Gamma delta(γδ)T cells and invariant natural killer T(iNKT)cells are unconventional T cells with limited T cell receptor(TCR)diversity.Both can recognize lipid or non-peptide antigens,often through cluster of differ...Gamma delta(γδ)T cells and invariant natural killer T(iNKT)cells are unconventional T cells with limited T cell receptor(TCR)diversity.Both can recognize lipid or non-peptide antigens,often through cluster of differentiation 1d(CD1d),rapidly produce cytokines,express natural killer(NK)cell markers,and are mainly found in mucosal and barrier tissues.Acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity,they show great promise for cancer immunotherapy.DevelopingγδT and iNKT cells for treatment involves shared features like thymic origin,MHC-independent recognition,rapid cytotoxicity,low graft-vs.-host disease(GvHD)risk,ex vivo expansion,and genetic modification,making them suitable for adoptive cell therapies.While their mechanisms are similar,iNKT cells rely on CD1d-mediated antigen presentation,provided by CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting cells(APCs)or engineered cell lines,to activate their invariant TCR and expand effectively.Chimeric antigen receptors(CAR)-induced functional activations make these cell types viable alternatives to conventional cell-based or CAR-T therapies with additional safety benefits.Early clinical trials have shown encouraging results,and their completion will confirm their potential for future treatments.This review explores the biology and mechanisms ofγδT and iNKT cells,focusing on how APCs,cytokines,feeder cells,and CARs contribute to boosting their cytotoxic function,cytokine production,and expansion,enhancing their promise as cancer immunotherapies.It also explores the advancements and challenges in developingγδT and iNKT cell-based immunotherapies,with preclinical and early clinical outcomes offering promising insights.展开更多
The form invariance of Birkhoffian systems is a kind of invariance of the Birkhoffian equations under the infinitesimal transformations. The definition and criteria of the form invariance are given, and the relation b...The form invariance of Birkhoffian systems is a kind of invariance of the Birkhoffian equations under the infinitesimal transformations. The definition and criteria of the form invariance are given, and the relation between the form invariance and the Noether symmetry is studied.展开更多
To study a form invariance of Lagrange system, the form invariance of Lagrange equations under the infinitesimal transformations was used. The definition and criterion for the form invariance are given. The relati...To study a form invariance of Lagrange system, the form invariance of Lagrange equations under the infinitesimal transformations was used. The definition and criterion for the form invariance are given. The relation between the form invariance and the Noether symmetry was established.展开更多
To study the invariance of numerical character of matrix products and their statistical applications by matrix theory and linear model theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the product AB -C...To study the invariance of numerical character of matrix products and their statistical applications by matrix theory and linear model theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the product AB -C to have its numerical characters invariant with respect to every minimum norm g inverse, respectively. The algebraic results derived are then applied to investigate relationships among BLUE, WLSE and OLSE under the general Gauss? Markoff model.展开更多
The form invariance of Routh equations in holonomic systems is studied. The definition and criterion for the form invariance under the infinitesimal transformations are given. The relation of the form invariance with ...The form invariance of Routh equations in holonomic systems is studied. The definition and criterion for the form invariance under the infinitesimal transformations are given. The relation of the form invariance with the Noether symmetry and the Lie symmetry is discussed.展开更多
In this article, generalized Birkhoff equations are put forward by adding supplementary terms to the Birkhoff equations. A conformal invariance of the Birkhoff equations can be used to study the generalized Birkhoff E...In this article, generalized Birkhoff equations are put forward by adding supplementary terms to the Birkhoff equations. A conformal invariance of the Birkhoff equations can be used to study the generalized Birkhoff Equations, and two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
This paper studies a conformal invariance and an integration of first-order differential equations. It obtains the corresponding infinitesimal generators of conformal invariance by using the symmetry of the differenti...This paper studies a conformal invariance and an integration of first-order differential equations. It obtains the corresponding infinitesimal generators of conformal invariance by using the symmetry of the differential equations, and expresses the differential equations by the equations of a Birkhoff system or a generalized Birkhoff system. If the infinitesimal generators are those of a Noether symmetry, the conserved quantity can be obtained by using the Noether theory of the Birkhoff system or the generalized Birkhoff system.展开更多
This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantities of Hamilton system. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for Hamilton system are provided. The relationship between the c...This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantities of Hamilton system. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for Hamilton system are provided. The relationship between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry are discussed, and the necessary and sufficient condition that the conformal invariance would be the Lie symmetry of the system under the infinitesimal one-parameter transformation group is deduced. It gives the conserved quantities of the system and an example for illustration.展开更多
In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of first order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry simultan...In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of first order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations are given. Then it gets the Hojman conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
This paper is devoted to studying the conformal invariance and Noether symmetry and Lie symmetry of a holonomic mechanical system in event space. The definition of the conformal invariance and the corresponding confor...This paper is devoted to studying the conformal invariance and Noether symmetry and Lie symmetry of a holonomic mechanical system in event space. The definition of the conformal invariance and the corresponding conformal factors of the holonomic system in event space are given. By investigating the relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry and the Lie symmetry, expressions of conformal factors of the system under these circumstances are obtained, and the Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity directly derived from the conformal invariance are given. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
This paper discusses in detail the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of a dynamical system of relative motion. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry are g...This paper discusses in detail the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of a dynamical system of relative motion. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry are given simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations. Then it obtains the conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
The Lie-form invariance of a nonholonomic mechanaical system is studied. The definition and criterion of the Lie-form invariance of the nonholonomic mechaaical system are given. The Hojman conserved quantity and a new...The Lie-form invariance of a nonholonomic mechanaical system is studied. The definition and criterion of the Lie-form invariance of the nonholonomic mechaaical system are given. The Hojman conserved quantity and a new type of conserved quantity are obtained from the Lie-form invariance. An example is givea to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
In this paper, the relation of the conformal invariance, the Noether symmetry, and the Lie symmetry for the Hamilton system is discussed in detail. The definition of the conformal invariance for Hamilton systems is gi...In this paper, the relation of the conformal invariance, the Noether symmetry, and the Lie symmetry for the Hamilton system is discussed in detail. The definition of the conformal invariance for Hamilton systems is given. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors of the determining expressions are found by using the Noether symmetry, and the Noether conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance is obtained. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors are found by using the Lie symmetry, and the Hojman conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance of the system is obtained. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
A form invariance and a conserved quantity of the generalised Birkhoffian system are studied. First, a definition and a criterion of the form invariance are given. Secondly, through the form invariance, a new conserve...A form invariance and a conserved quantity of the generalised Birkhoffian system are studied. First, a definition and a criterion of the form invariance are given. Secondly, through the form invariance, a new conserved quantity can be deduced. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.展开更多
This paper studies the conformal invariance by infinitesimal point transformations of non-conservative Lagrange systems. It gives the necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance by the action of infini...This paper studies the conformal invariance by infinitesimal point transformations of non-conservative Lagrange systems. It gives the necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance by the action of infinitesimal point transformations being Lie symmetric simultaneously. Then the Noether conserved quantities of conformal invariance are obtained. Finally an illustrative example is given to verify the results.展开更多
We propose a new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates. A one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and its infinitesimal transformation v...We propose a new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates. A one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and its infinitesimal transformation vector of generators for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates are described in detail. The conformal factor in the determining equations of the Lie symmetry is found. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance, which are simultaneously of Lie symmetry, are given. The conformal invariance may lead to corresponding Hojman conserved quantities when the conformal invariance satisfies some conditions. Finally, an illustration example is introduced to demonstrate the application of the result.展开更多
Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has...Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.展开更多
Conformal invariance and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity of the Nambu system under infinitesimal transformations are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are p...Conformal invariance and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity of the Nambu system under infinitesimal transformations are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are presented. The necessary and sufficient condition under which the conformal invariance of the system would have Lie symmetry under infinitesimal transformations is derived. Then, the condition of existence and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity are obtained. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
In this paper we introduce the new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for Appell systems under second-class Mei symmetry. The one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and infinite...In this paper we introduce the new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for Appell systems under second-class Mei symmetry. The one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and infinitesimal transformation vector of generator are described in detail. The conformal factor in the determining equations under second-class Mei symmetry is found. The relationship between Appell system＇s conformal invariance and Mei symmetry are discussed. And Appell system＇s conformal invariance under second-class Mei symmetry may lead to corresponding Hojman conserved quantities when the conformal invariance satisfies some conditions. Lastly, an example is provided to illustrate the application of the result.展开更多
This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantity of third-order Lagrange equations for non- conserved mechanical systems. Third-order Lagrange equations, the definition and a determining equation of conf...This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantity of third-order Lagrange equations for non- conserved mechanical systems. Third-order Lagrange equations, the definition and a determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are presented. The conformal factor expression is deduced from conformal invariance and Lie symmetry. The necessary and sufficient condition that conformal invaxiance of the system would have Lie symmetry under single-parameter infinitesimal transformations is obtained. The corresponding conserved quantity of conformal invariance is derived with the aid of a structure equation. Lastly, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
文摘Gamma delta(γδ)T cells and invariant natural killer T(iNKT)cells are unconventional T cells with limited T cell receptor(TCR)diversity.Both can recognize lipid or non-peptide antigens,often through cluster of differentiation 1d(CD1d),rapidly produce cytokines,express natural killer(NK)cell markers,and are mainly found in mucosal and barrier tissues.Acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity,they show great promise for cancer immunotherapy.DevelopingγδT and iNKT cells for treatment involves shared features like thymic origin,MHC-independent recognition,rapid cytotoxicity,low graft-vs.-host disease(GvHD)risk,ex vivo expansion,and genetic modification,making them suitable for adoptive cell therapies.While their mechanisms are similar,iNKT cells rely on CD1d-mediated antigen presentation,provided by CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting cells(APCs)or engineered cell lines,to activate their invariant TCR and expand effectively.Chimeric antigen receptors(CAR)-induced functional activations make these cell types viable alternatives to conventional cell-based or CAR-T therapies with additional safety benefits.Early clinical trials have shown encouraging results,and their completion will confirm their potential for future treatments.This review explores the biology and mechanisms ofγδT and iNKT cells,focusing on how APCs,cytokines,feeder cells,and CARs contribute to boosting their cytotoxic function,cytokine production,and expansion,enhancing their promise as cancer immunotherapies.It also explores the advancements and challenges in developingγδT and iNKT cell-based immunotherapies,with preclinical and early clinical outcomes offering promising insights.
文摘The form invariance of Birkhoffian systems is a kind of invariance of the Birkhoffian equations under the infinitesimal transformations. The definition and criteria of the form invariance are given, and the relation between the form invariance and the Noether symmetry is studied.
文摘To study a form invariance of Lagrange system, the form invariance of Lagrange equations under the infinitesimal transformations was used. The definition and criterion for the form invariance are given. The relation between the form invariance and the Noether symmetry was established.
文摘To study the invariance of numerical character of matrix products and their statistical applications by matrix theory and linear model theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the product AB -C to have its numerical characters invariant with respect to every minimum norm g inverse, respectively. The algebraic results derived are then applied to investigate relationships among BLUE, WLSE and OLSE under the general Gauss? Markoff model.
文摘The form invariance of Routh equations in holonomic systems is studied. The definition and criterion for the form invariance under the infinitesimal transformations are given. The relation of the form invariance with the Noether symmetry and the Lie symmetry is discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10572021 and 10772025)the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institution of Higher Education,China(20040007022)
文摘In this article, generalized Birkhoff equations are put forward by adding supplementary terms to the Birkhoff equations. A conformal invariance of the Birkhoff equations can be used to study the generalized Birkhoff Equations, and two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10572021 and 10772025)the Doctoral Programme Foundation of Institution of Higher Education of China (Grant No 20040007022)
文摘This paper studies a conformal invariance and an integration of first-order differential equations. It obtains the corresponding infinitesimal generators of conformal invariance by using the symmetry of the differential equations, and expresses the differential equations by the equations of a Birkhoff system or a generalized Birkhoff system. If the infinitesimal generators are those of a Noether symmetry, the conserved quantity can be obtained by using the Noether theory of the Birkhoff system or the generalized Birkhoff system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10572021 and 10772025)the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institution of Higher Education of China (Grant No 20040007022)
文摘This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantities of Hamilton system. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for Hamilton system are provided. The relationship between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry are discussed, and the necessary and sufficient condition that the conformal invariance would be the Lie symmetry of the system under the infinitesimal one-parameter transformation group is deduced. It gives the conserved quantities of the system and an example for illustration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10372053,10572021 and 10772025)the National Natural Science Foundation of Henan province of China(Grant No 0311010900)
文摘In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of first order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations are given. Then it gets the Hojman conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No10772025)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institution of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No 08KJB130002)
文摘This paper is devoted to studying the conformal invariance and Noether symmetry and Lie symmetry of a holonomic mechanical system in event space. The definition of the conformal invariance and the corresponding conformal factors of the holonomic system in event space are given. By investigating the relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry and the Lie symmetry, expressions of conformal factors of the system under these circumstances are obtained, and the Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity directly derived from the conformal invariance are given. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10372053)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China (Grant Nos 082300410330 and 082300410370)
文摘This paper discusses in detail the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of a dynamical system of relative motion. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry are given simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations. Then it obtains the conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
文摘The Lie-form invariance of a nonholonomic mechanaical system is studied. The definition and criterion of the Lie-form invariance of the nonholonomic mechaaical system are given. The Hojman conserved quantity and a new type of conserved quantity are obtained from the Lie-form invariance. An example is givea to illustrate the application of the results.
文摘In this paper, the relation of the conformal invariance, the Noether symmetry, and the Lie symmetry for the Hamilton system is discussed in detail. The definition of the conformal invariance for Hamilton systems is given. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors of the determining expressions are found by using the Noether symmetry, and the Noether conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance is obtained. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors are found by using the Lie symmetry, and the Hojman conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance of the system is obtained. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10772025,10932002)the Beijing Municipal Key Disciplines Fund for General Mechanics and Foundation of Mechanics
文摘A form invariance and a conserved quantity of the generalised Birkhoffian system are studied. First, a definition and a criterion of the form invariance are given. Secondly, through the form invariance, a new conserved quantity can be deduced. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10472040, 10572021 and 10772025)the Outstanding Young Talents Training Found of Liaoning Province of China (Grant No 3040005)
文摘This paper studies the conformal invariance by infinitesimal point transformations of non-conservative Lagrange systems. It gives the necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance by the action of infinitesimal point transformations being Lie symmetric simultaneously. Then the Noether conserved quantities of conformal invariance are obtained. Finally an illustrative example is given to verify the results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10672143 and 60575055)
文摘We propose a new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates. A one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and its infinitesimal transformation vector of generators for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates are described in detail. The conformal factor in the determining equations of the Lie symmetry is found. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance, which are simultaneously of Lie symmetry, are given. The conformal invariance may lead to corresponding Hojman conserved quantities when the conformal invariance satisfies some conditions. Finally, an illustration example is introduced to demonstrate the application of the result.
基金supported by a grant from the National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 13CTY031)
文摘Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 09CX04018A)
文摘Conformal invariance and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity of the Nambu system under infinitesimal transformations are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are presented. The necessary and sufficient condition under which the conformal invariance of the system would have Lie symmetry under infinitesimal transformations is derived. Then, the condition of existence and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity are obtained. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10672143 and 60575055)
文摘In this paper we introduce the new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for Appell systems under second-class Mei symmetry. The one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and infinitesimal transformation vector of generator are described in detail. The conformal factor in the determining equations under second-class Mei symmetry is found. The relationship between Appell system＇s conformal invariance and Mei symmetry are discussed. And Appell system＇s conformal invariance under second-class Mei symmetry may lead to corresponding Hojman conserved quantities when the conformal invariance satisfies some conditions. Lastly, an example is provided to illustrate the application of the result.
基金Project supported by the Graduate Students Innovative Foundation of China University of Petroleum (East China) (Grant NoS2009-19)
文摘This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantity of third-order Lagrange equations for non- conserved mechanical systems. Third-order Lagrange equations, the definition and a determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are presented. The conformal factor expression is deduced from conformal invariance and Lie symmetry. The necessary and sufficient condition that conformal invaxiance of the system would have Lie symmetry under single-parameter infinitesimal transformations is obtained. The corresponding conserved quantity of conformal invariance is derived with the aid of a structure equation. Lastly, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
