The cell performance and temperature gradient of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with indirect internal reformer （IIR-SOFC） fuelled by natural gas, containing a typical catalytic packed-bed reformer, a catalytic coa...The cell performance and temperature gradient of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with indirect internal reformer （IIR-SOFC） fuelled by natural gas, containing a typical catalytic packed-bed reformer, a catalytic coated wall reformer, a catalytic annular reformer, and a novel catalytic annular-coated wall reformer were investigated with an aim to determine the most efficient internal reformer system. Among the four reformer designs, IIR-SOFC containing an annular-coated wall reformer exhibited the highest performance in terms of cell power density （0.67 W.cm 2） and electrical efficiency （68%） with an acceptable temperature gradient and a moderate pressure drop across the reformer （3.53 × 10 5 kPa）. IIR-SOFC with an annular-coated wall reformer was then studied over a range of operating conditions： inlet fuel temperature, operating pressure, steam to carbon （S ： C） ratio, gas flow pattern （co-flow and counter-flow pattern）, and natural gas compositions. The simulation results showed that the temperature gradient across the reformer could not be decreased using a lower fuel inlet temperature （1223 K-1173 K） and both the power density and electrical efficiency of the cell also decreased by lowering fuel inlet temperature. Operating in higher pressure mode （1-10 bar） improved the temperature gradient and cell performance. Increasing the S ： C ratio from 2 ： 1 to 4：1 could decrease the temperature drop across the reformer but also decrease the cell performance. The average temperature gradient was higher and smoother in IIR-SOFC under a co-flow pattern than that under a counter-flow pattern, leading to lower overpotential and higher cell performance. Natural gas compositions significantly affected the cell performance and temperature gradient. Natural gas containing lower methane content provided smoother temperature gradient in the system but showed lower power density and electrical efficiency.展开更多
After six years＇medical reform,about 7.8 billion person-times of medical service has been achieved by2014,and the number of persons covered by basic medical insurance for urban employees,basic medical insurance for u...After six years＇medical reform,about 7.8 billion person-times of medical service has been achieved by2014,and the number of persons covered by basic medical insurance for urban employees,basic medical insurance for urban residents,and new rural cooperative medical insurance exceeded 1.3 billion,of which the coverage ratio reached as high as over 95%,establishing the largest basic medical security network in the world.展开更多
Decreasing supplies of high quality crude oil and increasing demand for high quality distillates have motivated the interest in converting natural gas to liquid fuels, especially with the present boom in natural gas p...Decreasing supplies of high quality crude oil and increasing demand for high quality distillates have motivated the interest in converting natural gas to liquid fuels, especially with the present boom in natural gas proven reserves. Nevertheless, one major issue is the curtailment of costs incurred in producing synthesis gas from natural gas, which account for approximately 60% of the costs used in producing liquid fuels. While there are three main routes to convert natural gas to syngas: steam reforming (SMR), partial Oxidation (POX) and auto-thermal reforming (ATR). Significant new developments and improvements in these technologies, established innovative processes to minimize greenhouse gases emission, minimize energy consumption, enhance syngas processes, adjust the desired H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio and change the baseline economics. This article reviews the state of the art for the reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas taking into consideration all the new innovations in both processes and catalysis.展开更多
Thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide alone （＂dry reforming＂） and with carbon dioxide and steam together （＂mixed reforming＂） is performed as part of a project which investigate...Thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide alone （＂dry reforming＂） and with carbon dioxide and steam together （＂mixed reforming＂） is performed as part of a project which investigates the suitability of these endothermic reactions for the storage of solar thermal energy. The Gibbs free energy minimization method was employed to identify thermodynamically optimal operating conditions for dry reforming as well as mixed reforming with a desired H2/CO molar ratio of 2. The non-stoichiometric equilibrium model was developed using FactSage software to conduct the thermodynamic calculations for carbon formation, H2/CO ratio, CH4 conversion and H2 yield as a function of reaction temperature, pressure and reactant molar ratios. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that in the mixed reforming process, optimal operating conditions in a carbon-free zone are under H2O/CH4 /CO2 =1.0/1.0/0.5, p = 1 to 10 bar and T = 800 to 850℃ for the production of syngas with a H2 /CO molar ratio of 2. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum H2 yield of 88.0% is achieved at 1 bar and 850℃ with a maximum CH4 conversion of 99.3%. In the dry reforming process, a carbon formation regime is always present at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 for T = 700 1000℃ and p = 1-30 bar, whereas a carbon-free regime can be obtained at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio greater than 1.5 and T≥800℃.展开更多
The exchange rate reform initiated on August 11,2015 is an important attempt by the PBoC to transform China's exchange rate regime from the"crawl-like arrangement"to a floating regime.However,after a thr...The exchange rate reform initiated on August 11,2015 is an important attempt by the PBoC to transform China's exchange rate regime from the"crawl-like arrangement"to a floating regime.However,after a three-day experiment,the PBoC abandoned the original goal of the reform.Since then,the central bank has implemented a new exchange rate-setting mechanism.Under this mechanism,the central parity of the renminbi(RMB)against the US dollar is decided by the arithmetic average of the RMB exchange rate that keeps the index of a currency basket unchanged over the past 24 hours and the previous day's closing price of USD/CNY.Due to the introduction of the index of a currency basket,additional uncertainty has been introduced into the determination of the RMB exchange rate,because of the uncertainty of the dollar index(USDX).As a result,to a certain extent,the one-way bet on the RMB expectations is weakened.However,the current exchange rate formation mechanism cannot reverse the trend of devaluation of the RMB,nor can it eliminate depreciation expectations.Meanwhile,it hinders the effectiveness of central bank's independent monetary policy based on the domestic economic fundamentals.And also,the"two-way float"created by the new price-setting mechanism is artificial and has led to significant losses of foreign exchange reserve.The paper explains how the new price-setting mechanism works,and identifies the important features of the mechanism and its pros and cons.The paper argues that despite some advantages,the new exchange rate regime as a soft peg regime is not sustainable and the PBoC should stop foreign exchange market intervention as soon as possible.We hope that the PBoC can learn the lessons from the failure of the"August 11 reform"and accomplish the unaccomplished reform in an urgent manner.展开更多
In this paper, the effect of catalyst shape and characteristics has been investigated where five types of a catalyst were examined under the same operation conditions, where catalysts are similar in the chemical prope...In this paper, the effect of catalyst shape and characteristics has been investigated where five types of a catalyst were examined under the same operation conditions, where catalysts are similar in the chemical properties (Ni/MgOAl2O3) but it's different in their physical properties in the catalyst section of secondary reformer. The secondary reformer involves continuation of the methane reforming reaction that began in the primary reformer to produce Nitrogen and Hydrogen in the ammonia plant. In order to evaluate performance of various types of catalysts in the secondary reformer reactor, mathematical model have been created. The mathematical model covers all aspects of major chemical kinetics, heat and mass transfer phenomena in the secondary reformer in the ammonia plant at steady state conditions. It aims to optimize the best catalyst from five types of catalyst of the secondary reformer reactor in the State Company of Fertilizers South Region in the Basra/Iraq. The mathematical model allows calculating the axial variations of compositions, temperature and pressure of the gases inside two reactors in series by using the atomic molar balance and adiabatic flame temperature in the combustion section while, in the catalyst section, they are predicted by using a one-dimensional heterogeneous catalytic reaction model. The analysis evaluation performance of the catalyst (RKS-2-7H') have good results than other the catalyst types (RKS - 2, ICI 54 - 2, RKS-2-7H”, RKS-2-7H”’) in catalyst zone of the secondary reformer.展开更多
Industrial reform in China truly embodies the rich content and hard experience of exploration along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the first stage of industrial reform,a thought revolution was ...Industrial reform in China truly embodies the rich content and hard experience of exploration along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the first stage of industrial reform,a thought revolution was started,which laid the foundation for the development of the market economy,i.e. "to get away from poverty,we have to help ourselves and pursue self-interests". Society then began to realize that the action of individuals and enterprises to pursue income,profit and wealth was not only a proper and rational behavior of discrete entities,but also a reasonable behavior bene cial to society. This profound thought revolution played a decisive role in the transformation from a planned to market economy. At the second stage of industrial reform,some bold assaults were launched on every aspect of the planned economy,while the socialist market economy was identified as the objective of system reform. In this process,Chinese industry courageously,boldly and confidently moved towards an open market economy. As a result,China can now proclaim to the world:"we are not afraid of market competition,but rather,we look forward to it!" At the third stage of industrial reform,the focus has shifted from resolving issues of the transition from a planned to market economy into addressing common institutional and policy issues facing countries worldwide with regard to the effective operation of the market economy. From then on,industrial reform in China was no longer the business of China alone,but the business of the whole world.展开更多
One of the matured methods for producing hydrogen in bulk is steam methane reforming (SMR). The two commercial aspects of producing hydrogen from SMR are SMR with shift reactor (SR) and SMR with dry methane reforming ...One of the matured methods for producing hydrogen in bulk is steam methane reforming (SMR). The two commercial aspects of producing hydrogen from SMR are SMR with shift reactor (SR) and SMR with dry methane reforming (DRM). Although SMR with SR produces high hydrogen yield, it emits a large quantity of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). On the contrary, SMR and DRM produce low hydrogen yield but favorably emit a low quantity of CO<sub>2</sub>. However, it is not obvious which of these methods is more favourable economically. Consequently, using UNISIM Software Package, this study investigates three SMR methods namely SMR with SR, SMR with DRM and SMR with the combination of DRM and SR for the purpose of determining the most favourable route for producing hydrogen. This was done on the basis of feedstock rate of 100 kmol/hr of methane which reacted with 250 kmol/hr of steam for 8000 hrs annually using the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO emissions (CO<sub>x</sub>) and the plant net profit percentage as performance indices. The profitability analysis shows that SMR/SR process is the most profitable process with a net profit percentage of 41.3%. Moreover, SMR/SR process has the highest yield and interestingly lowest CO<sub>x</sub> emission rate. It is therefore concluded that the most favourable process route, technically and economically, is SMR/SR for the production of hydrogen using methane as feedstock.展开更多
After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adj...After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.展开更多
For syngas production, the combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO2 as a greenhouse gas annually which intensifies global warming. In this study, chemical looping combustion （CLC） has been utilized f...For syngas production, the combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO2 as a greenhouse gas annually which intensifies global warming. In this study, chemical looping combustion （CLC） has been utilized for the elimination of CO2 emission to atmosphere during simultaneous syngas production with different H2/CO ratio in steam reforming of methane （SR） and dry reforming of methane （DR） in a CLC-SR-DR configuration. In CLC-SR-DR with 184 reformer tubes （similar to an industrial scale steam reformer in Zagros Petrochemical Company, Assaluyeh, Iran）, DR reaction occurs over Rh-based catalysts in 31 tubes. Also, SR reaction is happened over Ni-based catalysts in 153 tubes. CLC via employment of Mn-based oxygen carriers supplies heat for DR and SR reactions and produces CO2 and H2O as raw materials simultaneously. A steady state heterogeneous catalytic reaction model is applied to analyze the performance and applicability of the proposed CLC-SR-DR configuration. Simulation results show that combustion efficiency reached 1 at the outlet of fuel reactor （FR）. Therefore, pure CO2 and H2O can be recycled to DR and SR sides, respectively. Also, CH4 conversion reached 0.2803 and 0.7275 at the outlet of SR and DR sides, respectively. Simulation results indicate that, 3223 kmol.h-l syngas with a H2/CO ratio equal to 9.826 was produced in SR side of CLC-SR-DR. After that, 1844 kmol.h-1 syngas with a H2/CO ratio equal to 0.986 was achieved in DR side of CLC-SR-DR. Results illustrate that by increasing the number of DR tubes to 50 tubes and considering 184 fixed total tubes in CLC-SR-DR, CH4 conversions in SR and DR sides decreased 2.69% and 3.31%, respectively. However, this subject caused total syngas production in SR and DR sides （in all of 184 tubes） enhance to 5427 kmol-h-1. Finally, thermal and molar behaviors of the proposed configuration demonstrate that CLC-SR-DR is applicable for simultaneous syngas production with high and low Hx/CO ratios in an environmental friendly process.展开更多
基金supported by the Thailand Research Fund(TRG 5680051)
文摘The cell performance and temperature gradient of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with indirect internal reformer （IIR-SOFC） fuelled by natural gas, containing a typical catalytic packed-bed reformer, a catalytic coated wall reformer, a catalytic annular reformer, and a novel catalytic annular-coated wall reformer were investigated with an aim to determine the most efficient internal reformer system. Among the four reformer designs, IIR-SOFC containing an annular-coated wall reformer exhibited the highest performance in terms of cell power density （0.67 W.cm 2） and electrical efficiency （68%） with an acceptable temperature gradient and a moderate pressure drop across the reformer （3.53 × 10 5 kPa）. IIR-SOFC with an annular-coated wall reformer was then studied over a range of operating conditions： inlet fuel temperature, operating pressure, steam to carbon （S ： C） ratio, gas flow pattern （co-flow and counter-flow pattern）, and natural gas compositions. The simulation results showed that the temperature gradient across the reformer could not be decreased using a lower fuel inlet temperature （1223 K-1173 K） and both the power density and electrical efficiency of the cell also decreased by lowering fuel inlet temperature. Operating in higher pressure mode （1-10 bar） improved the temperature gradient and cell performance. Increasing the S ： C ratio from 2 ： 1 to 4：1 could decrease the temperature drop across the reformer but also decrease the cell performance. The average temperature gradient was higher and smoother in IIR-SOFC under a co-flow pattern than that under a counter-flow pattern, leading to lower overpotential and higher cell performance. Natural gas compositions significantly affected the cell performance and temperature gradient. Natural gas containing lower methane content provided smoother temperature gradient in the system but showed lower power density and electrical efficiency.
文摘After six years＇medical reform,about 7.8 billion person-times of medical service has been achieved by2014,and the number of persons covered by basic medical insurance for urban employees,basic medical insurance for urban residents,and new rural cooperative medical insurance exceeded 1.3 billion,of which the coverage ratio reached as high as over 95%,establishing the largest basic medical security network in the world.
文摘Decreasing supplies of high quality crude oil and increasing demand for high quality distillates have motivated the interest in converting natural gas to liquid fuels, especially with the present boom in natural gas proven reserves. Nevertheless, one major issue is the curtailment of costs incurred in producing synthesis gas from natural gas, which account for approximately 60% of the costs used in producing liquid fuels. While there are three main routes to convert natural gas to syngas: steam reforming (SMR), partial Oxidation (POX) and auto-thermal reforming (ATR). Significant new developments and improvements in these technologies, established innovative processes to minimize greenhouse gases emission, minimize energy consumption, enhance syngas processes, adjust the desired H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio and change the baseline economics. This article reviews the state of the art for the reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas taking into consideration all the new innovations in both processes and catalysis.
文摘Thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide alone （＂dry reforming＂） and with carbon dioxide and steam together （＂mixed reforming＂） is performed as part of a project which investigates the suitability of these endothermic reactions for the storage of solar thermal energy. The Gibbs free energy minimization method was employed to identify thermodynamically optimal operating conditions for dry reforming as well as mixed reforming with a desired H2/CO molar ratio of 2. The non-stoichiometric equilibrium model was developed using FactSage software to conduct the thermodynamic calculations for carbon formation, H2/CO ratio, CH4 conversion and H2 yield as a function of reaction temperature, pressure and reactant molar ratios. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that in the mixed reforming process, optimal operating conditions in a carbon-free zone are under H2O/CH4 /CO2 =1.0/1.0/0.5, p = 1 to 10 bar and T = 800 to 850℃ for the production of syngas with a H2 /CO molar ratio of 2. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum H2 yield of 88.0% is achieved at 1 bar and 850℃ with a maximum CH4 conversion of 99.3%. In the dry reforming process, a carbon formation regime is always present at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 for T = 700 1000℃ and p = 1-30 bar, whereas a carbon-free regime can be obtained at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio greater than 1.5 and T≥800℃.
文摘The exchange rate reform initiated on August 11,2015 is an important attempt by the PBoC to transform China's exchange rate regime from the"crawl-like arrangement"to a floating regime.However,after a three-day experiment,the PBoC abandoned the original goal of the reform.Since then,the central bank has implemented a new exchange rate-setting mechanism.Under this mechanism,the central parity of the renminbi(RMB)against the US dollar is decided by the arithmetic average of the RMB exchange rate that keeps the index of a currency basket unchanged over the past 24 hours and the previous day's closing price of USD/CNY.Due to the introduction of the index of a currency basket,additional uncertainty has been introduced into the determination of the RMB exchange rate,because of the uncertainty of the dollar index(USDX).As a result,to a certain extent,the one-way bet on the RMB expectations is weakened.However,the current exchange rate formation mechanism cannot reverse the trend of devaluation of the RMB,nor can it eliminate depreciation expectations.Meanwhile,it hinders the effectiveness of central bank's independent monetary policy based on the domestic economic fundamentals.And also,the"two-way float"created by the new price-setting mechanism is artificial and has led to significant losses of foreign exchange reserve.The paper explains how the new price-setting mechanism works,and identifies the important features of the mechanism and its pros and cons.The paper argues that despite some advantages,the new exchange rate regime as a soft peg regime is not sustainable and the PBoC should stop foreign exchange market intervention as soon as possible.We hope that the PBoC can learn the lessons from the failure of the"August 11 reform"and accomplish the unaccomplished reform in an urgent manner.
文摘In this paper, the effect of catalyst shape and characteristics has been investigated where five types of a catalyst were examined under the same operation conditions, where catalysts are similar in the chemical properties (Ni/MgOAl2O3) but it's different in their physical properties in the catalyst section of secondary reformer. The secondary reformer involves continuation of the methane reforming reaction that began in the primary reformer to produce Nitrogen and Hydrogen in the ammonia plant. In order to evaluate performance of various types of catalysts in the secondary reformer reactor, mathematical model have been created. The mathematical model covers all aspects of major chemical kinetics, heat and mass transfer phenomena in the secondary reformer in the ammonia plant at steady state conditions. It aims to optimize the best catalyst from five types of catalyst of the secondary reformer reactor in the State Company of Fertilizers South Region in the Basra/Iraq. The mathematical model allows calculating the axial variations of compositions, temperature and pressure of the gases inside two reactors in series by using the atomic molar balance and adiabatic flame temperature in the combustion section while, in the catalyst section, they are predicted by using a one-dimensional heterogeneous catalytic reaction model. The analysis evaluation performance of the catalyst (RKS-2-7H') have good results than other the catalyst types (RKS - 2, ICI 54 - 2, RKS-2-7H”, RKS-2-7H”’) in catalyst zone of the secondary reformer.
文摘Industrial reform in China truly embodies the rich content and hard experience of exploration along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the first stage of industrial reform,a thought revolution was started,which laid the foundation for the development of the market economy,i.e. "to get away from poverty,we have to help ourselves and pursue self-interests". Society then began to realize that the action of individuals and enterprises to pursue income,profit and wealth was not only a proper and rational behavior of discrete entities,but also a reasonable behavior bene cial to society. This profound thought revolution played a decisive role in the transformation from a planned to market economy. At the second stage of industrial reform,some bold assaults were launched on every aspect of the planned economy,while the socialist market economy was identified as the objective of system reform. In this process,Chinese industry courageously,boldly and confidently moved towards an open market economy. As a result,China can now proclaim to the world:"we are not afraid of market competition,but rather,we look forward to it!" At the third stage of industrial reform,the focus has shifted from resolving issues of the transition from a planned to market economy into addressing common institutional and policy issues facing countries worldwide with regard to the effective operation of the market economy. From then on,industrial reform in China was no longer the business of China alone,but the business of the whole world.
文摘One of the matured methods for producing hydrogen in bulk is steam methane reforming (SMR). The two commercial aspects of producing hydrogen from SMR are SMR with shift reactor (SR) and SMR with dry methane reforming (DRM). Although SMR with SR produces high hydrogen yield, it emits a large quantity of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). On the contrary, SMR and DRM produce low hydrogen yield but favorably emit a low quantity of CO<sub>2</sub>. However, it is not obvious which of these methods is more favourable economically. Consequently, using UNISIM Software Package, this study investigates three SMR methods namely SMR with SR, SMR with DRM and SMR with the combination of DRM and SR for the purpose of determining the most favourable route for producing hydrogen. This was done on the basis of feedstock rate of 100 kmol/hr of methane which reacted with 250 kmol/hr of steam for 8000 hrs annually using the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO emissions (CO<sub>x</sub>) and the plant net profit percentage as performance indices. The profitability analysis shows that SMR/SR process is the most profitable process with a net profit percentage of 41.3%. Moreover, SMR/SR process has the highest yield and interestingly lowest CO<sub>x</sub> emission rate. It is therefore concluded that the most favourable process route, technically and economically, is SMR/SR for the production of hydrogen using methane as feedstock.
文摘After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.
文摘For syngas production, the combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO2 as a greenhouse gas annually which intensifies global warming. In this study, chemical looping combustion （CLC） has been utilized for the elimination of CO2 emission to atmosphere during simultaneous syngas production with different H2/CO ratio in steam reforming of methane （SR） and dry reforming of methane （DR） in a CLC-SR-DR configuration. In CLC-SR-DR with 184 reformer tubes （similar to an industrial scale steam reformer in Zagros Petrochemical Company, Assaluyeh, Iran）, DR reaction occurs over Rh-based catalysts in 31 tubes. Also, SR reaction is happened over Ni-based catalysts in 153 tubes. CLC via employment of Mn-based oxygen carriers supplies heat for DR and SR reactions and produces CO2 and H2O as raw materials simultaneously. A steady state heterogeneous catalytic reaction model is applied to analyze the performance and applicability of the proposed CLC-SR-DR configuration. Simulation results show that combustion efficiency reached 1 at the outlet of fuel reactor （FR）. Therefore, pure CO2 and H2O can be recycled to DR and SR sides, respectively. Also, CH4 conversion reached 0.2803 and 0.7275 at the outlet of SR and DR sides, respectively. Simulation results indicate that, 3223 kmol.h-l syngas with a H2/CO ratio equal to 9.826 was produced in SR side of CLC-SR-DR. After that, 1844 kmol.h-1 syngas with a H2/CO ratio equal to 0.986 was achieved in DR side of CLC-SR-DR. Results illustrate that by increasing the number of DR tubes to 50 tubes and considering 184 fixed total tubes in CLC-SR-DR, CH4 conversions in SR and DR sides decreased 2.69% and 3.31%, respectively. However, this subject caused total syngas production in SR and DR sides （in all of 184 tubes） enhance to 5427 kmol-h-1. Finally, thermal and molar behaviors of the proposed configuration demonstrate that CLC-SR-DR is applicable for simultaneous syngas production with high and low Hx/CO ratios in an environmental friendly process.
