The Rehai Geothermal Field, located in Tengchong County, in central-western Yunnan Prov- ince, is the largest and most intensively studied geothermal field in China. A wide physicochemical diversity of springs （ambie...The Rehai Geothermal Field, located in Tengchong County, in central-western Yunnan Prov- ince, is the largest and most intensively studied geothermal field in China. A wide physicochemical diversity of springs （ambient to -97 ℃; pH from 〈1.8 to≥9.3） provides a multitude of niches for extremophilic microorganisms. A variety of studies have focused on the cultivation, identification, basic physiology, taxonomy, and biotechnological potential of thermophilic microorganisms from Rehai. Ther- mophilic bacteria isolated from Rehai belong to the phyla Firmicutes and Deinococcus-Thermus. Firmicutes include neutrophilic or alkaliphilic Anoxybacillus, Bacillus, Caldalkalibacillus, Caldanaerobacter, Laceyella, and Geobacillus, as well as thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus and Sulfobacillus. Isolates from the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum include several Meiothermus and Thermus species. Many of these bacteria synthesize thermostable polymer-degrading enzymes that may be useful for biotech- nology. The thermoacidophilic archaea Acidianus, Metallosphaera, and Sulfolobus have also been isolated and studied. A few studies have reported the isolation of thermophilic viruses belonging to Siphoviridae （TTSP4 and TTSP10） and Fuselloviridae （STSV1） infecting Thermus spp. and Sulfolobus spp., respectively. More recently, cultivation-independent studies using 16S rRNA gene sequences, shotgun metagenomics, or ＂＇functional gene＂ sequences have revealed a mtlch broader diversity of micro- organisms than represented in culture. Studies of the gene and mRNA encoding 113e large subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase （amoA） of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea （AOA） and the tetraether lipid cre- narchaeol, a potential hiomarker for AOA, suggest a wide diversity, but possibly low abundance, of ther- mophilic AOA in Rehai. Finally, we introduce the Tengchong Partnerships in International Research and Education （P1RE） project, an international collaboration between Chinese and U.S. scientists with the goal of promoting international and interdisciplinary cooperation to gain a more holistic and gh〉bal view of life in te^estrial geothermal springs.展开更多
Rehai, a high-temperature hydrothermal system located in the southern part of the Tengchong volcanic geothermal area of Yunnan Province, is characterized by intensive hydrothermal activities. The hot springs at Rehai ...Rehai, a high-temperature hydrothermal system located in the southern part of the Tengchong volcanic geothermal area of Yunnan Province, is characterized by intensive hydrothermal activities. The hot springs at Rehai that have been sampled so far are Na-HCO3-Cl or Na-HCO3 springs except for the one at Diretiyanqu （experience geothermal area） which is an acid sulfate spring. As typical characteristic solution constituents in high-temperature hydrothermal systems with magma as heat source, CI, B and As in the Rehai geothermal waters originate mainly from the addition of magmatic fluid. However, both the mixing of magmatic fluid and the dissolution of reservoir hostrocks contribute to the enrichment of fluoride in the Rehai geothermal waters, although their fluoride concentrations are primarily controlled by the solubility of fluorite as indicated by a clear negative relation between solution fluoride and calcium concentrations. The much higher concentration of SO4^2- in the Diretiyanqu Spring as compared to the other springs outcropping at Rehai implies a quite different geochemical genesis for this spring. The H2S-rich vapor, separated from the deep geothermal fluid during boiling process （i.e., adiabatic cooling）, can ascend to shallow aquifers where it is mixed with cold groundwaters and oxidized. Acid sulfate-rich hot springs are generally formed in this manner although only one spring of this type has been samnled during the field investigation of this studv.展开更多
The Rehai geothermal field in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province is a significant high-temperaturehydrothermal convective system. The geothermal reservoir is composed of granite. Various geothermometersare used to eval...The Rehai geothermal field in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province is a significant high-temperaturehydrothermal convective system. The geothermal reservoir is composed of granite. Various geothermometersare used to evaluate the reservoir temperature. The most likely temperature of the reservoir as representedby T_(Na-K-Ca) is about 230℃. The chemical and isotopic compositions of fluids before boiling within the reser-voir are estimated. The mixing and dilution of cold and warm waters are discussed. The Rehai geothermal fieldis a high-temperature (hot) water system with the subsurface boiling zone close to the surface. The reservoirpressure at different depths is calculated. And finally the water-rock equilibration is inferred.展开更多
Here we give the δD values of escaped H2 from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai and adjacent regions, and deal with a genetic correlation between the increment H2 in escaped gases from middle-shallow reservoirs and ...Here we give the δD values of escaped H2 from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai and adjacent regions, and deal with a genetic correlation between the increment H2 in escaped gases from middle-shallow reservoirs and the H2S, CH4 derived from deep sources. Isotopic compositions of H2 indicate that the generation of increment H2 may be related to recent strong activity of N-W trending fault at the Rehai area. Trace monitoring the H2 release could be significant in order to keep watch on present activity of that fault.展开更多
This paper deals with the chemical and isotopic compositions of escaped gases from the Rehai geothermal area in Tengchong county of Yunnan Province. Results indicate that there is the mantle-derived magmatic intrusion...This paper deals with the chemical and isotopic compositions of escaped gases from the Rehai geothermal area in Tengchong county of Yunnan Province. Results indicate that there is the mantle-derived magmatic intrusion in shallow crust at this area. Modern mantle-derived mag-matic volatiles are being released currently in a steady stream by way of active faults. The escaped gases are mostly composed of CO2, together with subordinate amounts of H2S, N2, H2, CH4, SO2, CO and He. At the studied area, the north-south directed fault is the deepest, and it may be interlinked with the deep-seated thermal reservoir that would be directly recharged by the mantle-derived magmatic volatile. The He, C isotopic evidence reveals that the modern active magma beneath Rehai area may originate from the historical mantle-derived magma which caused the latest eruptive activity of volcanoes in that region.展开更多
The Rehai (Hot Sea) thermal field, being the strongest geothermal manifestation in the area, lies about 13 km southwest of Tengchong County. Most of its Tertiary granitic clasolites were intensely altered by the funct...The Rehai (Hot Sea) thermal field, being the strongest geothermal manifestation in the area, lies about 13 km southwest of Tengchong County. Most of its Tertiary granitic clasolites were intensely altered by the function of the acidic-neutral fluid ascending along the fault fissures. The most abundant altered minerals are kaolinites and illite-smectite (I-S) mixed layer minerals, the next are some alunite and silica minerals (hydrothermal quartz, chalcedony and opal), and a few chabazite and analcime are found. Zoning is a distinctive feature of the altered minerals at Rehai. This paper is mainly concerned with the hydrothermal clay minerals, the physical and chemical conditions prevailing during their formation, and the cause of zoning of the alteration.展开更多
The Tengchong geothermal area,an active tectonic region with frequent earthquakes,is located in Yunnan Province of southwestern China.This area contains abundant active hot springs, which often display high metal conc...The Tengchong geothermal area,an active tectonic region with frequent earthquakes,is located in Yunnan Province of southwestern China.This area contains abundant active hot springs, which often display high metal concentrations and obvious mineralization phenomena.At 19：19 on 9 July 2009,an earthquake occurred in Yao＇an,Chuxiong,Yunnan Province,which is 300 km to the northeast of the Tengchong geothermal area.We sampled water in the hot springs in the Tengchong area from 4 July to 9 July 2009 and from 10 July to 15 July 2009 to study the changes of elemental concentrations before and after the earthquake and discuss the influence of the earthquake on the mineralization of the hot springs.The concentrations of most trace elements increased slightly,but the concentration of REE（rare earth elements） decreased by 50%after the earthquake in the hot springs around a NS-trending fault.The elemental concentrations remained unchanged in Longtan and Suanshuigou,which are related to an inactive crater.The elemental concentrations in other springs controlled by superficial and small-scale faults decreased after the earthquake.The earthquake can stimulate the activity of deep faults and magma chambers,as is responsible for the increase of metal concentrations in the hot springs along the NS-trending deep fault;whereas it can decrease the porosity of permeable rocks,resulting in the decline of the flux of ore-bearing fluids and the corresponding mineralization in the hot springs related to superficial faults.展开更多
基金supported generously by the U.S.National Science Foundation(Grant Nos.MCB-0546865 and OISE- 0968421 & OISE-0836450)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31070007)
文摘The Rehai Geothermal Field, located in Tengchong County, in central-western Yunnan Prov- ince, is the largest and most intensively studied geothermal field in China. A wide physicochemical diversity of springs （ambient to -97 ℃; pH from 〈1.8 to≥9.3） provides a multitude of niches for extremophilic microorganisms. A variety of studies have focused on the cultivation, identification, basic physiology, taxonomy, and biotechnological potential of thermophilic microorganisms from Rehai. Ther- mophilic bacteria isolated from Rehai belong to the phyla Firmicutes and Deinococcus-Thermus. Firmicutes include neutrophilic or alkaliphilic Anoxybacillus, Bacillus, Caldalkalibacillus, Caldanaerobacter, Laceyella, and Geobacillus, as well as thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus and Sulfobacillus. Isolates from the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum include several Meiothermus and Thermus species. Many of these bacteria synthesize thermostable polymer-degrading enzymes that may be useful for biotech- nology. The thermoacidophilic archaea Acidianus, Metallosphaera, and Sulfolobus have also been isolated and studied. A few studies have reported the isolation of thermophilic viruses belonging to Siphoviridae （TTSP4 and TTSP10） and Fuselloviridae （STSV1） infecting Thermus spp. and Sulfolobus spp., respectively. More recently, cultivation-independent studies using 16S rRNA gene sequences, shotgun metagenomics, or ＂＇functional gene＂ sequences have revealed a mtlch broader diversity of micro- organisms than represented in culture. Studies of the gene and mRNA encoding 113e large subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase （amoA） of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea （AOA） and the tetraether lipid cre- narchaeol, a potential hiomarker for AOA, suggest a wide diversity, but possibly low abundance, of ther- mophilic AOA in Rehai. Finally, we introduce the Tengchong Partnerships in International Research and Education （P1RE） project, an international collaboration between Chinese and U.S. scientists with the goal of promoting international and interdisciplinary cooperation to gain a more holistic and gh〉bal view of life in te^estrial geothermal springs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41120124003)the Fundamental Research Fund for National Universities,China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Nos.CUG120505 and CUG120113)the Ministry of Education of China (No.B08030)
文摘Rehai, a high-temperature hydrothermal system located in the southern part of the Tengchong volcanic geothermal area of Yunnan Province, is characterized by intensive hydrothermal activities. The hot springs at Rehai that have been sampled so far are Na-HCO3-Cl or Na-HCO3 springs except for the one at Diretiyanqu （experience geothermal area） which is an acid sulfate spring. As typical characteristic solution constituents in high-temperature hydrothermal systems with magma as heat source, CI, B and As in the Rehai geothermal waters originate mainly from the addition of magmatic fluid. However, both the mixing of magmatic fluid and the dissolution of reservoir hostrocks contribute to the enrichment of fluoride in the Rehai geothermal waters, although their fluoride concentrations are primarily controlled by the solubility of fluorite as indicated by a clear negative relation between solution fluoride and calcium concentrations. The much higher concentration of SO4^2- in the Diretiyanqu Spring as compared to the other springs outcropping at Rehai implies a quite different geochemical genesis for this spring. The H2S-rich vapor, separated from the deep geothermal fluid during boiling process （i.e., adiabatic cooling）, can ascend to shallow aquifers where it is mixed with cold groundwaters and oxidized. Acid sulfate-rich hot springs are generally formed in this manner although only one spring of this type has been samnled during the field investigation of this studv.
基金This paper is one or the results of Project D14021 sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation.
文摘The Rehai geothermal field in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province is a significant high-temperaturehydrothermal convective system. The geothermal reservoir is composed of granite. Various geothermometersare used to evaluate the reservoir temperature. The most likely temperature of the reservoir as representedby T_(Na-K-Ca) is about 230℃. The chemical and isotopic compositions of fluids before boiling within the reser-voir are estimated. The mixing and dilution of cold and warm waters are discussed. The Rehai geothermal fieldis a high-temperature (hot) water system with the subsurface boiling zone close to the surface. The reservoirpressure at different depths is calculated. And finally the water-rock equilibration is inferred.
基金This work was supported by the '95' Major Project of China Seismological Bureau.
文摘Here we give the δD values of escaped H2 from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai and adjacent regions, and deal with a genetic correlation between the increment H2 in escaped gases from middle-shallow reservoirs and the H2S, CH4 derived from deep sources. Isotopic compositions of H2 indicate that the generation of increment H2 may be related to recent strong activity of N-W trending fault at the Rehai area. Trace monitoring the H2 release could be significant in order to keep watch on present activity of that fault.
文摘This paper deals with the chemical and isotopic compositions of escaped gases from the Rehai geothermal area in Tengchong county of Yunnan Province. Results indicate that there is the mantle-derived magmatic intrusion in shallow crust at this area. Modern mantle-derived mag-matic volatiles are being released currently in a steady stream by way of active faults. The escaped gases are mostly composed of CO2, together with subordinate amounts of H2S, N2, H2, CH4, SO2, CO and He. At the studied area, the north-south directed fault is the deepest, and it may be interlinked with the deep-seated thermal reservoir that would be directly recharged by the mantle-derived magmatic volatile. The He, C isotopic evidence reveals that the modern active magma beneath Rehai area may originate from the historical mantle-derived magma which caused the latest eruptive activity of volcanoes in that region.
文摘The Rehai (Hot Sea) thermal field, being the strongest geothermal manifestation in the area, lies about 13 km southwest of Tengchong County. Most of its Tertiary granitic clasolites were intensely altered by the function of the acidic-neutral fluid ascending along the fault fissures. The most abundant altered minerals are kaolinites and illite-smectite (I-S) mixed layer minerals, the next are some alunite and silica minerals (hydrothermal quartz, chalcedony and opal), and a few chabazite and analcime are found. Zoning is a distinctive feature of the altered minerals at Rehai. This paper is mainly concerned with the hydrothermal clay minerals, the physical and chemical conditions prevailing during their formation, and the cause of zoning of the alteration.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of the People's Republic of China(973 project)(No.2009CB421008)the 111 Project(No.B07011)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40234051)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT0755)the Special Plans of Science and Technology of Land Resource Department(No. 20010103)
文摘The Tengchong geothermal area,an active tectonic region with frequent earthquakes,is located in Yunnan Province of southwestern China.This area contains abundant active hot springs, which often display high metal concentrations and obvious mineralization phenomena.At 19：19 on 9 July 2009,an earthquake occurred in Yao＇an,Chuxiong,Yunnan Province,which is 300 km to the northeast of the Tengchong geothermal area.We sampled water in the hot springs in the Tengchong area from 4 July to 9 July 2009 and from 10 July to 15 July 2009 to study the changes of elemental concentrations before and after the earthquake and discuss the influence of the earthquake on the mineralization of the hot springs.The concentrations of most trace elements increased slightly,but the concentration of REE（rare earth elements） decreased by 50%after the earthquake in the hot springs around a NS-trending fault.The elemental concentrations remained unchanged in Longtan and Suanshuigou,which are related to an inactive crater.The elemental concentrations in other springs controlled by superficial and small-scale faults decreased after the earthquake.The earthquake can stimulate the activity of deep faults and magma chambers,as is responsible for the increase of metal concentrations in the hot springs along the NS-trending deep fault;whereas it can decrease the porosity of permeable rocks,resulting in the decline of the flux of ore-bearing fluids and the corresponding mineralization in the hot springs related to superficial faults.
