90℃ and oil temperatures varying from−10℃ to 90℃.The results demonstrate that the bushing temperature rises consistently with increases in ambient temperature.Additionally,the location of the hottest point on the conductive rod exhibits an upward shift as the ambient temperature climbs.Significantly,when a temperature difference exists between the oil and the external environment,this upward movement remains relatively constrained.Even when the external temperature increases from−40℃ to 80℃,the hottest point shifts upward only 2457 mm.Conversely,in the absence of a temperature difference between the oil and external environment,a modest 10℃ increase in ambient temperature(from 80℃ to 90℃)triggers a substantial 11,356 mm upward displacement of the hottest point.Moreover,this study reveals that the electric field distribution within the bushings remains largely unaffected by environmental temperature changes.展开更多
（2,3-Dimethylbutyl）（2,4,40-trimethylpentyl）phosphinic acid（INET-3） was impregnated onto dry macroporous resins XAD-16 and pretreated XAD-16 with ethyl alcohol and HCl（Pre-XAD-16） to prepare the solvent impregn...（2,3-Dimethylbutyl）（2,4,40-trimethylpentyl）phosphinic acid（INET-3） was impregnated onto dry macroporous resins XAD-16 and pretreated XAD-16 with ethyl alcohol and HCl（Pre-XAD-16） to prepare the solvent impregnated resins SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 and SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The molecular weight distribution of the low molecular weight（LMW） polymers washed off by ethyl alcohol during XAD-16 pretreatment was determined by gel permeation chromatography（GPC）. The macroporous resins（XAD-16 ＆ Pre-XAD-16）, the corresponding solvent impregnated resins（SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 ＆SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16） and the PVA coated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16 with boric acid as cross-linking agent were characterized by FT-IR, SEM-EDS and TGA. The effects of XAD-16 pretreatment and PVA coating technology on RE（III） adsorption equilibrium time, INET-3 losses during extraction and adsorption capacity were investigated. The adsorption kinetics, selectivity and stripping behaviors of SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 were further studied. The washed off LMW polymers had the Mn of 36,656, Mw of 40,310 and polydispersity coefficient of 1.10. The SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 had shorter equilibrium time,less INET-3 loss and more Tm（III） adsorption capacity than the SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The PVA coated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16 had less INET-3 loss and more Tm（III） adsorption capacity but longer equilibrium time than the uncoated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The adsorption of RE（III） on the SIRsINET-3/XAD-16 followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Tm（III） accumulative adsorption amounts onto SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 after eight extraction stages was 23.6 mg/g. The separation factors of adjacent heavy RE（III） β（Er/Ho）, β（Tm/Er）, β（Yb/Tm） and β（Lu/Yb） values were 1.76, 2.59, 2.56 and 1.19,respectively. The adsorbed Lu（III） onto the SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 can be stripped completely by 1.0 mol/L H2SO4.展开更多
Method IEEE 841 is used to test endurance of insulation system of stators to 100% humidity at 40 ℃ for168 h. Insulation resistance after this test between phases or between phase and frame has not been lover as 5 ...Method IEEE 841 is used to test endurance of insulation system of stators to 100% humidity at 40 ℃ for168 h. Insulation resistance after this test between phases or between phase and frame has not been lover as 5 × 10^6 Ohm. Some producers of motors use this method for determining quality of impregation resin. On such test insulation resistance between phases was lover as between phase and frame. Because between phases is only wire insulation impregnating resins on insulation resistance of insulation system an impregnating resin we observe influence of type of wires and after humidity test. With diagnostic of insulation, the state is dealt. We compare our impregnation resin with competitive impregnation resin. We made test on twisted coils prepared after STN IEC from two parallel wires. In this test, we succeed in demonstrating that the main influence on insulation resistance of insulation system wire and impregnation resin has insulation of wire. Impregnation resin has influenced on data dispersion.展开更多
Resin impregnated paper(RIP)converter transformer valve-side bushings are the key equipment in converter stations.Local overheating of the RIP core not only reduces the transmission efficiency but also causes insulati...Resin impregnated paper(RIP)converter transformer valve-side bushings are the key equipment in converter stations.Local overheating of the RIP core not only reduces the transmission efficiency but also causes insulation failure of converter transformers.In this paper,a new heat dissipation structure is proposed to improve the temperature distribution homogeneity of the bushing using two-phase closed thermosyphon(TPCT).A test model is developed to determine the optimal working fluid inventory.Then,the temperature distribution of a±400-kV RIP converter transformer valve-side bushing with an optimised heat dissipation structure is obtained using the coupled three-dimensional electromagnetic-fluid-thermal numerical simulation method considering multiphase flow and phase change processes.The influence of the new structure on the electric field is analysed.The simulation result is verified by the temperature rise test.The results show that two-phase closed thermosyphon can reduce the maximum temperature of the RIP valve-side bushings and significantly improve the temperature distribution homogeneity.展开更多
Since the resin-based composite materials are of essential importance in many key engineering fields,the manufacture processes are highly worth studying and optimizing for satisfying quality control at the highest pos...Since the resin-based composite materials are of essential importance in many key engineering fields,the manufacture processes are highly worth studying and optimizing for satisfying quality control at the highest possible production rate.In this paper,combined with the impregnation theory,the flow-thermal-mechanical multiphysics coupling model is built to characterize,investigate and optimize the osmotic flow process of hot-melt resin in fiber fabrics with the uniformity and adequacy of resin impregnation as the evaluation criteria.First,the osmotic flow process is characterized by the osmotic flow front of resin,which is tracked by the phase-field method.Then,the influencing factors of roller clearance,temperature and speed are comprehensively investigated.After that,the simulation data of resin impregnation degree are fitted by polynomial curves,with accuracy up to 96.13%,for further investigation of interaction between influencing factors.Finally,based on the above results,the operation parameter combination for impregnation process is optimized with the response surface method and provided as the guidance for practical application.展开更多
Improving the computational efficiency of multi-physics simulation and constructing a real-time online simulation method is an important way to realise the virtual-real fusion of entities and data of power equipment w...Improving the computational efficiency of multi-physics simulation and constructing a real-time online simulation method is an important way to realise the virtual-real fusion of entities and data of power equipment with digital twin.In this paper,a datadriven fast calculation method for the temperature field of resin impregnated paper(RIP)bushing used in converter transformer valve-side is proposed,which combines the data dimensionality reduction technology and the surrogate model.After applying the finite element algorithm to obtain the temperature field distribution of RIP bushing under different operation conditions as the input dataset,the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)algorithm is adopted to reduce the order and obtain the low-dimensional projection of the temperature data.On this basis,the surrogate model is used to construct the mapping relationship between the sensor monitoring data and the low-dimensional projection,so that it can achieve the fast calculation and reconstruction of temperature field distribution.The results show that this method can effectively and quickly calculate the overall temperature field distribution of the RIP bushing.The maximum relative error and the average relative error are less than 4.5%and 0.25%,respectively.The calculation speed is at the millisecond level,meeting the needs of digitalisation of power equipment.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (5076403)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (0450065)
文摘Kinetics of adsorption of heavy rare earth with Cyanex272-P507 impregn ated resin was studied. The influences of temperature,concentration,granularit y of resin on the exchange degree were investigated by the limited bath method. The result showed that the controlling factor of RE3+/H+ diffusion on Cyanex272-P507 extraction resin was particles diffusion. The process of diffuse kinetics f itted well with the expression developed by Body model. The apparent activation energy was determined as 23.20 kJ/mol. The reaction order was 0.452. In addition,the constant of particles diffusion(D0) was 1.352×10-8 m2/S and the entropy of diffusion was-47.055 J/(mol·K).
基金Project(50764003) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(0450065) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of JiangXi Province,China
文摘Instrument of IR spectrometer and methods of saturation, equimolar series change and slope were applied to study the extraction mechanism of Cyanex272-P507 impregnated resin for heavy rare earths from hydrochloric acid solution. The results show that the molar ratio of Cyanex272-P507 to rare earth in the extraction complex is 3. Chlorine ions do not participate in coordination. The extraction reaction can be expressed as RE3＋（a） ＋ 3-HA（r） ＋ 3/2HL（r）= [REA3/2L3/2]（r） ＋ 3H＋（a） （where HA represents 2 2 Cyanex272 and HL represents P507）. The synergic extractant formed in extraction chromatography is in a form ofmonopolymer and with a chemical structure of REA3/2L3/2.
文摘Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resin support （volume to mass） of 6.0 at room temperature （RT） in 24 h was impregnated the resin with a mass ratio of 1.944, while the prepared gross sample of SIR at the ratio of solvent to resin of 3.0 was impregnated with a mass ratio of 1.88. Cerium（Ⅳ） oxide concentrate, prepared from crude Egyptian monazite sand, containing 37% cerium, 1.6% thorium and about 40% the other trivalent rare earth oxides, was used to prepare cerium（Ⅳ） nitrate solution for extraction using the prepared SIR. The impregnated resin was satisfactory for Ce（Ⅳ） extraction from nitric acid medium at room temperature. Cerium loading capacity of the impregnated resin reached 95.6% of the calculated theoretical capacity （173 g/kg （Ce/SIR）） under the conditions of 51.57 g/L cerium and 2.48 g/L thorium, 5.0 mol/L free nitric acid, solution to resin ratio of 10.0 and contacting the phases for 5.0 min. The loading capacity reached 98.75% when cerium concentration was increased to 91.43 g/L under the same conditions.
文摘Solvent impregnated resins (SIR) with di (2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 571) were studied by adsorption of the extractant into Amberlite XAD 4; XAD 7; XAD 1180 polymeric adsorbents. The results shas that Cyanex 571/XAD 7 impregnated resins containing extractant of 0 35～0 45 g·g -1 resin have a favorable extractive activity in HCl medium. The rare earths (Tb 3+ , Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ ) are separated by using SIR as the column stationary phase. The better separation effect is obtained at lower load and slower elution rate.
基金supported by the Reliability Improvement Technology and Application of Epoxy Impregnated Paper Bushing in Extreme Environments under granted DQ30DK24001P.
文摘In Xinjiang,China,Oil-immersed paper bushings used in reactors are highly susceptible to discharge breakdown faults due to drastic fluctuations in environmental and oil temperatures.To mitigate this problem,oil-free and explosion-proof epoxy resin-impregnated paper(ERIP)bushings are recommended as replacements.This study develops a multi-physics(electric-thermal-fluid)coupling model for 750 kV high voltage reactors ERIP bushings.The model aims to comprehensively assess their thermal and electrical performance under extreme ambient temperatures ranging from−40℃ to 90℃ and oil temperatures varying from−10℃ to 90℃.The results demonstrate that the bushing temperature rises consistently with increases in ambient temperature.Additionally,the location of the hottest point on the conductive rod exhibits an upward shift as the ambient temperature climbs.Significantly,when a temperature difference exists between the oil and the external environment,this upward movement remains relatively constrained.Even when the external temperature increases from−40℃ to 80℃,the hottest point shifts upward only 2457 mm.Conversely,in the absence of a temperature difference between the oil and external environment,a modest 10℃ increase in ambient temperature(from 80℃ to 90℃)triggers a substantial 11,356 mm upward displacement of the hottest point.Moreover,this study reveals that the electric field distribution within the bushings remains largely unaffected by environmental temperature changes.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21301104)the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering(SKLCh E-14A04)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRFTP-16-019A3)
文摘（2,3-Dimethylbutyl）（2,4,40-trimethylpentyl）phosphinic acid（INET-3） was impregnated onto dry macroporous resins XAD-16 and pretreated XAD-16 with ethyl alcohol and HCl（Pre-XAD-16） to prepare the solvent impregnated resins SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 and SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The molecular weight distribution of the low molecular weight（LMW） polymers washed off by ethyl alcohol during XAD-16 pretreatment was determined by gel permeation chromatography（GPC）. The macroporous resins（XAD-16 ＆ Pre-XAD-16）, the corresponding solvent impregnated resins（SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 ＆SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16） and the PVA coated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16 with boric acid as cross-linking agent were characterized by FT-IR, SEM-EDS and TGA. The effects of XAD-16 pretreatment and PVA coating technology on RE（III） adsorption equilibrium time, INET-3 losses during extraction and adsorption capacity were investigated. The adsorption kinetics, selectivity and stripping behaviors of SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 were further studied. The washed off LMW polymers had the Mn of 36,656, Mw of 40,310 and polydispersity coefficient of 1.10. The SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 had shorter equilibrium time,less INET-3 loss and more Tm（III） adsorption capacity than the SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The PVA coated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16 had less INET-3 loss and more Tm（III） adsorption capacity but longer equilibrium time than the uncoated SIRs-INET-3/Pre-XAD-16. The adsorption of RE（III） on the SIRsINET-3/XAD-16 followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Tm（III） accumulative adsorption amounts onto SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 after eight extraction stages was 23.6 mg/g. The separation factors of adjacent heavy RE（III） β（Er/Ho）, β（Tm/Er）, β（Yb/Tm） and β（Lu/Yb） values were 1.76, 2.59, 2.56 and 1.19,respectively. The adsorbed Lu（III） onto the SIRs-INET-3/XAD-16 can be stripped completely by 1.0 mol/L H2SO4.
文摘Method IEEE 841 is used to test endurance of insulation system of stators to 100% humidity at 40 ℃ for168 h. Insulation resistance after this test between phases or between phase and frame has not been lover as 5 × 10^6 Ohm. Some producers of motors use this method for determining quality of impregation resin. On such test insulation resistance between phases was lover as between phase and frame. Because between phases is only wire insulation impregnating resins on insulation resistance of insulation system an impregnating resin we observe influence of type of wires and after humidity test. With diagnostic of insulation, the state is dealt. We compare our impregnation resin with competitive impregnation resin. We made test on twisted coils prepared after STN IEC from two parallel wires. In this test, we succeed in demonstrating that the main influence on insulation resistance of insulation system wire and impregnation resin has insulation of wire. Impregnation resin has influenced on data dispersion.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China,Grant/Award Number:SGLNDK00KJJS1900250.
文摘Resin impregnated paper(RIP)converter transformer valve-side bushings are the key equipment in converter stations.Local overheating of the RIP core not only reduces the transmission efficiency but also causes insulation failure of converter transformers.In this paper,a new heat dissipation structure is proposed to improve the temperature distribution homogeneity of the bushing using two-phase closed thermosyphon(TPCT).A test model is developed to determine the optimal working fluid inventory.Then,the temperature distribution of a±400-kV RIP converter transformer valve-side bushing with an optimised heat dissipation structure is obtained using the coupled three-dimensional electromagnetic-fluid-thermal numerical simulation method considering multiphase flow and phase change processes.The influence of the new structure on the electric field is analysed.The simulation result is verified by the temperature rise test.The results show that two-phase closed thermosyphon can reduce the maximum temperature of the RIP valve-side bushings and significantly improve the temperature distribution homogeneity.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176202)。
文摘Since the resin-based composite materials are of essential importance in many key engineering fields,the manufacture processes are highly worth studying and optimizing for satisfying quality control at the highest possible production rate.In this paper,combined with the impregnation theory,the flow-thermal-mechanical multiphysics coupling model is built to characterize,investigate and optimize the osmotic flow process of hot-melt resin in fiber fabrics with the uniformity and adequacy of resin impregnation as the evaluation criteria.First,the osmotic flow process is characterized by the osmotic flow front of resin,which is tracked by the phase-field method.Then,the influencing factors of roller clearance,temperature and speed are comprehensively investigated.After that,the simulation data of resin impregnation degree are fitted by polynomial curves,with accuracy up to 96.13%,for further investigation of interaction between influencing factors.Finally,based on the above results,the operation parameter combination for impregnation process is optimized with the response surface method and provided as the guidance for practical application.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant 2024M753544Science and Technology Project of CSG,Grant GDKJXM2022106.
文摘Improving the computational efficiency of multi-physics simulation and constructing a real-time online simulation method is an important way to realise the virtual-real fusion of entities and data of power equipment with digital twin.In this paper,a datadriven fast calculation method for the temperature field of resin impregnated paper(RIP)bushing used in converter transformer valve-side is proposed,which combines the data dimensionality reduction technology and the surrogate model.After applying the finite element algorithm to obtain the temperature field distribution of RIP bushing under different operation conditions as the input dataset,the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)algorithm is adopted to reduce the order and obtain the low-dimensional projection of the temperature data.On this basis,the surrogate model is used to construct the mapping relationship between the sensor monitoring data and the low-dimensional projection,so that it can achieve the fast calculation and reconstruction of temperature field distribution.The results show that this method can effectively and quickly calculate the overall temperature field distribution of the RIP bushing.The maximum relative error and the average relative error are less than 4.5%and 0.25%,respectively.The calculation speed is at the millisecond level,meeting the needs of digitalisation of power equipment.
