Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from &...Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from 'The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997', launched by State Family Planning Commission of China(SFPCC). This paper used only a part of the collected data, namely initial sex of married reproductive women. Results Only 6.45 percent of married reproductive women used contraceptives at their initial sex. Most contraceptive methods used at initial sex were condom, oral contraceptives and rhythm. Intention of pregnancy, forgetting orignorance of using contraceptive were main reasons for not using contraceptives at initial sex. The married reproductive women with lower proportion of using contraceptives at initial sex were of the following characteristics: living in rural area, aged, with lower education or husband of lower education level, not taking courses for newly married couple, not having heard of HIV/AIDs and with lower contraceptive knowledge marks. Contraceptives choice at initial sex among married reproductive women was associated with women's registered permanent residence, age, education level, contraceptive knowledge, initial marriage age, having taken courses for newly married, having heard of STDs or HIV/AIDs. Conclusion The key points of maternal and children care are reinforcing contraceptive knowledge education among the unmarried and newly married women, promoting contraceptive awareness and spreading knowledge to those who have no pregnant intention.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to assess breast cancer(BC)awareness among reproductive women in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),identify influencing factors,and propose feasible interventions or programs.Methods:We...Objective:This study aimed to assess breast cancer(BC)awareness among reproductive women in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),identify influencing factors,and propose feasible interventions or programs.Methods:We followed a 5-step process using a modified version of Arksey and O’Malley framework methodology.A comprehensive search was conducted on the Embase,PubMed,and CINAHL electronic databases for literature published within 10 years(from 2012 to 2022).Results:Thirty-three papers published between 2012 and 2020,spanning 18 countries,were included.Of these,45.6%described a good level of knowledge,while 24.2%reported that women at reproductive ages had good awareness.Twelve influencing factors were identified in 3 categories:socio-demographic(family history,personal history,marital status,age,religion,income status,living place,and occupation),personal(self-efficacy,education,and perceived level),and external(advertisements promoting awareness).Educational programs were recommended in most(>72%)of the included studies.Conclusions:While most studies reported high levels of knowledge and awareness,some found low prevalence among certain groups.Factors affecting knowledge and awareness were classified into socio-demographic,personal,and external categories,with socio-demographic factors such as age,education,income,and marital status being the most frequently cited.The studies recommended implementing educational programs,health prevention strategies,and social interventions to increase BC knowledge and awareness.展开更多
Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitudes about hepatitis B (HBV) infection among women of reproductive age in China, exploring the factors that influence their understanding of the disease and their perception...Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitudes about hepatitis B (HBV) infection among women of reproductive age in China, exploring the factors that influence their understanding of the disease and their perceptions toward individuals infected with HBV. Methods: A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, using purposive sampling to select 114 women of reproductive age from a community in Shandong Province, China. Data were collected through two structured questionnaires: one assessing HBV knowledge and the other measuring attitudes toward HBV. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including chi-squared tests and Spearman correlation analysis, were used to examine relationships between demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. Results: The majority of participants demonstrated low knowledge about Hepatitis B, with 99.1% scoring within the low knowledge range. However, respondents exhibited generally positive attitudes toward prevention and inclusion. Significant associations were found between vaccination history and better knowledge scores, as well as between familial exposure and increased knowledge and positive attitudes. A weak inverse relationship between knowledge and attitudes was observed, suggesting that higher knowledge did not necessarily correlate with more favorable attitudes. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gaps in knowledge about Hepatitis B among women of reproductive age, despite positive attitudes toward prevention and social inclusion. Vaccination history and familial exposure were key factors associated with better knowledge and more supportive attitudes. These findings suggest the need for targeted health education strategies that address both knowledge gaps and emotional factors to improve attitudes and enhance preventive behaviors.展开更多
To investigate how well the married reproductive women in China have the contraceptive knowledge and its influencing factors Data & Methods The data derived from “The national survey on population and reproduct...To investigate how well the married reproductive women in China have the contraceptive knowledge and its influencing factors Data & Methods The data derived from “The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997” executed by State Family Planning Commission (SFPC) were analyzed. Results It showed that the contraceptive knowledge of married reproductive women was poor in China. Only 5.9% of women got full mark (4 points) in the survey and 42.5% of them got zero. In this survey, married reproductive women got lower marks were those who were older, in rural area, with low education levels themselves and their husbands; with a non Han husband, later menarche onset and earlier marriage; who had never received gynecological examination, or courses for newly married. Conclusion Spreading contraceptive knowledge among married reproductive women should be one of the central missions of family planning services in future. The focus should be put on those women we mentioned above. Regular gynecological examinations should be carried out and the education for newly married people should be more efficient. When the courses of contraceptive knowledge are provided,both husband and wife should attend.展开更多
To analyze the age of menarche of Chinese reproductive women and some related factors. Material & Methods The data used in this paper was collected through 'National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey...To analyze the age of menarche of Chinese reproductive women and some related factors. Material & Methods The data used in this paper was collected through 'National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey' of China in 1997. Results The menarche age declined successively and dramatically, from 16.45 years of the women born in 1947～1949 to 13.86 of those born in 1980～1982, decreasing by 0.65 years per decade. Conclusions The results revealed that some factors such as residence, year of birth, nationality, education level and living region had effects on the menarche age.展开更多
Background: Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia treatments have become essential interventions to manage cervical lesions. Most recipients are women of reproductive age who, as reported in the literature, may be at ris...Background: Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia treatments have become essential interventions to manage cervical lesions. Most recipients are women of reproductive age who, as reported in the literature, may be at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study investigated the risk of abortions, prematurity, stillbirths, and prolonged labor among reproductive-age women following Cryotherapy, Thermal ablation, and Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure treatments in Zambia. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed records of 8000 women aged 15 - 49 years at the Adult Infectious Disease Control Centre using records between January 2010 and December 2020. Women constituting the treatment group were all respondents treated by cryotherapy, thermal ablation, and LEEP, while the control group were VIA negative women. Women from both groups were invited to answer a phone survey. Data were analyzed using Stata version 16;descriptive analysis estimated the prevalence and obtained the frequency distribution of abortion, prematurity, prolonged labor and fresh stillbiths. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test established the associations of CIN and APOs at 95% Confidence intervals. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression estimated the odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes across the three treatments. Results: Adverse pregnancy outcomes were more prevalent in the treatment group (39.2%) compared to the untreated group (16.9%). Across the two groups, normal outcomes were lower in the treated (42.3% vs 57.7%). The treated group accounted for the majority of abortions (74.5% vs 25.5%) and prolonged labor (72.5% vs 27.5%), while the untreated group accounted for higher proportions of stillbirths (66.7% vs 33.3%) and prematurity (53% vs 47%). Adverse pregnancy outcomes were five and two times more likely in women treated with thermal ablation (aOR = 5.05, 95% CI = 4.01 - 6.36, p Conclusion: Cervical treatment among Zambian women increases the risk of abortion and prolongs labor. Therefore, caution should be taken when administered to those of reproductive age. Vigilant monitoring should be maintained during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum to improve maternal and neonatal health.展开更多
The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) of obstetrics and gynecology (OBS/GYN) emerged eventually with more than 40 years’ hard struggle, and one of the most promising articles is the integrati...The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) of obstetrics and gynecology (OBS/GYN) emerged eventually with more than 40 years’ hard struggle, and one of the most promising articles is the integration of the masterpieces of menstrual disorder and infertility in TCM and the virtual explosion of new knowledge and methods in展开更多
Introduction: In Nigeria, one of the major reasons for marriage is procreation and married couples look forward to having children within a year or two of marriage. The age of marriage is on the increase in this part ...Introduction: In Nigeria, one of the major reasons for marriage is procreation and married couples look forward to having children within a year or two of marriage. The age of marriage is on the increase in this part of the world. Many women are now increasingly getting engulfed in career and academic pursuits at the detriment of early marriage. Many men are also not interested in marrying women who have no job. There is age-related acceleration of primordial follicle depletion which is of great clinical importance because it is associated with a significant decrease in fecundity. Objective: This study assessed the ages of the marriage of women who attended Fertility and Antenatal clinics at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital, Abakaliki, and their relationship with the fertility pattern of these women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 352 consenting married women who sought and received fertility and Antenatal care at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria between February 1, 2022 and January 31, 2024. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the participants over a two-year period. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. A test of statistical significance was done using Chi Square. Results: The age group with the highest education was 26 - 30. This was statistically significant (X2 = 90.893, P-value 2 = 294.555, P-value 2 = 173.007, p-value 2 = 129.494, P-value 2 = 169.300, p-value 2 = 279.230, p-value Conclusion: There is increased difficulty at conception at marriage age above 25 years. The major reasons for delayed marriage were academic pursuit and lack of gainful employment. Education of the masses and inclusion of biological dynamics of the female reproductive behaviours as part of the core school curriculum will help enlighten the female and the male folks alike to enable them to make informed decisions with regard to the timing of marriage and commencement of procreation. This will help reduce infertility and save millions of couples the agony associated with infertility.展开更多
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide.Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction.However,th...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide.Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction.However,the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health,such as ovarian dysfunction,are scarce.In this case-control study,the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure(POF)and reproductive hormones in Chinese women were investigated,with recruiting 157 POF patients and 217 healthy women.The serum levels of 12 types of PAHs,as well as reproductive hormones,including follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone and anti-mullerian hormone,were determined.In the logistic regression models,most individual PAH congeners showed significantly positive correlations with the risk of POF(p<0.05),except for fluorine and pyrene.Benzo(a)pyrene(BaP),as the most carcinogenic PAH congener,was observed to be significantly positively associated with the risk of POF.After adjustment for age,body mass index,educational levels and household income,per one-unit increase in the log-transformed BaP concentration was significantly correlated with 2.191-fold increased risk of POF(OR=2.191,95%CI:1.634-2.938,p<0.05).To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report an association between internal exposure levels of PAHs and the increased risk of POF in women.展开更多
Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem accounting for continuous female death in developing countries.Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally with an estimated number of 500,0...Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem accounting for continuous female death in developing countries.Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally with an estimated number of 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 273,000 mortalities annually.Cervical screening is the best cancer screening test in the history of medicine and most cost-effective of all medical screening tests.The study review aimed to highlight methods of cervical cancer prevention,identify the uptake of cervical screening among women,and explain the role of nurses in uptake of cervical screening.Cervical cancer is preventable and easily treatable if it is detected at early stages,but poor information on prevention and access to screening and treatment contributes to 90%of deaths.In the developing countries such as Nigeria,a large proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages,with poor rates of survival.The three main methods for preventing cervical cancer are through primary prevention(human papillomavirus vaccination and health education),secondary prevention(cervical screening,early detection of precancerous lesions,and treatment),and tertiary prevention(measures to slow the progression or recurrence,surgical removal,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy).Nurses can help improve the acceptability of this neglected promise by focusing on health education on cervical screening and vaccination in prenatal clinics and infant welfare clinics where there are more women.Inclusion of cyberspace could also serve as a successful and popular platform for this health teaching.All nurses/midwives must preach and fervently work toward the WHO 90–70–90 plan for eradicating cervical cancer.展开更多
Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron...Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron deficiency.Globally,iron deficiency is responsible for around 50%of all anemia cases and contributes to approximately 841,000 deaths each year.Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of Unani formulation for treating IDA in reproductive age group women.Methods This clinical trial was a single-blind,randomized,standard-controlled study involving 30 women aged 18 to 45 years,all of whom completed the trial.Participants were randomized between two groups of 15 each using block randomization,receiving either 20 mL Sharbat Anar Shireen(juice of Punica granatum Linn.)(test group)or elemental iron 100 mg(control group)once daily after food with water for 30 days.The primary outcomes were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale,Grading of Pallor,and the Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire,assessed at baseline and at fortnightly follow-ups.The secondary outcome included changes in haemoglobin percentage,measured before and after treatment.An additional follow-up was conducted one-month post-treatment to assess sustained effects.Safety assessments were evaluated through routine clinical evaluations and monitoring of adverse effects.Results This study demonstrated the significant effect of Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum),a Unani formulation in improving both subjective and objective parameters.After one month of treatment,both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements(P<0.001)in the Fatigue Severity Scale,Pallor Grading,and Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire at every assessment point.Intergroup analysis exhibited no significant differences(P>0.05),except for enhanced exercise capacity and reduced fatigue,which showed a statistically significant improvement in the test group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Objective parameters,including haemoglobin percentage,significantly improved in both groups after treatment(P<0.001)with intergroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference(P<0.005).Conclusion This RCT demonstrated that Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum)is a safe and effective intervention for iron deficiency anemia.Both groups exhibited significant improvements(P<0.001),with the test group exhibiting greater efficacy in reducing fatigue and improving haemoglobin levels(P<0.005).Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm these findings.展开更多
Background:Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)is prevalent among women of reproductive age,leading to adverse effects on health and quality of life.IDA affects an estimated 30%of the global population.While iron supple-mentat...Background:Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)is prevalent among women of reproductive age,leading to adverse effects on health and quality of life.IDA affects an estimated 30%of the global population.While iron supple-mentation remains the standard treatment,adherence to therapy and side effects often limit its effectiveness.Majun-e-khabsul hadeed,a traditional Unani formulation,is believed to have therapeutic effects on anemia.However,scientific evidence on its efficacy remains sparse.Objective:The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Majun-e-khabsul hadeed in comparison with standard therapy on iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 120 women of reproductive age diagnosed with Iron Deficiency Anemia.Participants were randomly assigned to two groups:one receiving Majun-e-khabsul hadeed 5 g twice daily and the other receiving standard oral iron supplementation,Tab Orofer XT 1 BD.The pri-mary outcomes will include changes in hemoglobin levels and serum ferritin,while secondary outcomes include changes in RBC indices.All parameters were assessed before and after treatment.Results:Significant changes were observed in primary outcome measures i.e.both Hb%and serum ferritin with P<0.05 in both primary and secondary outcome measures.Conclusion:Majun-e-khabsul hadeed group experienced a significant increase in Hb from baseline but had a lower post-treatment haemoglobin compared to the control group,hence demonstrating non-inferiority trend towards Tab Orofer in improving hemoglobin levels and managing iron deficiency anemia.However,since no non-inferiority margin was specified a priori,the results should be interpreted as exploratory rather than confirmatory.Both treatments were well-tolerated,with Majune khabsul hadeed showing a slightly better safety profile.Majune khabsul hadeed can provide comparable efficacy with potentially fewer side effects,supporting its use in iron-deficiency anemia treatment protocols.展开更多
Objectives:Electronic health records(EHRs)offer valuable real-world data(RWD)for Chinese medicine research.However,significant methodological challenges remain in developing integrative Chinese-Western medicine(ICWM)d...Objectives:Electronic health records(EHRs)offer valuable real-world data(RWD)for Chinese medicine research.However,significant methodological challenges remain in developing integrative Chinese-Western medicine(ICWM)databases.This study aims to establish a best-practice methodological framework,referred to as BRIDGE,to guide the construction of ICWM databases using EHRs.Methods:We developed the methodological framework through a comprehensive process,including systematic literature review,synthesis of empirical experiences,thematic expert discussions,and consultation with an external panel to reach consensus.Results:The BRIDGE framework outlines 6 core components for ICWM-EHR database development:Overall design,database architecture,data extraction and linkage,data governance,data verification,and data quality evaluation.Key data elements include variables related to study population,treatment or exposure,outcomes,and confounders.These databases support various research applications,particularly in evaluating the effectiveness and safety of integrative therapies.To demonstrate its practical value,we developed an ICWM-EHR database on women’s reproductive lifespan,encompassing 2,064,482 patients.This database captures women’s health conditions across the life course,from reproductive age to older adulthood.Conclusions:The BRIDGE methodological framework provides a standardized approach to building high-quality ICWM-EHR databases.It offers a unique opportunity to strengthen the methodological rigor and real-world relevance of Chinese medicine research in integrated healthcare settings.展开更多
To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of anemia of varying severity among women of reproductive age,we conducted a nationwide,cross-sectional study between January 1,2019 and December 31,2019,including 41...To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of anemia of varying severity among women of reproductive age,we conducted a nationwide,cross-sectional study between January 1,2019 and December 31,2019,including 4184547 nonpregnant women aged 18–49 years from all 31 provinces in the mainland of China.Anemia was defined as having hemoglobin concentration<120.0 g/L and categorized as mild,moderate,and severe.Multivariate logistic models with cluster effect were used to explore the association of anemia and metabolic risk factors.The standardized prevalence of anemia and moderate and worse anemia among women of reproductive age in China was 15.8%(95%CI 15.1%–16.6%)and 6.6%(6.3%–7.0%),respectively.The prevalence of anemia and the proportion of moderate and worse anemia significantly increased with age.We also observed great geographic variations in the prevalence of anemia,with a high likelihood in south,central,and northwest China.Moderate and/or severe anemia was positively associated with overweight and obesity,diabetes,and impaired kidney function.In conclusion,anemia remains a significant challenge for women of reproductive age in China.Geographic variations and metabolic risk factors should be considered in the comprehensive and targeting strategy for anemia reduction.展开更多
Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have ha...Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.展开更多
FROM 1992 to 1997, the All-China Women’s Federation organized and implemented a reproductive health program for Chinese women, which was sponsored by the American Ford Foundation. The program was divided into two pha...FROM 1992 to 1997, the All-China Women’s Federation organized and implemented a reproductive health program for Chinese women, which was sponsored by the American Ford Foundation. The program was divided into two phases. The first phase, lasting from 1992 to 1994, focused on locating problems and studying them. Women’s federations from 16 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions throughout China formed a research group and conducted extensive studies in a variety of fields while cooperating with experts from sociology,展开更多
DURING the past 40 years, society considered that women earned honor when they gave birth to children while they suffered physical and mental agony. However, they did not receive any substantial respect or material co...DURING the past 40 years, society considered that women earned honor when they gave birth to children while they suffered physical and mental agony. However, they did not receive any substantial respect or material compensation, nor did they have any say in choosing to have children. While seeking their展开更多
文摘Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from 'The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997', launched by State Family Planning Commission of China(SFPCC). This paper used only a part of the collected data, namely initial sex of married reproductive women. Results Only 6.45 percent of married reproductive women used contraceptives at their initial sex. Most contraceptive methods used at initial sex were condom, oral contraceptives and rhythm. Intention of pregnancy, forgetting orignorance of using contraceptive were main reasons for not using contraceptives at initial sex. The married reproductive women with lower proportion of using contraceptives at initial sex were of the following characteristics: living in rural area, aged, with lower education or husband of lower education level, not taking courses for newly married couple, not having heard of HIV/AIDs and with lower contraceptive knowledge marks. Contraceptives choice at initial sex among married reproductive women was associated with women's registered permanent residence, age, education level, contraceptive knowledge, initial marriage age, having taken courses for newly married, having heard of STDs or HIV/AIDs. Conclusion The key points of maternal and children care are reinforcing contraceptive knowledge education among the unmarried and newly married women, promoting contraceptive awareness and spreading knowledge to those who have no pregnant intention.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to assess breast cancer(BC)awareness among reproductive women in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),identify influencing factors,and propose feasible interventions or programs.Methods:We followed a 5-step process using a modified version of Arksey and O’Malley framework methodology.A comprehensive search was conducted on the Embase,PubMed,and CINAHL electronic databases for literature published within 10 years(from 2012 to 2022).Results:Thirty-three papers published between 2012 and 2020,spanning 18 countries,were included.Of these,45.6%described a good level of knowledge,while 24.2%reported that women at reproductive ages had good awareness.Twelve influencing factors were identified in 3 categories:socio-demographic(family history,personal history,marital status,age,religion,income status,living place,and occupation),personal(self-efficacy,education,and perceived level),and external(advertisements promoting awareness).Educational programs were recommended in most(>72%)of the included studies.Conclusions:While most studies reported high levels of knowledge and awareness,some found low prevalence among certain groups.Factors affecting knowledge and awareness were classified into socio-demographic,personal,and external categories,with socio-demographic factors such as age,education,income,and marital status being the most frequently cited.The studies recommended implementing educational programs,health prevention strategies,and social interventions to increase BC knowledge and awareness.
文摘Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitudes about hepatitis B (HBV) infection among women of reproductive age in China, exploring the factors that influence their understanding of the disease and their perceptions toward individuals infected with HBV. Methods: A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, using purposive sampling to select 114 women of reproductive age from a community in Shandong Province, China. Data were collected through two structured questionnaires: one assessing HBV knowledge and the other measuring attitudes toward HBV. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including chi-squared tests and Spearman correlation analysis, were used to examine relationships between demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. Results: The majority of participants demonstrated low knowledge about Hepatitis B, with 99.1% scoring within the low knowledge range. However, respondents exhibited generally positive attitudes toward prevention and inclusion. Significant associations were found between vaccination history and better knowledge scores, as well as between familial exposure and increased knowledge and positive attitudes. A weak inverse relationship between knowledge and attitudes was observed, suggesting that higher knowledge did not necessarily correlate with more favorable attitudes. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gaps in knowledge about Hepatitis B among women of reproductive age, despite positive attitudes toward prevention and social inclusion. Vaccination history and familial exposure were key factors associated with better knowledge and more supportive attitudes. These findings suggest the need for targeted health education strategies that address both knowledge gaps and emotional factors to improve attitudes and enhance preventive behaviors.
文摘To investigate how well the married reproductive women in China have the contraceptive knowledge and its influencing factors Data & Methods The data derived from “The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997” executed by State Family Planning Commission (SFPC) were analyzed. Results It showed that the contraceptive knowledge of married reproductive women was poor in China. Only 5.9% of women got full mark (4 points) in the survey and 42.5% of them got zero. In this survey, married reproductive women got lower marks were those who were older, in rural area, with low education levels themselves and their husbands; with a non Han husband, later menarche onset and earlier marriage; who had never received gynecological examination, or courses for newly married. Conclusion Spreading contraceptive knowledge among married reproductive women should be one of the central missions of family planning services in future. The focus should be put on those women we mentioned above. Regular gynecological examinations should be carried out and the education for newly married people should be more efficient. When the courses of contraceptive knowledge are provided,both husband and wife should attend.
文摘To analyze the age of menarche of Chinese reproductive women and some related factors. Material & Methods The data used in this paper was collected through 'National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey' of China in 1997. Results The menarche age declined successively and dramatically, from 16.45 years of the women born in 1947～1949 to 13.86 of those born in 1980～1982, decreasing by 0.65 years per decade. Conclusions The results revealed that some factors such as residence, year of birth, nationality, education level and living region had effects on the menarche age.
文摘Background: Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia treatments have become essential interventions to manage cervical lesions. Most recipients are women of reproductive age who, as reported in the literature, may be at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study investigated the risk of abortions, prematurity, stillbirths, and prolonged labor among reproductive-age women following Cryotherapy, Thermal ablation, and Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure treatments in Zambia. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed records of 8000 women aged 15 - 49 years at the Adult Infectious Disease Control Centre using records between January 2010 and December 2020. Women constituting the treatment group were all respondents treated by cryotherapy, thermal ablation, and LEEP, while the control group were VIA negative women. Women from both groups were invited to answer a phone survey. Data were analyzed using Stata version 16;descriptive analysis estimated the prevalence and obtained the frequency distribution of abortion, prematurity, prolonged labor and fresh stillbiths. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test established the associations of CIN and APOs at 95% Confidence intervals. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression estimated the odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes across the three treatments. Results: Adverse pregnancy outcomes were more prevalent in the treatment group (39.2%) compared to the untreated group (16.9%). Across the two groups, normal outcomes were lower in the treated (42.3% vs 57.7%). The treated group accounted for the majority of abortions (74.5% vs 25.5%) and prolonged labor (72.5% vs 27.5%), while the untreated group accounted for higher proportions of stillbirths (66.7% vs 33.3%) and prematurity (53% vs 47%). Adverse pregnancy outcomes were five and two times more likely in women treated with thermal ablation (aOR = 5.05, 95% CI = 4.01 - 6.36, p Conclusion: Cervical treatment among Zambian women increases the risk of abortion and prolongs labor. Therefore, caution should be taken when administered to those of reproductive age. Vigilant monitoring should be maintained during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum to improve maternal and neonatal health.
文摘The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) of obstetrics and gynecology (OBS/GYN) emerged eventually with more than 40 years’ hard struggle, and one of the most promising articles is the integration of the masterpieces of menstrual disorder and infertility in TCM and the virtual explosion of new knowledge and methods in
文摘Introduction: In Nigeria, one of the major reasons for marriage is procreation and married couples look forward to having children within a year or two of marriage. The age of marriage is on the increase in this part of the world. Many women are now increasingly getting engulfed in career and academic pursuits at the detriment of early marriage. Many men are also not interested in marrying women who have no job. There is age-related acceleration of primordial follicle depletion which is of great clinical importance because it is associated with a significant decrease in fecundity. Objective: This study assessed the ages of the marriage of women who attended Fertility and Antenatal clinics at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital, Abakaliki, and their relationship with the fertility pattern of these women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 352 consenting married women who sought and received fertility and Antenatal care at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria between February 1, 2022 and January 31, 2024. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the participants over a two-year period. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. A test of statistical significance was done using Chi Square. Results: The age group with the highest education was 26 - 30. This was statistically significant (X2 = 90.893, P-value 2 = 294.555, P-value 2 = 173.007, p-value 2 = 129.494, P-value 2 = 169.300, p-value 2 = 279.230, p-value Conclusion: There is increased difficulty at conception at marriage age above 25 years. The major reasons for delayed marriage were academic pursuit and lack of gainful employment. Education of the masses and inclusion of biological dynamics of the female reproductive behaviours as part of the core school curriculum will help enlighten the female and the male folks alike to enable them to make informed decisions with regard to the timing of marriage and commencement of procreation. This will help reduce infertility and save millions of couples the agony associated with infertility.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science of Foundation of China(No.LQ20B070005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2019FZJD007 and 2019QNA6008)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21876151 and 81703236)Project for Zhejiang Medical Technology Program(Nos.2018KY437,2016KYA049 and WKJ-ZJ-1621)
文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide.Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction.However,the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health,such as ovarian dysfunction,are scarce.In this case-control study,the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure(POF)and reproductive hormones in Chinese women were investigated,with recruiting 157 POF patients and 217 healthy women.The serum levels of 12 types of PAHs,as well as reproductive hormones,including follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone and anti-mullerian hormone,were determined.In the logistic regression models,most individual PAH congeners showed significantly positive correlations with the risk of POF(p<0.05),except for fluorine and pyrene.Benzo(a)pyrene(BaP),as the most carcinogenic PAH congener,was observed to be significantly positively associated with the risk of POF.After adjustment for age,body mass index,educational levels and household income,per one-unit increase in the log-transformed BaP concentration was significantly correlated with 2.191-fold increased risk of POF(OR=2.191,95%CI:1.634-2.938,p<0.05).To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report an association between internal exposure levels of PAHs and the increased risk of POF in women.
文摘Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem accounting for continuous female death in developing countries.Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally with an estimated number of 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 273,000 mortalities annually.Cervical screening is the best cancer screening test in the history of medicine and most cost-effective of all medical screening tests.The study review aimed to highlight methods of cervical cancer prevention,identify the uptake of cervical screening among women,and explain the role of nurses in uptake of cervical screening.Cervical cancer is preventable and easily treatable if it is detected at early stages,but poor information on prevention and access to screening and treatment contributes to 90%of deaths.In the developing countries such as Nigeria,a large proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages,with poor rates of survival.The three main methods for preventing cervical cancer are through primary prevention(human papillomavirus vaccination and health education),secondary prevention(cervical screening,early detection of precancerous lesions,and treatment),and tertiary prevention(measures to slow the progression or recurrence,surgical removal,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy).Nurses can help improve the acceptability of this neglected promise by focusing on health education on cervical screening and vaccination in prenatal clinics and infant welfare clinics where there are more women.Inclusion of cyberspace could also serve as a successful and popular platform for this health teaching.All nurses/midwives must preach and fervently work toward the WHO 90–70–90 plan for eradicating cervical cancer.
文摘Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron deficiency.Globally,iron deficiency is responsible for around 50%of all anemia cases and contributes to approximately 841,000 deaths each year.Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of Unani formulation for treating IDA in reproductive age group women.Methods This clinical trial was a single-blind,randomized,standard-controlled study involving 30 women aged 18 to 45 years,all of whom completed the trial.Participants were randomized between two groups of 15 each using block randomization,receiving either 20 mL Sharbat Anar Shireen(juice of Punica granatum Linn.)(test group)or elemental iron 100 mg(control group)once daily after food with water for 30 days.The primary outcomes were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale,Grading of Pallor,and the Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire,assessed at baseline and at fortnightly follow-ups.The secondary outcome included changes in haemoglobin percentage,measured before and after treatment.An additional follow-up was conducted one-month post-treatment to assess sustained effects.Safety assessments were evaluated through routine clinical evaluations and monitoring of adverse effects.Results This study demonstrated the significant effect of Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum),a Unani formulation in improving both subjective and objective parameters.After one month of treatment,both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements(P<0.001)in the Fatigue Severity Scale,Pallor Grading,and Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire at every assessment point.Intergroup analysis exhibited no significant differences(P>0.05),except for enhanced exercise capacity and reduced fatigue,which showed a statistically significant improvement in the test group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Objective parameters,including haemoglobin percentage,significantly improved in both groups after treatment(P<0.001)with intergroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference(P<0.005).Conclusion This RCT demonstrated that Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum)is a safe and effective intervention for iron deficiency anemia.Both groups exhibited significant improvements(P<0.001),with the test group exhibiting greater efficacy in reducing fatigue and improving haemoglobin levels(P<0.005).Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
基金supported by RGUHS vide No.21UNA368National Institute of unani Medicine。
文摘Background:Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)is prevalent among women of reproductive age,leading to adverse effects on health and quality of life.IDA affects an estimated 30%of the global population.While iron supple-mentation remains the standard treatment,adherence to therapy and side effects often limit its effectiveness.Majun-e-khabsul hadeed,a traditional Unani formulation,is believed to have therapeutic effects on anemia.However,scientific evidence on its efficacy remains sparse.Objective:The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Majun-e-khabsul hadeed in comparison with standard therapy on iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 120 women of reproductive age diagnosed with Iron Deficiency Anemia.Participants were randomly assigned to two groups:one receiving Majun-e-khabsul hadeed 5 g twice daily and the other receiving standard oral iron supplementation,Tab Orofer XT 1 BD.The pri-mary outcomes will include changes in hemoglobin levels and serum ferritin,while secondary outcomes include changes in RBC indices.All parameters were assessed before and after treatment.Results:Significant changes were observed in primary outcome measures i.e.both Hb%and serum ferritin with P<0.05 in both primary and secondary outcome measures.Conclusion:Majun-e-khabsul hadeed group experienced a significant increase in Hb from baseline but had a lower post-treatment haemoglobin compared to the control group,hence demonstrating non-inferiority trend towards Tab Orofer in improving hemoglobin levels and managing iron deficiency anemia.However,since no non-inferiority margin was specified a priori,the results should be interpreted as exploratory rather than confirmatory.Both treatments were well-tolerated,with Majune khabsul hadeed showing a slightly better safety profile.Majune khabsul hadeed can provide comparable efficacy with potentially fewer side effects,supporting its use in iron-deficiency anemia treatment protocols.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2024YFC3505800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82474334,82474335 and 72174132)+3 种基金National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.82225049)the Key Research&Development Projects of Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Nos.2024YFFK0174 and 2024YFFK0152)1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,West China Hospital,Sichuan University(Nos.ZYYC24010 and ZYGD23004)the Special Fund for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2024zd023).
文摘Objectives:Electronic health records(EHRs)offer valuable real-world data(RWD)for Chinese medicine research.However,significant methodological challenges remain in developing integrative Chinese-Western medicine(ICWM)databases.This study aims to establish a best-practice methodological framework,referred to as BRIDGE,to guide the construction of ICWM databases using EHRs.Methods:We developed the methodological framework through a comprehensive process,including systematic literature review,synthesis of empirical experiences,thematic expert discussions,and consultation with an external panel to reach consensus.Results:The BRIDGE framework outlines 6 core components for ICWM-EHR database development:Overall design,database architecture,data extraction and linkage,data governance,data verification,and data quality evaluation.Key data elements include variables related to study population,treatment or exposure,outcomes,and confounders.These databases support various research applications,particularly in evaluating the effectiveness and safety of integrative therapies.To demonstrate its practical value,we developed an ICWM-EHR database on women’s reproductive lifespan,encompassing 2,064,482 patients.This database captures women’s health conditions across the life course,from reproductive age to older adulthood.Conclusions:The BRIDGE methodological framework provides a standardized approach to building high-quality ICWM-EHR databases.It offers a unique opportunity to strengthen the methodological rigor and real-world relevance of Chinese medicine research in integrated healthcare settings.
基金supported by grants from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2022-I2M-2-001).
文摘To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of anemia of varying severity among women of reproductive age,we conducted a nationwide,cross-sectional study between January 1,2019 and December 31,2019,including 4184547 nonpregnant women aged 18–49 years from all 31 provinces in the mainland of China.Anemia was defined as having hemoglobin concentration<120.0 g/L and categorized as mild,moderate,and severe.Multivariate logistic models with cluster effect were used to explore the association of anemia and metabolic risk factors.The standardized prevalence of anemia and moderate and worse anemia among women of reproductive age in China was 15.8%(95%CI 15.1%–16.6%)and 6.6%(6.3%–7.0%),respectively.The prevalence of anemia and the proportion of moderate and worse anemia significantly increased with age.We also observed great geographic variations in the prevalence of anemia,with a high likelihood in south,central,and northwest China.Moderate and/or severe anemia was positively associated with overweight and obesity,diabetes,and impaired kidney function.In conclusion,anemia remains a significant challenge for women of reproductive age in China.Geographic variations and metabolic risk factors should be considered in the comprehensive and targeting strategy for anemia reduction.
文摘Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.
文摘FROM 1992 to 1997, the All-China Women’s Federation organized and implemented a reproductive health program for Chinese women, which was sponsored by the American Ford Foundation. The program was divided into two phases. The first phase, lasting from 1992 to 1994, focused on locating problems and studying them. Women’s federations from 16 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions throughout China formed a research group and conducted extensive studies in a variety of fields while cooperating with experts from sociology,
文摘DURING the past 40 years, society considered that women earned honor when they gave birth to children while they suffered physical and mental agony. However, they did not receive any substantial respect or material compensation, nor did they have any say in choosing to have children. While seeking their
