Reservoir engineering is the term used in quantum control and information technologies to describe manipulating the environment within which an open quantum system operates. Reservoir engineering is essential in appli...Reservoir engineering is the term used in quantum control and information technologies to describe manipulating the environment within which an open quantum system operates. Reservoir engineering is essential in applications where storing quantum information is required. From the control theory perspective, a quantum system is capable of storing quantum information if it possesses a so-called decoherence free subsystem （DFS）. This paper explores pole placement techniques to facilitate synthesis of decoherence free subsystems via coherent quantum feedback control. We discuss limitations of the conventional ＇open loop＇ approach and propose a constructive feedback design methodology for decoherence free subsystem engineering. It captures a quite general dynamic coherent feedback structure which allows systems with decoherence free modes to be synthesized from components which do not have such modes.展开更多
Traditional Numerical Reservoir Simulation has been contributing to the oil and gas industry for decades.The current state of this technology is the result of decades of research and development by a large number of e...Traditional Numerical Reservoir Simulation has been contributing to the oil and gas industry for decades.The current state of this technology is the result of decades of research and development by a large number of engineers and scientists.Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s,advances in computer hardware along with development and adaptation of clever algorithms resulted in a paradigm shift in reservoir studies moving them from simplified analogs and analytical solution methods to more mathematically robust computational and numerical solution models.展开更多
To help determine in what ways virtual reality(VR)technologies may benefit reservoir engineering workflows,we conducted a usability study on a prototype VR tool for performing reservoir model analysis tasks.By leverag...To help determine in what ways virtual reality(VR)technologies may benefit reservoir engineering workflows,we conducted a usability study on a prototype VR tool for performing reservoir model analysis tasks.By leveraging the strengths of VR technologies,this tool’s aim is to help advance reservoir analysis workflows beyond conventional methods by improving how one understands,analyzes,and interacts with reservoir model visualizations.To evaluate our tool’s VR approach to this,the study presented herein was conducted with reservoir engineering experts who used the VR tool to perform three common reservoir model analysis tasks:the spatial filtering of model cells using movable planes,the cross-comparison of multiple models,and well path planning.Our study found that accomplishing these tasks with the VR tool was generally regarded as easier,quicker,more effective,and more intuitive than traditional model analysis software while maintaining a feeling of low task workload on average.Overall,participants provided positive feedback regarding their experience with using VR to perform reservoir engineering work tasks,and in general,it was found to improve multi-model cross-analysis and rough object manipulation in 3D.This indicates the potential for VR to be better than conventional means for some work tasks and participants also expressed they could see it best utilized as an addition to current software in their reservoir model analysis workflows.There were,however,some concerns voiced when considering the full adoption of VR into their work that would be best first addressed before this took place.展开更多
This paper analyzes the significance of anti-seepage design and summarizes the common technology of anti-seepage design, and studies how to do a good job of anti-seepage design. Through the research, it can help the d...This paper analyzes the significance of anti-seepage design and summarizes the common technology of anti-seepage design, and studies how to do a good job of anti-seepage design. Through the research, it can help the designers to better grasp the key points of dam seepage design and prolong the service life of the dam.展开更多
Located in Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, Foroozan Oilfield has been producing hydrocarbons via seven different reservoirs since the 1970 s. However, understanding fluid interactions and horizontal continuity wit...Located in Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, Foroozan Oilfield has been producing hydrocarbons via seven different reservoirs since the 1970 s. However, understanding fluid interactions and horizontal continuity within each reservoir has proved complicated in this field. This study aims to determine the degree of intra-reservoir compartmentalization using gas geochemistry, light hydrocarbon components, and petroleum bulk properties, comparing the results with those obtained from reservoir engineering indicators. For this purpose, a total of 11 samples of oil and associated gas taken from different producing wells in from the Yammama Reservoir were selected. Clear distinctions, in terms of gas isotopic signature and composition, between the wells located in northern and southern parts of the reservoir(i.e. lighter δ13 C1, lower methane concentration, and negative sulfur isotope in the southern part) and light hydrocarbon ratios(e.g. nC 7/toluene, 2,6-dmC7/1,1,3-tmcyC5 and m-xylene/4-mC8) in different oil samples indicated two separate compartments. Gradual variations in a number of petroleum bulk properties(API gravity, V/Ni ratios and asphaltene concentration) provided additional evidence on the reservoir-filling direction, signifying that a horizontal equilibrium between reservoir fluids across the Yammama Reservoir is yet to be achieved. Finally, differences in water-oil contacts and reservoir types further confirmed the compartmentalization of the reservoir into two separate compartments.展开更多
Data-driven approaches and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms are promising enough to be relied on even more than physics-based methods;their main feed is data which is the fundamental element of each phenomenon.Th...Data-driven approaches and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms are promising enough to be relied on even more than physics-based methods;their main feed is data which is the fundamental element of each phenomenon.These algorithms learn from data and unveil unseen patterns out of it The petroleum industry as a realm where huge volumes of data are generated every second is of great interest to this new technology.As the oil and gas industry is in the transition phase to oilfield digitization,there has been an increased drive to integrate data-driven modeling and machine learning(ML)algorithms in different petroleum engineering challenges.ML has been widely used in different areas of the industry.Many extensive studies have been devoted to exploring AI applicability in various disciplines of this industry;however,lack of two main features is noticeable.Most of the research is either not practical enough to be applicable in real-field challenges or limited to a specific problem and not generalizable.Attention must be given to data itself and the way it is classified and stored.Although there are sheer volumes of data coming from different disciplines,they reside in departmental silos and are not accessible by consumers.In order to derive as much insight as possible out of data,the data needs to be stored in a centralized repository from where the data can be readily consumed by different applications.展开更多
In China,there are a lot of high-sulfur gas reservoirs with total proved reserves of over 1 trillion m3,most of which were discovered in the Sichuan Basin.Most high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China,distributed in marine...In China,there are a lot of high-sulfur gas reservoirs with total proved reserves of over 1 trillion m3,most of which were discovered in the Sichuan Basin.Most high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China,distributed in marine carbonate zones,are characterized by great buried depths,complex geologic conditions,high temperatures,high pressures,high H_(2)S and CO_(2) content,presenting various challenges in gas field development engineering and production safety.Since the development of Sinian high-sulfur gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin started in the 1960s,Wolonghe,Zhongba and other medium to small-scale gas reservoirs with medium to low sulfur content have been developed.Ever since 2009,successful production of Longgang and Puguang in the Sichuan Basin,together with some other high-sulfur gas reservoirs highlighted the breakthroughs in development technologies for high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China.This paper reviews the progress made in gas reservoir engineering,drilling and completion engineering,gas production,pipeline transportation,corrosion control,natural gas purification,HSE and other aspects with consideration of specific requirements related to safe,clean and high-efficient development of highsulfur gas reservoirs since the“12th Five-Year Plan”period.Finally,considering the challenges in the development of high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China,we summarized the trend in future technological development with the following goals of reducing risks,minimizing environmental damages,and enhancing the efficiency of high-sulfur gas reservoir development.展开更多
We study theoretically the generation of strong entanglement of two mechanical oscillators in an unresolved-sideband optomechanical cavity,using a reservoir engineering approach.In our proposal,the effect of unwanted ...We study theoretically the generation of strong entanglement of two mechanical oscillators in an unresolved-sideband optomechanical cavity,using a reservoir engineering approach.In our proposal,the effect of unwanted counter-rotating terms is suppressed via destructive quantum interference by the optical field of two auxiliary cavities.For arbitrary values of the optomechanical interaction,the entanglement is obtained numerically.In the weak-coupling regime,we derive an analytical expression for the entanglement of the two mechanical oscillators based on an effective master equation,and obtain the optimal parameters to achieve strong entanglement.Our analytical results are in accord with numerical simulations.展开更多
This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O...This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),in unconventional oil reservoirs.The simulation is conducted for different parameters of volume fractions,porosities,and mass flow rates to determine the optimal oil recovery.The impact of nanoparticles on relative permeability(kr)and water is also investigated.The simulation process utilizes the finite volume ANSYS Fluent.The study results showed that when the mass flow rate at the inlet is low,oil recovery goes up.In addition,they indicated that silicon nanoparticles are better at getting oil out of the ground(i.e.,oil reservoir)than Al_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Most oil can be extracted from SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)at a rate of 97.8%,96.5%,and 88%,respectively.展开更多
For the case of a fractured reservoir surrounded by deformable rocks, the appropriateness and applicability of the two common methods of coupling of flow and deformation, explicit (coupled) and implicit (uncoupled) me...For the case of a fractured reservoir surrounded by deformable rocks, the appropriateness and applicability of the two common methods of coupling of flow and deformation, explicit (coupled) and implicit (uncoupled) methods are investigated. The explicit formulation is capable of modelling surrounding media;while the implicit coupling is unable to do so as deformation vector does not appear as a primary variable in the formulation. The governing differential equations and the finite element approximation of the governing equations for each of the methods are presented. Spatial discretization is achieved using the Galerkin method, and temporal discretisation using the finite difference technique. In the explicit model, coupling between flow and deformation is captured through volumetric strain compatibility amongst the phases within the system. In the implicit model, this is achieved by defining the pore space storativity as a function of the formation compressibility and the compressibility of the fluid phases within the pore space. The impact of rock deformability on early, intermediate and late time responses of fractured reservoir is investigated through several numerical examples. Salient features of each formulation are discussed and highlighted. It is shown that the implicit model is unable to capture the constraining effects of a non-yielding, surrounding rock, leading to incorrect projections of reservoir production irrespective of the history matching strategy adopted.展开更多
By virtue of unique technical and economical advantages,horizontal well development has become a key technology in the high-efficiency development of tight gas reservoirs,however,this has worked unsatisfactorily in un...By virtue of unique technical and economical advantages,horizontal well development has become a key technology in the high-efficiency development of tight gas reservoirs,however,this has worked unsatisfactorily in unstratified gas reservoirs.In this paper,the orientation and coverage of gas-bearing sand bodies(in isolated distribution)of Member 8 of Permian Lower Shihezi Fm in the Sulige Gasfield were analyzed by means of outcrop analogy,geostatistical analysis and pilot tests of dense well patterns.Then,four gas-bearing sand distribution patterns suitable for the deployment of horizontal wells in Member 8 were proposed according to the precise geological anatomy results of dense well patterns.These patterns include thick massive isolated pattern,vertically superimposed pattern with physical interlayers,vertically superimposed pattern with argillaceous interlayers and lateral sugar-coated haw string pattern.Based on the statistics on gas-bearing sand bodies drilled by horizontal well drilling,the drilled gas-bearing sand bodies are 670-1300 m long.Based on production data correction,numerical simulation and economic evaluation,the length of rational horizontal sections were optimized by performing a case study of the vertically superimposed reservoirs with physical interlayers in the typical well group SuX-18-36 of Su-X Block.It is indicated that the rational horizontal well length within 1200 m in the Sulige Gasfield under current economic and technical conditions.This paper provides a technical support for the highefficiency development of the Sulige Gasfield in the future.展开更多
In recent years, Chinas urbanization construction develops rapidly, and water conservancy projects, as environmental protection, agricultural irrigation, domestic water and other important infrastructure, play a huge ...In recent years, Chinas urbanization construction develops rapidly, and water conservancy projects, as environmental protection, agricultural irrigation, domestic water and other important infrastructure, play a huge role. Among them, the reservoir is an important part of the water conservancy project, and it is also very important to strengthen its reinforcement construction management. Next, this paper will focus on the analysis of the main problems existing in the construction management of reservoir reinforcement in China, such as the insufficient ability of construction personnel, the management system needs to be improved, and put forward the corresponding solutions in order to improve the construction quality of reservoir reinforcement in China.展开更多
Known as an engineered reservoir due to fluctuations in trap parameter,a classical source of quantum decoherence is considered for a single trapped ion theoretically.For simplicity it is assumed that the fluctuations ...Known as an engineered reservoir due to fluctuations in trap parameter,a classical source of quantum decoherence is considered for a single trapped ion theoretically.For simplicity it is assumed that the fluctuations involved are white noise processes,which enables us to give a simple master equation description of this source of decoherence.Our results show that the decoherence rate depends on the vibrational quantum number in different ways corresponding to the vibrational excitation sideband used there.Besides,this source of decoherence also leads to occurrence of dissipation in the ion system.展开更多
The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The ch...The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.展开更多
Aiming at the actual demands of petroleum exploration and development,this paper describes the research progress and application of artificial intelligence(AI)in petroleum exploration and development,and discusses the...Aiming at the actual demands of petroleum exploration and development,this paper describes the research progress and application of artificial intelligence(AI)in petroleum exploration and development,and discusses the applications and development directions of AI in the future.Machine learning has been preliminarily applied in lithology identification,logging curve reconstruction,reservoir parameter estimation,and other logging processing and interpretation,exhibiting great potential.Computer vision is effective in picking of seismic first breaks,fault identification,and other seismic processing and interpretation.Deep learning and optimization technology have been applied to reservoir engineering,and realized the real-time optimization of waterflooding development and prediction of oil and gas production.The application of data mining in drilling,completion,and surface facility engineering etc.has resulted in intelligent equipment and integrated software.The potential development directions of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development are intelligent production equipment,automatic processing and interpretation,and professional software platform.The highlights of development will be digital basins,fast intelligent imaging logging tools,intelligent seismic nodal acquisition systems,intelligent rotary-steering drilling,intelligent fracturing technology and equipment,real-time monitoring and control of zonal injection and production.展开更多
In the asset valuation of oil and gas reserves, it is discovered that the production decline trend of wells is not very obvious and that it is hard to make a production forecast matching the production history, thus r...In the asset valuation of oil and gas reserves, it is discovered that the production decline trend of wells is not very obvious and that it is hard to make a production forecast matching the production history, thus resulting in a significant deviation of oil and gas asset value. For production with a significant fluctuation, the value deviation is also considerable if the matching production, which is predicted with classical decline methods, cannot appropriately reflect the time value distribution of actual production. To mitigate such a deviation, a concept is proposed concerning the value constrained production forecast and the value constrained production decline model is developed. A field case is demonstrated as an application of such a model. The model can significantly decrease the risk in the value deviation of a production decline analysis and be applied to the production forecasts for a single well, well clusters, blocks or field scale, and even for other mining industries.展开更多
The fluid flow at a constant rate from both an infinite reservoir and a finite reservoir into a line source well were considered. Analytical solutions of the partial differential equation that governs the transient fl...The fluid flow at a constant rate from both an infinite reservoir and a finite reservoir into a line source well were considered. Analytical solutions of the partial differential equation that governs the transient flow of fluid through a fractal reservoir were given by using the Laplace transformation and the property of the Bessel function for an infinite reservoir and finite circular reservoir. A large-time approximation solution for an infinite reservoir was also studied. Pressure transient behavior of fluid flow in fractal reservoir was analyzed by using analytical solution. Typical pressure curves were shown. An example was analyzed by using a large-time approximation solution for an infinite reservoir, and fractal parameters were obtained by employing oil reservoir description.展开更多
The applicability of early time data in reservoir characterization is not always considered worthy.Early time data is usually controlled by wellbore storage effect.This effect may last for pseudo-radial flow or even b...The applicability of early time data in reservoir characterization is not always considered worthy.Early time data is usually controlled by wellbore storage effect.This effect may last for pseudo-radial flow or even boundary dominated flow.Eliminating this effect is an option for restoring real data.Using the data with this effect is another option that could be used successfully for reservoir characterization.This paper introduces new techniques for restoring disrupted data by wellbore storage at early time production.The proposed techniques are applicable for reservoirs depleted by horizontal wells and hydraulic fractures.Several analytical models describe early time data,controlled by wellbore storage effect,have been generated for both horizontal wells and horizontal wells intersecting multiple hydraulic fractures.The relationships of the peak points(humps)with the pressure,pressure derivative and production time have been mathematically formulated in this study for different wellbore storage coefficients.For horizontal wells,a complete set of type curves has been included for different wellbore lengths,skin factors and wellbore storage coefficients.Another complete set of type curves has been established for fractured formations based on the number of hydraulic fractures,spacing between fractures,and wellbore storage coefficient.The study has shown that early radial flow for short to moderate horizontal wells is the most affected by wellbore storage while for long horizontal wells;early linear flow is the most affected flow regime by wellbore storage effect.The study has also emphasized the applicability of early time data for characterizing the formations even though they could be controlled by wellbore storage effect.As a matter of fact,this paper has found out that wellbore storage dominated flow could have remarkable relationships with the other flow regimes might be developed during the entire production times.These relationships can be used to properly describe the formations and quantify some of their characteristics.展开更多
Compositional reservoir simulation is an important tool to model fluid flow in oil and gas reservoirs.Important investment decisions regarding oil recovery methods are based on simulation results,where hundred or even...Compositional reservoir simulation is an important tool to model fluid flow in oil and gas reservoirs.Important investment decisions regarding oil recovery methods are based on simulation results,where hundred or even thousand of different runs are performed.In this work,a new methodology using artificial intelligence to learn the thermodynamic equilibrium is proposed.This algorithm is used to replace the classical equilibrium workflow in reservoir simulation.The new method avoids the stability test for single-phase cells in most cases and provides an accurate two-phase flash initial estimate.The classical and the new workflow are compared for a gas-oil mixing case,showing a simulation time speed-up of approximately 50%.The new method can be used in compositional reservoir simulations.展开更多
文摘Reservoir engineering is the term used in quantum control and information technologies to describe manipulating the environment within which an open quantum system operates. Reservoir engineering is essential in applications where storing quantum information is required. From the control theory perspective, a quantum system is capable of storing quantum information if it possesses a so-called decoherence free subsystem （DFS）. This paper explores pole placement techniques to facilitate synthesis of decoherence free subsystems via coherent quantum feedback control. We discuss limitations of the conventional ＇open loop＇ approach and propose a constructive feedback design methodology for decoherence free subsystem engineering. It captures a quite general dynamic coherent feedback structure which allows systems with decoherence free modes to be synthesized from components which do not have such modes.
文摘Traditional Numerical Reservoir Simulation has been contributing to the oil and gas industry for decades.The current state of this technology is the result of decades of research and development by a large number of engineers and scientists.Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s,advances in computer hardware along with development and adaptation of clever algorithms resulted in a paradigm shift in reservoir studies moving them from simplified analogs and analytical solution methods to more mathematically robust computational and numerical solution models.
文摘To help determine in what ways virtual reality(VR)technologies may benefit reservoir engineering workflows,we conducted a usability study on a prototype VR tool for performing reservoir model analysis tasks.By leveraging the strengths of VR technologies,this tool’s aim is to help advance reservoir analysis workflows beyond conventional methods by improving how one understands,analyzes,and interacts with reservoir model visualizations.To evaluate our tool’s VR approach to this,the study presented herein was conducted with reservoir engineering experts who used the VR tool to perform three common reservoir model analysis tasks:the spatial filtering of model cells using movable planes,the cross-comparison of multiple models,and well path planning.Our study found that accomplishing these tasks with the VR tool was generally regarded as easier,quicker,more effective,and more intuitive than traditional model analysis software while maintaining a feeling of low task workload on average.Overall,participants provided positive feedback regarding their experience with using VR to perform reservoir engineering work tasks,and in general,it was found to improve multi-model cross-analysis and rough object manipulation in 3D.This indicates the potential for VR to be better than conventional means for some work tasks and participants also expressed they could see it best utilized as an addition to current software in their reservoir model analysis workflows.There were,however,some concerns voiced when considering the full adoption of VR into their work that would be best first addressed before this took place.
文摘This paper analyzes the significance of anti-seepage design and summarizes the common technology of anti-seepage design, and studies how to do a good job of anti-seepage design. Through the research, it can help the designers to better grasp the key points of dam seepage design and prolong the service life of the dam.
基金financially supported by the Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company
文摘Located in Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, Foroozan Oilfield has been producing hydrocarbons via seven different reservoirs since the 1970 s. However, understanding fluid interactions and horizontal continuity within each reservoir has proved complicated in this field. This study aims to determine the degree of intra-reservoir compartmentalization using gas geochemistry, light hydrocarbon components, and petroleum bulk properties, comparing the results with those obtained from reservoir engineering indicators. For this purpose, a total of 11 samples of oil and associated gas taken from different producing wells in from the Yammama Reservoir were selected. Clear distinctions, in terms of gas isotopic signature and composition, between the wells located in northern and southern parts of the reservoir(i.e. lighter δ13 C1, lower methane concentration, and negative sulfur isotope in the southern part) and light hydrocarbon ratios(e.g. nC 7/toluene, 2,6-dmC7/1,1,3-tmcyC5 and m-xylene/4-mC8) in different oil samples indicated two separate compartments. Gradual variations in a number of petroleum bulk properties(API gravity, V/Ni ratios and asphaltene concentration) provided additional evidence on the reservoir-filling direction, signifying that a horizontal equilibrium between reservoir fluids across the Yammama Reservoir is yet to be achieved. Finally, differences in water-oil contacts and reservoir types further confirmed the compartmentalization of the reservoir into two separate compartments.
文摘Data-driven approaches and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms are promising enough to be relied on even more than physics-based methods;their main feed is data which is the fundamental element of each phenomenon.These algorithms learn from data and unveil unseen patterns out of it The petroleum industry as a realm where huge volumes of data are generated every second is of great interest to this new technology.As the oil and gas industry is in the transition phase to oilfield digitization,there has been an increased drive to integrate data-driven modeling and machine learning(ML)algorithms in different petroleum engineering challenges.ML has been widely used in different areas of the industry.Many extensive studies have been devoted to exploring AI applicability in various disciplines of this industry;however,lack of two main features is noticeable.Most of the research is either not practical enough to be applicable in real-field challenges or limited to a specific problem and not generalizable.Attention must be given to data itself and the way it is classified and stored.Although there are sheer volumes of data coming from different disciplines,they reside in departmental silos and are not accessible by consumers.In order to derive as much insight as possible out of data,the data needs to be stored in a centralized repository from where the data can be readily consumed by different applications.
文摘In China,there are a lot of high-sulfur gas reservoirs with total proved reserves of over 1 trillion m3,most of which were discovered in the Sichuan Basin.Most high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China,distributed in marine carbonate zones,are characterized by great buried depths,complex geologic conditions,high temperatures,high pressures,high H_(2)S and CO_(2) content,presenting various challenges in gas field development engineering and production safety.Since the development of Sinian high-sulfur gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin started in the 1960s,Wolonghe,Zhongba and other medium to small-scale gas reservoirs with medium to low sulfur content have been developed.Ever since 2009,successful production of Longgang and Puguang in the Sichuan Basin,together with some other high-sulfur gas reservoirs highlighted the breakthroughs in development technologies for high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China.This paper reviews the progress made in gas reservoir engineering,drilling and completion engineering,gas production,pipeline transportation,corrosion control,natural gas purification,HSE and other aspects with consideration of specific requirements related to safe,clean and high-efficient development of highsulfur gas reservoirs since the“12th Five-Year Plan”period.Finally,considering the challenges in the development of high-sulfur gas reservoirs in China,we summarized the trend in future technological development with the following goals of reducing risks,minimizing environmental damages,and enhancing the efficiency of high-sulfur gas reservoir development.
基金support from NSFC(Grant No.11574330 and No.11434011),NSFC(Grants No.11974040 and No.1171101295)MOST(Grant No.2017FA0304500)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23000000)support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301200)NSAF(Grant No.U1930402)。
文摘We study theoretically the generation of strong entanglement of two mechanical oscillators in an unresolved-sideband optomechanical cavity,using a reservoir engineering approach.In our proposal,the effect of unwanted counter-rotating terms is suppressed via destructive quantum interference by the optical field of two auxiliary cavities.For arbitrary values of the optomechanical interaction,the entanglement is obtained numerically.In the weak-coupling regime,we derive an analytical expression for the entanglement of the two mechanical oscillators based on an effective master equation,and obtain the optimal parameters to achieve strong entanglement.Our analytical results are in accord with numerical simulations.
基金The APC of this article is covered by Research Grant YUTP 015LCO-526。
文摘This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),in unconventional oil reservoirs.The simulation is conducted for different parameters of volume fractions,porosities,and mass flow rates to determine the optimal oil recovery.The impact of nanoparticles on relative permeability(kr)and water is also investigated.The simulation process utilizes the finite volume ANSYS Fluent.The study results showed that when the mass flow rate at the inlet is low,oil recovery goes up.In addition,they indicated that silicon nanoparticles are better at getting oil out of the ground(i.e.,oil reservoir)than Al_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Most oil can be extracted from SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)at a rate of 97.8%,96.5%,and 88%,respectively.
文摘For the case of a fractured reservoir surrounded by deformable rocks, the appropriateness and applicability of the two common methods of coupling of flow and deformation, explicit (coupled) and implicit (uncoupled) methods are investigated. The explicit formulation is capable of modelling surrounding media;while the implicit coupling is unable to do so as deformation vector does not appear as a primary variable in the formulation. The governing differential equations and the finite element approximation of the governing equations for each of the methods are presented. Spatial discretization is achieved using the Galerkin method, and temporal discretisation using the finite difference technique. In the explicit model, coupling between flow and deformation is captured through volumetric strain compatibility amongst the phases within the system. In the implicit model, this is achieved by defining the pore space storativity as a function of the formation compressibility and the compressibility of the fluid phases within the pore space. The impact of rock deformability on early, intermediate and late time responses of fractured reservoir is investigated through several numerical examples. Salient features of each formulation are discussed and highlighted. It is shown that the implicit model is unable to capture the constraining effects of a non-yielding, surrounding rock, leading to incorrect projections of reservoir production irrespective of the history matching strategy adopted.
基金Project supported by the National Major Scientific and Technological Project,“Key Development Technologies for Natural Gas”(Grant No.2011ZX05015).
文摘By virtue of unique technical and economical advantages,horizontal well development has become a key technology in the high-efficiency development of tight gas reservoirs,however,this has worked unsatisfactorily in unstratified gas reservoirs.In this paper,the orientation and coverage of gas-bearing sand bodies(in isolated distribution)of Member 8 of Permian Lower Shihezi Fm in the Sulige Gasfield were analyzed by means of outcrop analogy,geostatistical analysis and pilot tests of dense well patterns.Then,four gas-bearing sand distribution patterns suitable for the deployment of horizontal wells in Member 8 were proposed according to the precise geological anatomy results of dense well patterns.These patterns include thick massive isolated pattern,vertically superimposed pattern with physical interlayers,vertically superimposed pattern with argillaceous interlayers and lateral sugar-coated haw string pattern.Based on the statistics on gas-bearing sand bodies drilled by horizontal well drilling,the drilled gas-bearing sand bodies are 670-1300 m long.Based on production data correction,numerical simulation and economic evaluation,the length of rational horizontal sections were optimized by performing a case study of the vertically superimposed reservoirs with physical interlayers in the typical well group SuX-18-36 of Su-X Block.It is indicated that the rational horizontal well length within 1200 m in the Sulige Gasfield under current economic and technical conditions.This paper provides a technical support for the highefficiency development of the Sulige Gasfield in the future.
文摘In recent years, Chinas urbanization construction develops rapidly, and water conservancy projects, as environmental protection, agricultural irrigation, domestic water and other important infrastructure, play a huge role. Among them, the reservoir is an important part of the water conservancy project, and it is also very important to strengthen its reinforcement construction management. Next, this paper will focus on the analysis of the main problems existing in the construction management of reservoir reinforcement in China, such as the insufficient ability of construction personnel, the management system needs to be improved, and put forward the corresponding solutions in order to improve the construction quality of reservoir reinforcement in China.
基金Chinese Postdoctoral Fund and National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Known as an engineered reservoir due to fluctuations in trap parameter,a classical source of quantum decoherence is considered for a single trapped ion theoretically.For simplicity it is assumed that the fluctuations involved are white noise processes,which enables us to give a simple master equation description of this source of decoherence.Our results show that the decoherence rate depends on the vibrational quantum number in different ways corresponding to the vibrational excitation sideband used there.Besides,this source of decoherence also leads to occurrence of dissipation in the ion system.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation project(SBK2021045820)the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation general Project(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0624)+1 种基金the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology(2022WLKXJ002)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX22_2600).
文摘The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72088101)。
文摘Aiming at the actual demands of petroleum exploration and development,this paper describes the research progress and application of artificial intelligence(AI)in petroleum exploration and development,and discusses the applications and development directions of AI in the future.Machine learning has been preliminarily applied in lithology identification,logging curve reconstruction,reservoir parameter estimation,and other logging processing and interpretation,exhibiting great potential.Computer vision is effective in picking of seismic first breaks,fault identification,and other seismic processing and interpretation.Deep learning and optimization technology have been applied to reservoir engineering,and realized the real-time optimization of waterflooding development and prediction of oil and gas production.The application of data mining in drilling,completion,and surface facility engineering etc.has resulted in intelligent equipment and integrated software.The potential development directions of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development are intelligent production equipment,automatic processing and interpretation,and professional software platform.The highlights of development will be digital basins,fast intelligent imaging logging tools,intelligent seismic nodal acquisition systems,intelligent rotary-steering drilling,intelligent fracturing technology and equipment,real-time monitoring and control of zonal injection and production.
文摘In the asset valuation of oil and gas reserves, it is discovered that the production decline trend of wells is not very obvious and that it is hard to make a production forecast matching the production history, thus resulting in a significant deviation of oil and gas asset value. For production with a significant fluctuation, the value deviation is also considerable if the matching production, which is predicted with classical decline methods, cannot appropriately reflect the time value distribution of actual production. To mitigate such a deviation, a concept is proposed concerning the value constrained production forecast and the value constrained production decline model is developed. A field case is demonstrated as an application of such a model. The model can significantly decrease the risk in the value deviation of a production decline analysis and be applied to the production forecasts for a single well, well clusters, blocks or field scale, and even for other mining industries.
文摘The fluid flow at a constant rate from both an infinite reservoir and a finite reservoir into a line source well were considered. Analytical solutions of the partial differential equation that governs the transient flow of fluid through a fractal reservoir were given by using the Laplace transformation and the property of the Bessel function for an infinite reservoir and finite circular reservoir. A large-time approximation solution for an infinite reservoir was also studied. Pressure transient behavior of fluid flow in fractal reservoir was analyzed by using analytical solution. Typical pressure curves were shown. An example was analyzed by using a large-time approximation solution for an infinite reservoir, and fractal parameters were obtained by employing oil reservoir description.
文摘The applicability of early time data in reservoir characterization is not always considered worthy.Early time data is usually controlled by wellbore storage effect.This effect may last for pseudo-radial flow or even boundary dominated flow.Eliminating this effect is an option for restoring real data.Using the data with this effect is another option that could be used successfully for reservoir characterization.This paper introduces new techniques for restoring disrupted data by wellbore storage at early time production.The proposed techniques are applicable for reservoirs depleted by horizontal wells and hydraulic fractures.Several analytical models describe early time data,controlled by wellbore storage effect,have been generated for both horizontal wells and horizontal wells intersecting multiple hydraulic fractures.The relationships of the peak points(humps)with the pressure,pressure derivative and production time have been mathematically formulated in this study for different wellbore storage coefficients.For horizontal wells,a complete set of type curves has been included for different wellbore lengths,skin factors and wellbore storage coefficients.Another complete set of type curves has been established for fractured formations based on the number of hydraulic fractures,spacing between fractures,and wellbore storage coefficient.The study has shown that early radial flow for short to moderate horizontal wells is the most affected by wellbore storage while for long horizontal wells;early linear flow is the most affected flow regime by wellbore storage effect.The study has also emphasized the applicability of early time data for characterizing the formations even though they could be controlled by wellbore storage effect.As a matter of fact,this paper has found out that wellbore storage dominated flow could have remarkable relationships with the other flow regimes might be developed during the entire production times.These relationships can be used to properly describe the formations and quantify some of their characteristics.
文摘Compositional reservoir simulation is an important tool to model fluid flow in oil and gas reservoirs.Important investment decisions regarding oil recovery methods are based on simulation results,where hundred or even thousand of different runs are performed.In this work,a new methodology using artificial intelligence to learn the thermodynamic equilibrium is proposed.This algorithm is used to replace the classical equilibrium workflow in reservoir simulation.The new method avoids the stability test for single-phase cells in most cases and provides an accurate two-phase flash initial estimate.The classical and the new workflow are compared for a gas-oil mixing case,showing a simulation time speed-up of approximately 50%.The new method can be used in compositional reservoir simulations.
