The paper is devoted to the study of the gravitational collapse within the framework of the spherically symmetric problem in the Newton theory and general relativity on the basis of the pressure-free model of the cont...The paper is devoted to the study of the gravitational collapse within the framework of the spherically symmetric problem in the Newton theory and general relativity on the basis of the pressure-free model of the continuum. In application to the Newton gravitation theory, the analysis consists of three stages. First, we assume that the gravitational force is determined by the initial sphere radius and constant density and does not change in the process of the sphere collapse. The obtained analytical solution allows us to find the collapse time in the first approximation. Second, we construct the step-by-step process in which the gravitational force at a given time moment depends on the current sphere radius and density. The obtained numerical solution specifies the collapse time depending on the number of steps. Third, we find the exact value of the collapse time which is the limit of the step-by-step solutions and study the collapse and the expansion processes in the Newton theory. In application to general relativity, we use the space model corresponding to the special four-dimensional space which is Euclidean with respect to space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate only. The obtained solution specifies two possible scenarios. First, sphere contraction results in the infinitely high density with the finite collapse time, which does not coincide with the conventional result corresponding to the Schwarzschild geometry. Second, sphere expansion with the velocity which increases with a distance from the sphere center and decreases with time.展开更多
As with the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory(LIGO),the matched filtering technique will be critical to the data analysis of gravitational wave detection by space-based detectors,including LISA,Taiji...As with the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory(LIGO),the matched filtering technique will be critical to the data analysis of gravitational wave detection by space-based detectors,including LISA,Taiji and Tianqin.Waveform templates are the basis for such matched filtering techniques.To construct ready-to-use waveform templates,numerical relativity waveforms are a starting point.Therefore,the accuracy issue of numerical relativity waveforms is critically important.There are many investigations regarding this issue with respect to LIGO.But unfortunately there are few results on this issue with respect to space-based detectors.The current paper investigates this problem.Our results indicate that the existing numerical relativity waveforms are as accurate as 99%with respect to space-based detectors,including LISA,Taiji and Tianqin.Such an accuracy level is comparable to that with respect to LIGO.展开更多
Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction a...Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “α<sub>s</sub>” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10<sup>-23</sup>. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.展开更多
Einstein defined clock synchronization whenever photon pulses with timetags traverse a fixed distance between two clocks with equal time spans ineither direction. Using the second relativity postulate, he found clocks...Einstein defined clock synchronization whenever photon pulses with timetags traverse a fixed distance between two clocks with equal time spans ineither direction. Using the second relativity postulate, he found clocksmounted on a rod uniformly moving parallel with the rod’s length cannot besynchronized, but clocks attached to a stationary rod can. He dismissed thisdiscrepancy by claiming simultaneity and clock synchronization were not commonbetween inertial frames, but this paper proves with both Galilean and Lorentztransformations that simultaneity and clock synchronization are preservedbetween inertial frames. His derivation means moving clocks can never besynchronized in a “resting” inertial frame. Ultraprecise atomic clocks intimekeeping labs daily contradict his results. No algebraic error occurred inEinstein’s derivations. The two cases of clocksattached to a rod reveal three major conflicts with the currentsecond postulate. The net velocity between a photon source and detector plusthe “universal” velocity c is mathematically equivalent toEinstein’s clock synchronization method. As the ultraprecise timekeepingcommunity daily synchronizes atomic clocks on the moving Earth withultraprecise time uncertainty well below Einstein’s lowest limit ofsynchronization, the theoretical resolution of the apparent conflict isaccomplished by expanding the second relativity postulate to incorporate thenet velocity between the photon source and detector with the emitted velocity c as components of the total velocity c. This means the magnitudeof the total photon velocity can exceed the speed limit (299792458 m/s) set by the standard velocity c. .展开更多
This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in ot...This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in other papers. We also explore a relatively new general relativity-inspired field equation based on the original Newtonian mass, which is very different from today’s kilogram mass. Additionally, we examine two other field equations based on collision space-time, where both energy and matter can be described simply as space and time. We are thereby fulfilling Einstein’s dream of a theory where energy and mass are not needed, or are just aspects of space and time. If this is extended beyond the 4-dimensional space-time formalism of general relativity theory to a 6-dimensional framework with 3 space dimensions and 3 time dimensions, this ultimately reveals that they are two sides of the same coin. In reality, it is a three-dimensional space-time theory, where space and time are just two sides of the same coin.展开更多
The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating ...The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.展开更多
Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fab...Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fabric of space-time into a positive subspace-time that represents the space of causality and a negative subspace-time which represents a space without causality, thus, in the special case, we have new transformations for the coordinates of space and time modified from Lorentz transformations specific to each subspace, where the contraction of length disappears and the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. In the general case, we have new types of matric tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time. We also find that the speed of the photon decreases in positive subspace-time until it reaches zero and increases in negative subspace-time until it reaches the speed of light when the photon reaches the Schwarzschild radius.展开更多
In the second paper on the inverse relativity model, we explained in the first paper [1] that analyzing the four-dimensional displacement vector on space-time according to a certain approach leads to the splitting of ...In the second paper on the inverse relativity model, we explained in the first paper [1] that analyzing the four-dimensional displacement vector on space-time according to a certain approach leads to the splitting of space-time into positive and negative subspace-time. Here, in the second paper, we continue to analyze each of the four-dimensional vectors of velocity, acceleration, momentum, and forces on the total space-time fabric. According to the approach followed in the first paper. As a result, in the special case, we obtain new transformations for each of the velocity, acceleration, momentum, energy, and forces specific to each subspace-time, which are subject to the positive and negative modified Lorentz transformations described in the first paper. According to these transformations, momentum remains a conserved quantity in the positive subspace and increases in the negative subspace, while the relativistic total energy decreases in the positive subspace and increases in the negative subspace. In the general case, we also have new types of energy-momentum tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time, where the energy density decreases in positive subspace-time and increases in negative subspace-time, and we also obtain new gravitational field equations for each subspace-time.展开更多
The paper is devoted to a spherically symmetric problem of General Relativity (GR) for a fluid sphere. The problem is solved within the framework of a special geometry of the Riemannian space induced by gravitation. A...The paper is devoted to a spherically symmetric problem of General Relativity (GR) for a fluid sphere. The problem is solved within the framework of a special geometry of the Riemannian space induced by gravitation. According to this geometry, the four-dimensional Riemannian space is assumed to be Euclidean with respect to the space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate. Such interpretation of the Riemannian space allows us to obtain complete set of GR equations for the external empty space and the internal spaces for incompressible and compressible perfect fluids. The obtained analytical solution for an incompressible fluid is compared with the Schwarzchild solution. For a sphere consisting of compressible fluid or gas, a numerical solution is presented and discussed.展开更多
A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<...A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<sup>4</sup> space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C<sup>4</sup> one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M<sup>4</sup> real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M<sup>4</sup> of the space-time C<sup>4</sup> while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C<sup>4</sup> model to the C<sup>3</sup> “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C<sup>3</sup> alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C<sup>3</sup> theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C<sup>1</sup> complex plane. The possibility for application of the C<sup>3</sup> model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C<sup>3</sup> seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.展开更多
Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The ...Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.展开更多
Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articl...Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articles, we have demonstrated that Special Relativity is based on optical experiments and observations that have been incorrectly explained by the theory of a non-existent ether. Our findings show that all known experiments can be explained using classical concepts of space and time, thereby refuting the theory of relativity. This article also addresses the fallacy of the widely accepted etheric Doppler effects and its significant role in the history of science.展开更多
An association rules mining method based on semantic relativity is proposed to solve the problem that there are more candidate item sets and higher time complexity in traditional association rules mining.Semantic rela...An association rules mining method based on semantic relativity is proposed to solve the problem that there are more candidate item sets and higher time complexity in traditional association rules mining.Semantic relativity of ontology concepts is used to describe complicated relationships of domains in the method.Candidate item sets with less semantic relativity are filtered to reduce the number of candidate item sets in association rules mining.An ontology hierarchy relationship is regarded as a directed acyclic graph rather than a hierarchy tree in the semantic relativity computation.Not only direct hierarchy relationships,but also non-direct hierarchy relationships and other typical semantic relationships are taken into account.Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the number of candidate item sets effectively and improve the efficiency of association rules mining.展开更多
In a recent article, we have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric, thus obtaining the formulation of the correct Schwarzschild metric, which is different from the traditional Schwarzschild ...In a recent article, we have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric, thus obtaining the formulation of the correct Schwarzschild metric, which is different from the traditional Schwarzschild metric. Then, in another article by starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, we have corrected also the Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics. On the other hand, in a third article, always by starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, we have obtained the formulas of the correct gravitational potential and of the correct gravitational force in the case described by this metric. Now, in this article, by starting from these correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics and proceeding in a manner analogous to this third article, we obtain the formulas of the correct gravitational potential and of the correct gravitational force in the cases described by these metrics. Moreover, we analyze these correct results and their consequences. Finally, we propose some possible crucial experiments between the commonly accepted theory and the same theory corrected according to this article.展开更多
In the present article,we introduce a completely new regular model for static,spherically symmetric celestial fluid spheres in embedding classⅠspacetime.In this regard,needfully,we propose a new suitable metric poten...In the present article,we introduce a completely new regular model for static,spherically symmetric celestial fluid spheres in embedding classⅠspacetime.In this regard,needfully,we propose a new suitable metric potential e^(λ(r))to generate the present model.The various analyses on energy density,pressure,anisotropic factor,mass,compactness parameter,redshift,and energy condition make sure the model is physically viable on the ground of model stars Vela X-1,Cen X-3,SMC X-4,and LMC X-4.The reported solutions also respect the equilibrium state by satisfying the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff(TOV)equation and ensure stability by satisfying the causality condition,condition on the adiabatic index,and Harrison-Zeldovich-Novikov condition.The generated M-R graph matches the ranges of masses and radii for the model compact stars.Additionally,this study provides estimates of the moment of inertia based on the I-M graph.展开更多
This study explores the dynamics of charged Hayward black holes,focusing on the effects of electric charge and the length factor on accretion disk characteristics.Our results show that increasing both parameters reduc...This study explores the dynamics of charged Hayward black holes,focusing on the effects of electric charge and the length factor on accretion disk characteristics.Our results show that increasing both parameters reduces the size of the event horizon and innermost stable circular orbits(ISCO)radius,with the electric charge exerting a more pronounced influence.Additionally,the length factor and electric charge can effectively replicate the spin of a Kerr black hole.Both parameters also affect the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the accretion disk,increasing the flux,temperature,and radiative efficiency.The peak radiation occurs in the soft x-ray band,with higher values of electric charge and length factor enhancing disk luminosity and shifting the peak to higher frequencies.These findings can offer valuable insights into the accretion processes around black holes and their observable signatures,particularly in x-ray astronomy.展开更多
We provide the breakdown mechanism of pressureless gases when the initial vor-ticity is zero.In other words,the maximum norm of the divergence and Ilull control the breakdown of the solution.Then we show that the solu...We provide the breakdown mechanism of pressureless gases when the initial vor-ticity is zero.In other words,the maximum norm of the divergence and Ilull control the breakdown of the solution.Then we show that the solution must blow up for certain initial data in both non-relativistic and relativistic settings.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the optical properties of a non-rotating charged black hole(BH)in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar(EMS)theory,together with a plasma medium.We first consider the photon sphere and shadow radius...In this paper,we investigate the optical properties of a non-rotating charged black hole(BH)in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar(EMS)theory,together with a plasma medium.We first consider the photon sphere and shadow radius under the impact of the plasma medium existing in the environment surrounding the BH in the EMS theory.We show that the radius of the photon sphere and the BH shadow decrease under the influence of the parameterβ.We further study gravitational weak lensing in detail by adapting general methods and derive the light ray's deflection angle around the BH together with the plasma environment.It is found that for uniform plasma,the deflection angle increases with the rise of the plasma parameter,whereas it decreases with the increase of the plasma parameter for non-uniform plasma.Besides,we also study the magnification of image brightness.展开更多
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is controversial, but the Linguistic Relativity is universally accepted by scholars. Through ana lyzing the causes of the mistakes that students often make during English learning and the relati...Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is controversial, but the Linguistic Relativity is universally accepted by scholars. Through ana lyzing the causes of the mistakes that students often make during English learning and the relationship among thoughts, cultures and languages, this paper argues that language can influence people's thoughts and people's thoughts can influence the acquisi tion of a second language.展开更多
The Lagrangian of Einstein's special relativity with universal parameter c(SR_c)is invariant under Poincarétransformation,which preserves Lorentz metric η_μν.The SR_c has been extended to be one which is i...The Lagrangian of Einstein's special relativity with universal parameter c(SR_c)is invariant under Poincarétransformation,which preserves Lorentz metric η_μν.The SR_c has been extended to be one which is invariant underde Sitter transformation that preserves so-called Beltrami metric B_(μv).There are two universal parameters,c and R,inthis Special Relativity(denoted as SR_(cR)).The Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formulism of SR_(cR) is formulated in this paper.The canonic energy,canonic momenta,and 10 Noether charges corresponding to the space-time's,de Sitter symmetryare derived.The canonical quantization of the mechanics for SR_(CR)-free particle is performed.The physics related to itis discussed.展开更多
文摘The paper is devoted to the study of the gravitational collapse within the framework of the spherically symmetric problem in the Newton theory and general relativity on the basis of the pressure-free model of the continuum. In application to the Newton gravitation theory, the analysis consists of three stages. First, we assume that the gravitational force is determined by the initial sphere radius and constant density and does not change in the process of the sphere collapse. The obtained analytical solution allows us to find the collapse time in the first approximation. Second, we construct the step-by-step process in which the gravitational force at a given time moment depends on the current sphere radius and density. The obtained numerical solution specifies the collapse time depending on the number of steps. Third, we find the exact value of the collapse time which is the limit of the step-by-step solutions and study the collapse and the expansion processes in the Newton theory. In application to general relativity, we use the space model corresponding to the special four-dimensional space which is Euclidean with respect to space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate only. The obtained solution specifies two possible scenarios. First, sphere contraction results in the infinitely high density with the finite collapse time, which does not coincide with the conventional result corresponding to the Schwarzschild geometry. Second, sphere expansion with the velocity which increases with a distance from the sphere center and decreases with time.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2203001)in part by the NSFC(No.11920101003,No.12021003,No.12005016)+1 种基金supported by‘the Interdiscipline Research Funds of Beijing Normal University’CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research YSBR-006。
文摘As with the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory(LIGO),the matched filtering technique will be critical to the data analysis of gravitational wave detection by space-based detectors,including LISA,Taiji and Tianqin.Waveform templates are the basis for such matched filtering techniques.To construct ready-to-use waveform templates,numerical relativity waveforms are a starting point.Therefore,the accuracy issue of numerical relativity waveforms is critically important.There are many investigations regarding this issue with respect to LIGO.But unfortunately there are few results on this issue with respect to space-based detectors.The current paper investigates this problem.Our results indicate that the existing numerical relativity waveforms are as accurate as 99%with respect to space-based detectors,including LISA,Taiji and Tianqin.Such an accuracy level is comparable to that with respect to LIGO.
文摘Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “α<sub>s</sub>” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10<sup>-23</sup>. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.
文摘Einstein defined clock synchronization whenever photon pulses with timetags traverse a fixed distance between two clocks with equal time spans ineither direction. Using the second relativity postulate, he found clocksmounted on a rod uniformly moving parallel with the rod’s length cannot besynchronized, but clocks attached to a stationary rod can. He dismissed thisdiscrepancy by claiming simultaneity and clock synchronization were not commonbetween inertial frames, but this paper proves with both Galilean and Lorentztransformations that simultaneity and clock synchronization are preservedbetween inertial frames. His derivation means moving clocks can never besynchronized in a “resting” inertial frame. Ultraprecise atomic clocks intimekeeping labs daily contradict his results. No algebraic error occurred inEinstein’s derivations. The two cases of clocksattached to a rod reveal three major conflicts with the currentsecond postulate. The net velocity between a photon source and detector plusthe “universal” velocity c is mathematically equivalent toEinstein’s clock synchronization method. As the ultraprecise timekeepingcommunity daily synchronizes atomic clocks on the moving Earth withultraprecise time uncertainty well below Einstein’s lowest limit ofsynchronization, the theoretical resolution of the apparent conflict isaccomplished by expanding the second relativity postulate to incorporate thenet velocity between the photon source and detector with the emitted velocity c as components of the total velocity c. This means the magnitudeof the total photon velocity can exceed the speed limit (299792458 m/s) set by the standard velocity c. .
文摘This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in other papers. We also explore a relatively new general relativity-inspired field equation based on the original Newtonian mass, which is very different from today’s kilogram mass. Additionally, we examine two other field equations based on collision space-time, where both energy and matter can be described simply as space and time. We are thereby fulfilling Einstein’s dream of a theory where energy and mass are not needed, or are just aspects of space and time. If this is extended beyond the 4-dimensional space-time formalism of general relativity theory to a 6-dimensional framework with 3 space dimensions and 3 time dimensions, this ultimately reveals that they are two sides of the same coin. In reality, it is a three-dimensional space-time theory, where space and time are just two sides of the same coin.
文摘The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.
文摘Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fabric of space-time into a positive subspace-time that represents the space of causality and a negative subspace-time which represents a space without causality, thus, in the special case, we have new transformations for the coordinates of space and time modified from Lorentz transformations specific to each subspace, where the contraction of length disappears and the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. In the general case, we have new types of matric tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time. We also find that the speed of the photon decreases in positive subspace-time until it reaches zero and increases in negative subspace-time until it reaches the speed of light when the photon reaches the Schwarzschild radius.
文摘In the second paper on the inverse relativity model, we explained in the first paper [1] that analyzing the four-dimensional displacement vector on space-time according to a certain approach leads to the splitting of space-time into positive and negative subspace-time. Here, in the second paper, we continue to analyze each of the four-dimensional vectors of velocity, acceleration, momentum, and forces on the total space-time fabric. According to the approach followed in the first paper. As a result, in the special case, we obtain new transformations for each of the velocity, acceleration, momentum, energy, and forces specific to each subspace-time, which are subject to the positive and negative modified Lorentz transformations described in the first paper. According to these transformations, momentum remains a conserved quantity in the positive subspace and increases in the negative subspace, while the relativistic total energy decreases in the positive subspace and increases in the negative subspace. In the general case, we also have new types of energy-momentum tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time, where the energy density decreases in positive subspace-time and increases in negative subspace-time, and we also obtain new gravitational field equations for each subspace-time.
文摘The paper is devoted to a spherically symmetric problem of General Relativity (GR) for a fluid sphere. The problem is solved within the framework of a special geometry of the Riemannian space induced by gravitation. According to this geometry, the four-dimensional Riemannian space is assumed to be Euclidean with respect to the space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate. Such interpretation of the Riemannian space allows us to obtain complete set of GR equations for the external empty space and the internal spaces for incompressible and compressible perfect fluids. The obtained analytical solution for an incompressible fluid is compared with the Schwarzchild solution. For a sphere consisting of compressible fluid or gas, a numerical solution is presented and discussed.
文摘A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<sup>4</sup> space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C<sup>4</sup> one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M<sup>4</sup> real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M<sup>4</sup> of the space-time C<sup>4</sup> while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C<sup>4</sup> model to the C<sup>3</sup> “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C<sup>3</sup> alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C<sup>3</sup> theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C<sup>1</sup> complex plane. The possibility for application of the C<sup>3</sup> model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C<sup>3</sup> seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.
文摘Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.
文摘Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articles, we have demonstrated that Special Relativity is based on optical experiments and observations that have been incorrectly explained by the theory of a non-existent ether. Our findings show that all known experiments can be explained using classical concepts of space and time, thereby refuting the theory of relativity. This article also addresses the fallacy of the widely accepted etheric Doppler effects and its significant role in the history of science.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50674086)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20060290508)the Science and Technology Fund of China University of Mining and Technology(No.2007B016)
文摘An association rules mining method based on semantic relativity is proposed to solve the problem that there are more candidate item sets and higher time complexity in traditional association rules mining.Semantic relativity of ontology concepts is used to describe complicated relationships of domains in the method.Candidate item sets with less semantic relativity are filtered to reduce the number of candidate item sets in association rules mining.An ontology hierarchy relationship is regarded as a directed acyclic graph rather than a hierarchy tree in the semantic relativity computation.Not only direct hierarchy relationships,but also non-direct hierarchy relationships and other typical semantic relationships are taken into account.Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the number of candidate item sets effectively and improve the efficiency of association rules mining.
文摘In a recent article, we have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric, thus obtaining the formulation of the correct Schwarzschild metric, which is different from the traditional Schwarzschild metric. Then, in another article by starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, we have corrected also the Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics. On the other hand, in a third article, always by starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, we have obtained the formulas of the correct gravitational potential and of the correct gravitational force in the case described by this metric. Now, in this article, by starting from these correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics and proceeding in a manner analogous to this third article, we obtain the formulas of the correct gravitational potential and of the correct gravitational force in the cases described by these metrics. Moreover, we analyze these correct results and their consequences. Finally, we propose some possible crucial experiments between the commonly accepted theory and the same theory corrected according to this article.
文摘In the present article,we introduce a completely new regular model for static,spherically symmetric celestial fluid spheres in embedding classⅠspacetime.In this regard,needfully,we propose a new suitable metric potential e^(λ(r))to generate the present model.The various analyses on energy density,pressure,anisotropic factor,mass,compactness parameter,redshift,and energy condition make sure the model is physically viable on the ground of model stars Vela X-1,Cen X-3,SMC X-4,and LMC X-4.The reported solutions also respect the equilibrium state by satisfying the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff(TOV)equation and ensure stability by satisfying the causality condition,condition on the adiabatic index,and Harrison-Zeldovich-Novikov condition.The generated M-R graph matches the ranges of masses and radii for the model compact stars.Additionally,this study provides estimates of the moment of inertia based on the I-M graph.
文摘This study explores the dynamics of charged Hayward black holes,focusing on the effects of electric charge and the length factor on accretion disk characteristics.Our results show that increasing both parameters reduces the size of the event horizon and innermost stable circular orbits(ISCO)radius,with the electric charge exerting a more pronounced influence.Additionally,the length factor and electric charge can effectively replicate the spin of a Kerr black hole.Both parameters also affect the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the accretion disk,increasing the flux,temperature,and radiative efficiency.The peak radiation occurs in the soft x-ray band,with higher values of electric charge and length factor enhancing disk luminosity and shifting the peak to higher frequencies.These findings can offer valuable insights into the accretion processes around black holes and their observable signatures,particularly in x-ray astronomy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1001700)the NSFC(12071360)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China.
文摘We provide the breakdown mechanism of pressureless gases when the initial vor-ticity is zero.In other words,the maximum norm of the divergence and Ilull control the breakdown of the solution.Then we show that the solution must blow up for certain initial data in both non-relativistic and relativistic settings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11675143the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2020YFC2201503。
文摘In this paper,we investigate the optical properties of a non-rotating charged black hole(BH)in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar(EMS)theory,together with a plasma medium.We first consider the photon sphere and shadow radius under the impact of the plasma medium existing in the environment surrounding the BH in the EMS theory.We show that the radius of the photon sphere and the BH shadow decrease under the influence of the parameterβ.We further study gravitational weak lensing in detail by adapting general methods and derive the light ray's deflection angle around the BH together with the plasma environment.It is found that for uniform plasma,the deflection angle increases with the rise of the plasma parameter,whereas it decreases with the increase of the plasma parameter for non-uniform plasma.Besides,we also study the magnification of image brightness.
文摘Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is controversial, but the Linguistic Relativity is universally accepted by scholars. Through ana lyzing the causes of the mistakes that students often make during English learning and the relationship among thoughts, cultures and languages, this paper argues that language can influence people's thoughts and people's thoughts can influence the acquisi tion of a second language.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.90403021the Doctoral Progran Funds of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.20020358040
文摘The Lagrangian of Einstein's special relativity with universal parameter c(SR_c)is invariant under Poincarétransformation,which preserves Lorentz metric η_μν.The SR_c has been extended to be one which is invariant underde Sitter transformation that preserves so-called Beltrami metric B_(μv).There are two universal parameters,c and R,inthis Special Relativity(denoted as SR_(cR)).The Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formulism of SR_(cR) is formulated in this paper.The canonic energy,canonic momenta,and 10 Noether charges corresponding to the space-time's,de Sitter symmetryare derived.The canonical quantization of the mechanics for SR_(CR)-free particle is performed.The physics related to itis discussed.
