Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax po...Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.展开更多
设X_n^(1)≤X_2^(2)≤…≤X_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数共场所F(X)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,而Y_n^(1)≤Y_n^(2)≤…≤Y_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数G(x)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,0≤r≤1,integral from (-∞) to (+∞)|x|~r(dF(...设X_n^(1)≤X_2^(2)≤…≤X_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数共场所F(X)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,而Y_n^(1)≤Y_n^(2)≤…≤Y_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数G(x)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,0≤r≤1,integral from (-∞) to (+∞)|x|~r(dF(x))<+∞,integral from (-∞) to (+∞) |x|~r(dG(x))<+∞, 在0<r<1时,本文首次给出了对任一n≥1,都有E(|x_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)的充分条件,并证明了条件“对任一n≥1,有E(|X_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)”与条件“对任一n≥1,存在k_n:1≤k_n≤n,使E(|X_n^(k_n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(k_n)|~r)”的等价性.文中证明“对任一n≥1,有 E(|X_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)的必要条件是F(x)≡G(x)的方法弥补[1]中的不足,应用本文结论还可改进有关文献的结果.展开更多
文摘Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.
文摘设X_n^(1)≤X_2^(2)≤…≤X_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数共场所F(X)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,而Y_n^(1)≤Y_n^(2)≤…≤Y_n^(n)是n个具有公共分布函数G(x)的独立随机变量的顺序统计量,0≤r≤1,integral from (-∞) to (+∞)|x|~r(dF(x))<+∞,integral from (-∞) to (+∞) |x|~r(dG(x))<+∞, 在0<r<1时,本文首次给出了对任一n≥1,都有E(|x_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)的充分条件,并证明了条件“对任一n≥1,有E(|X_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)”与条件“对任一n≥1,存在k_n:1≤k_n≤n,使E(|X_n^(k_n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(k_n)|~r)”的等价性.文中证明“对任一n≥1,有 E(|X_n^(n)|~r)=E(|Y_n^(n)|~r)的必要条件是F(x)≡G(x)的方法弥补[1]中的不足,应用本文结论还可改进有关文献的结果.
