Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, <em>Spodoptera exigua&l...Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, <em>Spodoptera exigua</em> under different temperatures, (15<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, and 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C), CO<sub>2</sub> (350, 550, 750 ppm) and relative humidity (55%, 65%, 75% and 85%) regimes. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The growth of <em>S. exigua</em> was faster at 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C (larval period 7.4 days and pupal period 4.5 days) than at lower temperatures. At 15<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, the larval period was extended for 61.4 days and there was no adult emergence from the pupae till 90 days. The <em>S. exigua</em> hatchling was absent at 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The larval survival ranged from 31.6% - 57.2%, maximum survival was recorded at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, and minimum at 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The maximum (84.27%) and minimum adult emergence were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C respectively. Maximum fecundity (384.3 eggs/female) and egg viability (51.97%) were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. Larval and pupal periods increased with an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The highest pupal weights (128.6 mg/larva) were recorded at 550 ppm. The highest larval survival (73.50%) was recorded at 550 ppm and minimum (37.00%) at 750 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Fecundity was the highest in insects reared at 550 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> (657.4 eggs/female), and the lowest at 750 ppm. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 75% relative humidity (RH). The growth rate of<em> S. exigua</em> was faster at 85% RH than at lower RH. The larval survival ranged between 40.0% - 58.5%. Maximum adult emergence (88.91%) was recorded in insects reared at 75% RH and minimum at 85% RH. Maximum fecundity (447.6 eggs/female) and the highest egg viability (72.95%) were recorded in insects reared at 75% and 65% RH respectively. Elevated temperatures and relative moistness will diminish the life cycle, while hoisted CO<sub>2</sub> will drag the life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need for thorough assessment of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of insect pests, crop losses, and sustainability of crop production.展开更多
文摘Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, <em>Spodoptera exigua</em> under different temperatures, (15<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, and 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C), CO<sub>2</sub> (350, 550, 750 ppm) and relative humidity (55%, 65%, 75% and 85%) regimes. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The growth of <em>S. exigua</em> was faster at 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C (larval period 7.4 days and pupal period 4.5 days) than at lower temperatures. At 15<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, the larval period was extended for 61.4 days and there was no adult emergence from the pupae till 90 days. The <em>S. exigua</em> hatchling was absent at 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The larval survival ranged from 31.6% - 57.2%, maximum survival was recorded at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C, and minimum at 45<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. The maximum (84.27%) and minimum adult emergence were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 35<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C respectively. Maximum fecundity (384.3 eggs/female) and egg viability (51.97%) were recorded in insects reared at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. Larval and pupal periods increased with an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The highest pupal weights (128.6 mg/larva) were recorded at 550 ppm. The highest larval survival (73.50%) was recorded at 550 ppm and minimum (37.00%) at 750 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Fecundity was the highest in insects reared at 550 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> (657.4 eggs/female), and the lowest at 750 ppm. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 75% relative humidity (RH). The growth rate of<em> S. exigua</em> was faster at 85% RH than at lower RH. The larval survival ranged between 40.0% - 58.5%. Maximum adult emergence (88.91%) was recorded in insects reared at 75% RH and minimum at 85% RH. Maximum fecundity (447.6 eggs/female) and the highest egg viability (72.95%) were recorded in insects reared at 75% and 65% RH respectively. Elevated temperatures and relative moistness will diminish the life cycle, while hoisted CO<sub>2</sub> will drag the life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need for thorough assessment of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of insect pests, crop losses, and sustainability of crop production.
