AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups ...AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.展开更多
In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With ...In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With the global rise of T1DM,there is an increased burden on society and healthcare systems.Due to insulin therapy and islet dysfunction,T1DM patients are highly vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia,a leading cause of mortality.In healthy individuals,counterregulatory mechanisms restore blood glucose during hypoglycemia,but repeated episodes impair these responses.Jin et al demonstrated that overexpression of GLP-1 attenuates the sympathetic-adrenal reflex and disrupts the secretion of counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon during hypoglycemia,leading to counterregulatory dysfunction.These findings highlight the critical role of GLP-1 in the impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in T1DM patients and provide new insights into the potential application of GLP-1-related therapies in T1DM patients.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces....The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60...Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.展开更多
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a...BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.展开更多
The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This p...The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.展开更多
In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive s...In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive semimodules.展开更多
Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartmen...Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.展开更多
Objective Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal activity which mediates cardiovascular reflexes. However, there is controversy concerning the role of NO in the nucleus tractu...Objective Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal activity which mediates cardiovascular reflexes. However, there is controversy concerning the role of NO in the nucleus tractus solitarius （NTS）. The present study aims to elucidate the possible physiological role of endogenous NO in modulating the excitatory vagal afferent input to NTS neurons. Methods All the experiments in the rat were conducted under anaesthetic conditions. Ionophoresis method was used for the application of NO donor or nitric oxide synthase （NOS） inhibitor, and single unit recording method was employed to detect the effects of these applications on vagal afferentor cardio-pulmonary C-fibre reflex-evoked neuronal excitation in NTS. Results Ionophoresis applications of L-arginine （L-Arg）, a substrate of NOS, and sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, a NO donor, both attenuated the vagal afferent-evoked discharge by （51.5±7.6）% （n = 17） and （68.3±7.1）% （n = 9）, respectively. In contrast, application of D-Arg at the same current exerted no overall effect on this input. Also, both L-Arg and SNP inhibited spontaneous firing of most of the recorded neurons. In contrast, ionophoresis application of NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester （L-NAME） enhanced vagal afferent-evoked excitation by （66.3±11.4）% （n = 7）. In addition, ionophoresis application of L-Arg and SNP significantly attenuated cardio-pulmonary C-fibre reflex-induced excitation in the tested NTS neurons. Conclusion Activation of local NO pathway in the NTS could suppress vagal afferent-evoked excitation, suggesting that NO is an important neuromodulator of visceral sensory input in the NTS.展开更多
In this paper, wavelet transform and entropy are evaluated using the mathematical analysis concepts of reflexibility, regularity and series obtention, these concepts remark the reason to make a selective reference fra...In this paper, wavelet transform and entropy are evaluated using the mathematical analysis concepts of reflexibility, regularity and series obtention, these concepts remark the reason to make a selective reference framework for power quality applications. With this idea the paper used the same treatment for the two algorithms (Multiresolution and Multiscale Entropy). The wavelet is denoted to have the most power full consistence to the light off the reflexibility, regularity and series obtention. The paper proposes a power quality technique namely MpqAT.展开更多
Eight new cyclopyrrolone compounds were synthesized according to the structure activity relationship and action mechanism of Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone hypnotic. Their preliminary pharmacodynamics are under investig...Eight new cyclopyrrolone compounds were synthesized according to the structure activity relationship and action mechanism of Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone hypnotic. Their preliminary pharmacodynamics are under investigation.展开更多
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82400966Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2021A1515111025Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou,No.2024A04J5170.
文摘In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With the global rise of T1DM,there is an increased burden on society and healthcare systems.Due to insulin therapy and islet dysfunction,T1DM patients are highly vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia,a leading cause of mortality.In healthy individuals,counterregulatory mechanisms restore blood glucose during hypoglycemia,but repeated episodes impair these responses.Jin et al demonstrated that overexpression of GLP-1 attenuates the sympathetic-adrenal reflex and disrupts the secretion of counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon during hypoglycemia,leading to counterregulatory dysfunction.These findings highlight the critical role of GLP-1 in the impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in T1DM patients and provide new insights into the potential application of GLP-1-related therapies in T1DM patients.
基金Supported by NSFC(No.12171062)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-JQX0004)+1 种基金the Chongqing Talent Support Program(No.cstc2024ycjh-bgzxm0121)Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Education Committee(No.KJZD-M202300503)。
文摘The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.
文摘Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.
文摘BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12027811 and 12275222)。
文摘The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.
文摘In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive semimodules.
基金supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10872069)
文摘Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.
基金supported by Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (No.CHTC2007BA5025)Shanghai Pujiang Program (No.07PJ14015)Chongqing Educational Department (No. KJ0707021)
文摘Objective Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal activity which mediates cardiovascular reflexes. However, there is controversy concerning the role of NO in the nucleus tractus solitarius （NTS）. The present study aims to elucidate the possible physiological role of endogenous NO in modulating the excitatory vagal afferent input to NTS neurons. Methods All the experiments in the rat were conducted under anaesthetic conditions. Ionophoresis method was used for the application of NO donor or nitric oxide synthase （NOS） inhibitor, and single unit recording method was employed to detect the effects of these applications on vagal afferentor cardio-pulmonary C-fibre reflex-evoked neuronal excitation in NTS. Results Ionophoresis applications of L-arginine （L-Arg）, a substrate of NOS, and sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, a NO donor, both attenuated the vagal afferent-evoked discharge by （51.5±7.6）% （n = 17） and （68.3±7.1）% （n = 9）, respectively. In contrast, application of D-Arg at the same current exerted no overall effect on this input. Also, both L-Arg and SNP inhibited spontaneous firing of most of the recorded neurons. In contrast, ionophoresis application of NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester （L-NAME） enhanced vagal afferent-evoked excitation by （66.3±11.4）% （n = 7）. In addition, ionophoresis application of L-Arg and SNP significantly attenuated cardio-pulmonary C-fibre reflex-induced excitation in the tested NTS neurons. Conclusion Activation of local NO pathway in the NTS could suppress vagal afferent-evoked excitation, suggesting that NO is an important neuromodulator of visceral sensory input in the NTS.
文摘In this paper, wavelet transform and entropy are evaluated using the mathematical analysis concepts of reflexibility, regularity and series obtention, these concepts remark the reason to make a selective reference framework for power quality applications. With this idea the paper used the same treatment for the two algorithms (Multiresolution and Multiscale Entropy). The wavelet is denoted to have the most power full consistence to the light off the reflexibility, regularity and series obtention. The paper proposes a power quality technique namely MpqAT.
文摘Eight new cyclopyrrolone compounds were synthesized according to the structure activity relationship and action mechanism of Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone hypnotic. Their preliminary pharmacodynamics are under investigation.
