A unisexual species is generally associated with polyploidy, and reproduced by a unisexual reproduction mode, such as gyno- genesis, hybridogenesis or parthenogenesis. Compared with other unisexual and polyploid speci...A unisexual species is generally associated with polyploidy, and reproduced by a unisexual reproduction mode, such as gyno- genesis, hybridogenesis or parthenogenesis. Compared with other unisexual and polyploid species, gibel carp (Carassius au- ratus gibelio) has a higher ploidy level of hexaploid. It has undergone several successive rounds of genome polyploidy, and experienced an additional, more recent genome duplication event. More significantly, the dual reproduction modes, including gynogenesis and sexual reproduction, have been demonstrated to coexist in the polyploid gibel carp. This article reviews the genetic basis concerning polyploidy origin, clonal diversity and dual reproduction modes, and outlines the progress in new va- riety breeding and gene identification involved in the reproduction and early development. The data suggests that gibel carp are under an evolutionary trajectory of diploidization. As a novel evolutionary developmental (Evo-Devo) biology model, this work highlights future perspectives about the functional divergence of duplicated genes and the sexual origin of vertebrate animals.展开更多
5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)is a biological monoamine neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and gonads of crustaceans to induce gonadal maturation.To better understand the effects of 5-HT and its receptors on re...5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)is a biological monoamine neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and gonads of crustaceans to induce gonadal maturation.To better understand the effects of 5-HT and its receptors on reproductive development in Artemia,a 5-HT type 7 receptor gene(5-HT_(7Ar))was identified in parthenogenetic Artemia and characterized.Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of 5-HT_(7Ar) encodes a 414-aa protein.5-HT_(7Ar) showed higher expression in both brain and ovary at early embryo stage,5-HT_(7Ar) could be detected during ovarian development and the highest expression was observed at early embryo stage.Silencing of the 5-HT_(7Ar) in Artemia at early embryo stage decreased significantly the expression level of 5-HT_(7Ar) gene and protein at late oocyte,early embryo,and late embryo stage.Moreover,silencing of the 5-HT_(7Ar) resulted in a decreased fecundity,which corresponds to abnormal oocytes during the embryo development.Artemia tended to produce nauplii after the silencing of 5-HT_(7Ar),indicating that 5-HT_(7Ar) may also involve in the determination of its reproduction mode.The findings of this study provide an insight into the regulation of reproductive development in Artemia and the function of 5-HT_(7Ar).展开更多
Rates of protein evolution(d_(N)/d_(S))vary widely across the tree of life.In plants,both life-history traits and GC-biased gene conversion(gBGC)are thought to contribute to this variation,although disentangling their...Rates of protein evolution(d_(N)/d_(S))vary widely across the tree of life.In plants,both life-history traits and GC-biased gene conversion(gBGC)are thought to contribute to this variation,although disentangling their individual contributions remains a challenge.Using information on variation in life-history traits and molecular data in 148 species from Poaceae subfamilies Bambusoideae(mostly woody)and Pooideae(exclusively herbaceous),we investigated the relative importance of modes of reproduction and the non-selective forces of gBGC on protein evolutionary rates between the two subfamilies.Elevated rates of protein evolution associated with relaxed purifying selection were more evident in woody bamboos than in Pooideae and were better explained by reproductive modes than by traits that are likely proxies of effective population size.Although g BGC slightly reduced protein evolutionary rates in both subfamilies,its contribution had only a limited effect on molecular divergence between the groups.Forward simulations generally supported our empirical results on the influence of reproductive mode on selection and gBGC.Our findings from two sister lineages of the grass family provide evidence for association between protein evolution and lifehistory traits governing reproductive mode and enhance understanding of molecular evolution in plants with contrasting reproductive strategies.展开更多
Vertebrates have developed various modes of reproduction,some of which are found in Teleosts.Over 300 species of the Syngnathidae(seahorses,pipefishes and seadragons)exhibit male pregnancies;the males have specialized...Vertebrates have developed various modes of reproduction,some of which are found in Teleosts.Over 300 species of the Syngnathidae(seahorses,pipefishes and seadragons)exhibit male pregnancies;the males have specialized brood pouches that provide immune protection,nourishment,and oxygen regulation.Chemokines play a vital role at the mammalian maternal–fetal interface;however,their functions in fish reproduction are unclear.This study revealed the evolutionary traits and potential functions of chemokine genes in 22 oviparous,ovoviviparous,and viviparous fish species through comparative genomic analyses.Our results showed that chemokine gene copy numbers and evolutionary rates vary among species with different modes of reproduction.Syngnathidae lost cxcl13 and cxcr5,which are involved in key receptor–ligand pairs for lymphoid organ development.Notably,Syngnathidae have site-specific mutations in cxcl12b and ccl44,suggesting immune function during gestation.Moreover,transcriptome analysis revealed that chemokine gene expression varies among Syngnathidae species with different types of brood pouches,suggesting adaptive variations in chemokine functions among seahorses and their relatives.Furthermore,challenge experiments on seahorse brood pouches revealed a joint immune function of chemokine genes during male pregnancy.This study provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of chemokine genes associated with different reproductive modes in fish.展开更多
Certain freshwater planarians reproduce asexually as well as sexually,and their chromosomal ploidies include polyploidy,aneuploidy and mixoploidy.Previously,we successfully performed an experiment in which a clonal po...Certain freshwater planarians reproduce asexually as well as sexually,and their chromosomal ploidies include polyploidy,aneuploidy and mixoploidy.Previously,we successfully performed an experiment in which a clonal population produced by asexual reproduction of the Dugesia ryukyuensis(OH strain)switched to the sexual mode of reproduction.Worms of this strain are triploid with a pericentric inversion on Chromosome 4.The worms were switched to sexual reproduction after being fed with sexually mature Bdellocephala brunnea,which is a sexually reproducing species.The resulting sexualized OH strain produced cocoons filled with several eggs.Two putative factors,Mendelian factor(s)and chromosomal control(s),have been proposed as determining the reproductive mode.The present study demonstrated that inbreeding of the resultant sexualized worms produced the following four types of offspring through sexual reproduction:diploid asexual worms,triploid asexual worms,diploid sexual worms and triploid sexual worms.The chromosomal mutation on Chromosome 4 was inherited by these offspring independent of their reproductive mode.These results provide two important pieces of information:(i)the putative genetic factor was not necessarily inherited in a Mendelian fashion;and(ii)the reproductive mode is not regulated by chromosomal changes such as polyploidy or chromosomal mutations.This suggests that asexuality in D.ryukyuensis is regulated by an unknown factor(s)other than a Mendelian factor or a chromosomal control.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (Grant No. 2010CB126301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30630050)+1 种基金the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology (Grant No. 2008FB007)the Innovation Project of Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 075A01)
文摘A unisexual species is generally associated with polyploidy, and reproduced by a unisexual reproduction mode, such as gyno- genesis, hybridogenesis or parthenogenesis. Compared with other unisexual and polyploid species, gibel carp (Carassius au- ratus gibelio) has a higher ploidy level of hexaploid. It has undergone several successive rounds of genome polyploidy, and experienced an additional, more recent genome duplication event. More significantly, the dual reproduction modes, including gynogenesis and sexual reproduction, have been demonstrated to coexist in the polyploid gibel carp. This article reviews the genetic basis concerning polyploidy origin, clonal diversity and dual reproduction modes, and outlines the progress in new va- riety breeding and gene identification involved in the reproduction and early development. The data suggests that gibel carp are under an evolutionary trajectory of diploidization. As a novel evolutionary developmental (Evo-Devo) biology model, this work highlights future perspectives about the functional divergence of duplicated genes and the sexual origin of vertebrate animals.
基金Supported by the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry(Tianjin University of Science&Technology),Tianjin,China(No.202302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32460154)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023MD734227)。
文摘5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)is a biological monoamine neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and gonads of crustaceans to induce gonadal maturation.To better understand the effects of 5-HT and its receptors on reproductive development in Artemia,a 5-HT type 7 receptor gene(5-HT_(7Ar))was identified in parthenogenetic Artemia and characterized.Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of 5-HT_(7Ar) encodes a 414-aa protein.5-HT_(7Ar) showed higher expression in both brain and ovary at early embryo stage,5-HT_(7Ar) could be detected during ovarian development and the highest expression was observed at early embryo stage.Silencing of the 5-HT_(7Ar) in Artemia at early embryo stage decreased significantly the expression level of 5-HT_(7Ar) gene and protein at late oocyte,early embryo,and late embryo stage.Moreover,silencing of the 5-HT_(7Ar) resulted in a decreased fecundity,which corresponds to abnormal oocytes during the embryo development.Artemia tended to produce nauplii after the silencing of 5-HT_(7Ar),indicating that 5-HT_(7Ar) may also involve in the determination of its reproduction mode.The findings of this study provide an insight into the regulation of reproductive development in Artemia and the function of 5-HT_(7Ar).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32120103003 and 32470394)the Top-notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Province(YNWR-QNBJ-2019-203)+1 种基金the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province(202201AS070057 and 202101BC070003)supported by Sugon HPC clusters equipped with HYGON Z100L at Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS and Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(202305AH340005)。
文摘Rates of protein evolution(d_(N)/d_(S))vary widely across the tree of life.In plants,both life-history traits and GC-biased gene conversion(gBGC)are thought to contribute to this variation,although disentangling their individual contributions remains a challenge.Using information on variation in life-history traits and molecular data in 148 species from Poaceae subfamilies Bambusoideae(mostly woody)and Pooideae(exclusively herbaceous),we investigated the relative importance of modes of reproduction and the non-selective forces of gBGC on protein evolutionary rates between the two subfamilies.Elevated rates of protein evolution associated with relaxed purifying selection were more evident in woody bamboos than in Pooideae and were better explained by reproductive modes than by traits that are likely proxies of effective population size.Although g BGC slightly reduced protein evolutionary rates in both subfamilies,its contribution had only a limited effect on molecular divergence between the groups.Forward simulations generally supported our empirical results on the influence of reproductive mode on selection and gBGC.Our findings from two sister lineages of the grass family provide evidence for association between protein evolution and lifehistory traits governing reproductive mode and enhance understanding of molecular evolution in plants with contrasting reproductive strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41825013)the Marine Economic Development Project(GDNRC[2022]36)+2 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3102403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230409,42276127)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515011380,2021A1515011393).
文摘Vertebrates have developed various modes of reproduction,some of which are found in Teleosts.Over 300 species of the Syngnathidae(seahorses,pipefishes and seadragons)exhibit male pregnancies;the males have specialized brood pouches that provide immune protection,nourishment,and oxygen regulation.Chemokines play a vital role at the mammalian maternal–fetal interface;however,their functions in fish reproduction are unclear.This study revealed the evolutionary traits and potential functions of chemokine genes in 22 oviparous,ovoviviparous,and viviparous fish species through comparative genomic analyses.Our results showed that chemokine gene copy numbers and evolutionary rates vary among species with different modes of reproduction.Syngnathidae lost cxcl13 and cxcr5,which are involved in key receptor–ligand pairs for lymphoid organ development.Notably,Syngnathidae have site-specific mutations in cxcl12b and ccl44,suggesting immune function during gestation.Moreover,transcriptome analysis revealed that chemokine gene expression varies among Syngnathidae species with different types of brood pouches,suggesting adaptive variations in chemokine functions among seahorses and their relatives.Furthermore,challenge experiments on seahorse brood pouches revealed a joint immune function of chemokine genes during male pregnancy.This study provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of chemokine genes associated with different reproductive modes in fish.
基金supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(Nos.100082 and 16086209)from the Ministry of ScienceCulture,Sports and Education,Japan(MH and MM)and from PRESTO,Japan Science and Technology Corporation(KK).
文摘Certain freshwater planarians reproduce asexually as well as sexually,and their chromosomal ploidies include polyploidy,aneuploidy and mixoploidy.Previously,we successfully performed an experiment in which a clonal population produced by asexual reproduction of the Dugesia ryukyuensis(OH strain)switched to the sexual mode of reproduction.Worms of this strain are triploid with a pericentric inversion on Chromosome 4.The worms were switched to sexual reproduction after being fed with sexually mature Bdellocephala brunnea,which is a sexually reproducing species.The resulting sexualized OH strain produced cocoons filled with several eggs.Two putative factors,Mendelian factor(s)and chromosomal control(s),have been proposed as determining the reproductive mode.The present study demonstrated that inbreeding of the resultant sexualized worms produced the following four types of offspring through sexual reproduction:diploid asexual worms,triploid asexual worms,diploid sexual worms and triploid sexual worms.The chromosomal mutation on Chromosome 4 was inherited by these offspring independent of their reproductive mode.These results provide two important pieces of information:(i)the putative genetic factor was not necessarily inherited in a Mendelian fashion;and(ii)the reproductive mode is not regulated by chromosomal changes such as polyploidy or chromosomal mutations.This suggests that asexuality in D.ryukyuensis is regulated by an unknown factor(s)other than a Mendelian factor or a chromosomal control.
