Functionally referential signals are a complex form of communication that conveys information about the external environment.Such signals have been found in a range of mammal and bird species and have helped us unders...Functionally referential signals are a complex form of communication that conveys information about the external environment.Such signals have been found in a range of mammal and bird species and have helped us understand the complexities of animal communication.Corvids are well known for their extraordinary cognitive abilities,but relatively little attention has been paid to their vocal function.Here,we investigated the functionally referential signals of a cooperatively breeding corvid species,Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus).Through field observations,we suggest that Azure-winged Magpie uses referential alarm calls to distinguish two types of threats:’rasp’ calls for terrestrial threats and ’chatter’ calls for aerial threats.A playback experiment revealed that Azure-winged Magpies responded to the two call types with qualitatively different behaviors.They sought cover by flying into the bushes in response to the ’chatter’ calls,and flew to or stayed at higher positions in response to ’rasp’ calls,displaying a shorter response time to ’chatter’ calls.Significant differences in acoustic structure were found between the two types of calls.Given the extensive cognitive abilities of corvids and the fact that referential signals were once thought to be unique to primates,these findings are important for expanding our understanding of social communication and language evolution.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a new relational schema (R-schema) to XML schema translation algorithm, VQT, which analyzes the value cardinality and user query patterns and extracts the implicit referential integrities by u...In this paper,we propose a new relational schema (R-schema) to XML schema translation algorithm, VQT, which analyzes the value cardinality and user query patterns and extracts the implicit referential integrities by using the cardinality property of foreign key constraints between columns and the equi-join characteristic in user queries. The VQT algorithm can apply the extracted implied referential integrity relation information to the R-schema and create an XML schema as the final result. Therefore, the VQT algorithm prevents the R-schema from being incorrectly converted into the XML schema, and it richly and powerfully represents all the information in the R-schema by creating an XML schema as the translation result on behalf of the XML DTD.展开更多
There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their envi- ronment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by t...There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their envi- ronment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some spe- cies, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations gener- ated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capaci- ties. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce- bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted tiff monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combi- natorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 680-697, 2012].展开更多
In the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction,this paper will summarize the development,research background,characteristics and experience of CLAPI interactive spoken corpus which is jointly developed by Uni...In the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction,this paper will summarize the development,research background,characteristics and experience of CLAPI interactive spoken corpus which is jointly developed by UniversitéLumière Lyon II andÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon in the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction.Combined with the characteristics of interactive spoken corpus construction,it proposes suggestions for the construction of spoken corpus in China by focusing on the former period of corpus collection,the mid period of corpus annotation as well as the later period of corpus research and promotion.It is predictable that interactive communication spoken corpus should be incorporated into spoken corpus,which not only enriches and improves the corpus itself,but also makes positive exploration on achieving the fact that corpus serve for language teaching and research.展开更多
According to the Annex Technical Regulations for Integrated Curriculum Development(Trial)in Document No.30 of the General Office of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2012),this paper studies the form...According to the Annex Technical Regulations for Integrated Curriculum Development(Trial)in Document No.30 of the General Office of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2012),this paper studies the formulation of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production.We focus on the formulation ideas of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,the formulation process of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,including the description of typical work tasks,the determination of curriculum objectives,the analysis of study content,the description of referential study tasks,teaching implementation suggestions,assessment and evaluation suggestions,which can provide a reference for the development and research of other related integrated courses.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of TBLT reform in Higher Vocational Colleges from the perspective of questioning styles.It employs three methods to collect data:classroom observation,semi-structured interviews and...This study investigates the effects of TBLT reform in Higher Vocational Colleges from the perspective of questioning styles.It employs three methods to collect data:classroom observation,semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion with eight English teachers and their 384 non-English major students from three Higher Vocational Colleges in Guangdong.The results indicated that the teachers assigned students different tasks to perform in class.They seemed to be adopting the TBLT approach,but their English classes were not totally different from the teacher-centered grammar-focused lessons,the student-centered or communicative lessons.展开更多
This paper is based on Peter Newmark's view of literal translation as the basic translation method. The author expands it by discussing three situations in which literal translation can be applied as the best tran...This paper is based on Peter Newmark's view of literal translation as the basic translation method. The author expands it by discussing three situations in which literal translation can be applied as the best translation method, including one provided by Peter Newmark, as well as its advantages over other translation methods.展开更多
This paper reviews some works done to classroom discourse analysis and summaries some peculiarities of foreign language classroom discourse.Some strategies are proposed for the teachers to activate students into commu...This paper reviews some works done to classroom discourse analysis and summaries some peculiarities of foreign language classroom discourse.Some strategies are proposed for the teachers to activate students into communicative teaching activities in classroom for the purpose of improving college English teaching and learning.展开更多
The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies.When subject to brood parasite attack,avian hosts will often emit alarm calls.To date,few studies have e...The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies.When subject to brood parasite attack,avian hosts will often emit alarm calls.To date,few studies have examined whether and how host responses to different alarm calls indicative of different enemies vary with the hosts breeding stage.We carried out alarm call playback experiments during both the egg and nestling stages of the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientals,a host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus.The playback exemplars were selected from recorded alarm calls of the warbler to the presenee of common cuckoos,sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus,and oriental turtle doves Streptopelia orientalis,which represented brood parasite,predator,and harmless control,respectively.The results showed that the oriental reed warblers did not discriminate alarm calls issued to different intruder types,but the intensity of the response was significantly higher in the nestling stage than in the egg stage.Attack behavior related to sparrowhawk alarm calls was absent in the egg stage,but aggressive behavior in creased dramatically and exceeded the attack frequency in response to the cuckoo alarm call in the nestling stage,implying a shift in the tradeoff between the parents'own survival and the loss of offspring.Alarm calls attracted a larger nu mber of con specifics tha n members of other species.In gen eral,the oriental reed warbler had consistently stronger responses to different alarm calls in the nestling stage than in the egg stage,supporting the offspring value hypothesis.展开更多
In order to improve the safety of drilling operations, this paper presents a new method for forecasting the ultimate bearing capacity of oil field drilling masts. The method is based on a double nonlinear finite eleme...In order to improve the safety of drilling operations, this paper presents a new method for forecasting the ultimate bearing capacity of oil field drilling masts. The method is based on a double nonlinear finite element theory and applies a referential stress method for measuring defects and defacements. The lab mast model was analyzed using the proposed method. The relative error, which was less than 5.0% between the forecast results and the destructive experiment values,verified the correctness of this method. It also forecasts the ultimate bearing capacity for a local drilling mast.展开更多
Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the po...Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the position of the predator： Anything on the ground receives a terrestrial predator call, and anything in the air receives an aerial predator call. Another possibility is that animals are able to recognize the physical features of predators and incorporate those into their calls. As a way of elucidating which of these mechanisms plays a primary role in generating the structure of different calls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison＇s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a circle, a triangle, and a square, each moving across the colony at the same height and speed. Second, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistics showed that 82.6 percent of calls for the circle and 79.2 percent of the calls for the triangle were correctly classified, and 73.3 percent of the calls for the square were classified as either square or circle. Also, 100 percent of the calls for the larger square and 90 percent of the calls for the smaller square were correctly classified. Because both squares and circles are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a cognitive mechanism that labels the abstract shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 741-748, 2012].展开更多
Word-order reformation is very uselul m mtormatlon orocessing, and it is worthy to annotate in corpus. In this paper, we unalyze the syntactic functions afforded by word-order switch in Mandarin Chinese, and present a...Word-order reformation is very uselul m mtormatlon orocessing, and it is worthy to annotate in corpus. In this paper, we unalyze the syntactic functions afforded by word-order switch in Mandarin Chinese, and present a feasible annotation approach based on the word order information. The experiment results show that there is a very significant difference for the frequency information of word distribution after annotation. Therefore, it is helpful for obtaining the accurate frequency information. Meanwhile, word-order switch information can also offer meaningful pragmatic information to improve the quality of machine translation.展开更多
Animals have to process quantity of information in order to take decisions and adapt their behaviors to their physical and social environment. They have to remember previous events (learning), to cope with their inter...Animals have to process quantity of information in order to take decisions and adapt their behaviors to their physical and social environment. They have to remember previous events (learning), to cope with their internal (motivational and emotional) states and to display flexible behavioral responses. From a human point of view it is quite impossible to access all those information, not only because of the sensorial channels used that can vary but also because all the processing phase occurs in the “black box” and non-human animals are not able to express verbally what they think, feel or want. Though useful information might lie in the “collected data” (animal mind), extracting them into insightful knowledge with human-accessible form (clear meaning, no interpretation) presents a demanding and sophisticated undertaking. Several scientists decided to trained different individuals from several species (apes, dolphins, grey parrots, dogs) in order to teach them a new communicative system that they could share with us. Here, the different studies (techniques and species used) are presented, their constrains but also the main findings.展开更多
Different from those in Mandarin Chinese,some references in Cantonese adopt metonymy.From the perspective of cognition,this paper takes the conceptual metonymy as the theoretical framework to analyze the typical meton...Different from those in Mandarin Chinese,some references in Cantonese adopt metonymy.From the perspective of cognition,this paper takes the conceptual metonymy as the theoretical framework to analyze the typical metonymic references in Cantonese,so as to illustrate the penetration of metonymic mapping in various languages employed by people.展开更多
We start from a minimal number of generally accepted premises, in particular Hartle-Hawking quantum wave of the universe and von Neumann-Connes’ pointless and self referential spacetime geometry. We then proceed from...We start from a minimal number of generally accepted premises, in particular Hartle-Hawking quantum wave of the universe and von Neumann-Connes’ pointless and self referential spacetime geometry. We then proceed from there to show, using Dvoretzky’s theorem of measure concentration, that the total energy of the universe is divided into two parts, an ordinary energy very small part which we can measure while most of the energy is concentrated as the second part at the boundary of the holographic boundary which we cannot measure in a direct way. Finally the results are shown to imply a resolution of the black hole information paradox without violating the fundamental laws of physics. In this way the main thrust of the two opposing arguments and views, namely that of Hawking on the one side and Susskind as well as tHooft on the other side, is brought to a consistent and compatible coherent unit.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32170516, 31872243 to Y.Z.)。
文摘Functionally referential signals are a complex form of communication that conveys information about the external environment.Such signals have been found in a range of mammal and bird species and have helped us understand the complexities of animal communication.Corvids are well known for their extraordinary cognitive abilities,but relatively little attention has been paid to their vocal function.Here,we investigated the functionally referential signals of a cooperatively breeding corvid species,Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus).Through field observations,we suggest that Azure-winged Magpie uses referential alarm calls to distinguish two types of threats:’rasp’ calls for terrestrial threats and ’chatter’ calls for aerial threats.A playback experiment revealed that Azure-winged Magpies responded to the two call types with qualitatively different behaviors.They sought cover by flying into the bushes in response to the ’chatter’ calls,and flew to or stayed at higher positions in response to ’rasp’ calls,displaying a shorter response time to ’chatter’ calls.Significant differences in acoustic structure were found between the two types of calls.Given the extensive cognitive abilities of corvids and the fact that referential signals were once thought to be unique to primates,these findings are important for expanding our understanding of social communication and language evolution.
基金Project supported by the 2nd Brain Korea Project
文摘In this paper,we propose a new relational schema (R-schema) to XML schema translation algorithm, VQT, which analyzes the value cardinality and user query patterns and extracts the implicit referential integrities by using the cardinality property of foreign key constraints between columns and the equi-join characteristic in user queries. The VQT algorithm can apply the extracted implied referential integrity relation information to the R-schema and create an XML schema as the final result. Therefore, the VQT algorithm prevents the R-schema from being incorrectly converted into the XML schema, and it richly and powerfully represents all the information in the R-schema by creating an XML schema as the translation result on behalf of the XML DTD.
文摘There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their envi- ronment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some spe- cies, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations gener- ated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capaci- ties. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce- bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted tiff monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combi- natorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 680-697, 2012].
基金This paper is a supported by the University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province“Construction,Alignment and Application of Chinese-French Parallel Corpus”(Project Number:UNPYSCT-2020147).
文摘In the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction,this paper will summarize the development,research background,characteristics and experience of CLAPI interactive spoken corpus which is jointly developed by UniversitéLumière Lyon II andÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon in the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction.Combined with the characteristics of interactive spoken corpus construction,it proposes suggestions for the construction of spoken corpus in China by focusing on the former period of corpus collection,the mid period of corpus annotation as well as the later period of corpus research and promotion.It is predictable that interactive communication spoken corpus should be incorporated into spoken corpus,which not only enriches and improves the corpus itself,but also makes positive exploration on achieving the fact that corpus serve for language teaching and research.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education (2023J2034).
文摘According to the Annex Technical Regulations for Integrated Curriculum Development(Trial)in Document No.30 of the General Office of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2012),this paper studies the formulation of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production.We focus on the formulation ideas of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,the formulation process of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,including the description of typical work tasks,the determination of curriculum objectives,the analysis of study content,the description of referential study tasks,teaching implementation suggestions,assessment and evaluation suggestions,which can provide a reference for the development and research of other related integrated courses.
基金sponsored by the English Teaching Research Centre of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
文摘This study investigates the effects of TBLT reform in Higher Vocational Colleges from the perspective of questioning styles.It employs three methods to collect data:classroom observation,semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion with eight English teachers and their 384 non-English major students from three Higher Vocational Colleges in Guangdong.The results indicated that the teachers assigned students different tasks to perform in class.They seemed to be adopting the TBLT approach,but their English classes were not totally different from the teacher-centered grammar-focused lessons,the student-centered or communicative lessons.
文摘This paper is based on Peter Newmark's view of literal translation as the basic translation method. The author expands it by discussing three situations in which literal translation can be applied as the best translation method, including one provided by Peter Newmark, as well as its advantages over other translation methods.
文摘This paper reviews some works done to classroom discourse analysis and summaries some peculiarities of foreign language classroom discourse.Some strategies are proposed for the teachers to activate students into communicative teaching activities in classroom for the purpose of improving college English teaching and learning.
基金funded by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019RC189)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672303)to C.Y.the Hainan Provincial Innovative Research Program for Graduates(Hyb2019-34)to J.W.
文摘The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies.When subject to brood parasite attack,avian hosts will often emit alarm calls.To date,few studies have examined whether and how host responses to different alarm calls indicative of different enemies vary with the hosts breeding stage.We carried out alarm call playback experiments during both the egg and nestling stages of the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientals,a host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus.The playback exemplars were selected from recorded alarm calls of the warbler to the presenee of common cuckoos,sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus,and oriental turtle doves Streptopelia orientalis,which represented brood parasite,predator,and harmless control,respectively.The results showed that the oriental reed warblers did not discriminate alarm calls issued to different intruder types,but the intensity of the response was significantly higher in the nestling stage than in the egg stage.Attack behavior related to sparrowhawk alarm calls was absent in the egg stage,but aggressive behavior in creased dramatically and exceeded the attack frequency in response to the cuckoo alarm call in the nestling stage,implying a shift in the tradeoff between the parents'own survival and the loss of offspring.Alarm calls attracted a larger nu mber of con specifics tha n members of other species.In gen eral,the oriental reed warbler had consistently stronger responses to different alarm calls in the nestling stage than in the egg stage,supporting the offspring value hypothesis.
基金Scientific research and technological development item of China National Petroleum Corporation (Item number: 03B209000)
文摘In order to improve the safety of drilling operations, this paper presents a new method for forecasting the ultimate bearing capacity of oil field drilling masts. The method is based on a double nonlinear finite element theory and applies a referential stress method for measuring defects and defacements. The lab mast model was analyzed using the proposed method. The relative error, which was less than 5.0% between the forecast results and the destructive experiment values,verified the correctness of this method. It also forecasts the ultimate bearing capacity for a local drilling mast.
文摘Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the position of the predator： Anything on the ground receives a terrestrial predator call, and anything in the air receives an aerial predator call. Another possibility is that animals are able to recognize the physical features of predators and incorporate those into their calls. As a way of elucidating which of these mechanisms plays a primary role in generating the structure of different calls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison＇s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a circle, a triangle, and a square, each moving across the colony at the same height and speed. Second, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistics showed that 82.6 percent of calls for the circle and 79.2 percent of the calls for the triangle were correctly classified, and 73.3 percent of the calls for the square were classified as either square or circle. Also, 100 percent of the calls for the larger square and 90 percent of the calls for the smaller square were correctly classified. Because both squares and circles are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a cognitive mechanism that labels the abstract shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 741-748, 2012].
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry(Z1534014)the Initial Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Huaqiao University(13SKBS219)
文摘Word-order reformation is very uselul m mtormatlon orocessing, and it is worthy to annotate in corpus. In this paper, we unalyze the syntactic functions afforded by word-order switch in Mandarin Chinese, and present a feasible annotation approach based on the word order information. The experiment results show that there is a very significant difference for the frequency information of word distribution after annotation. Therefore, it is helpful for obtaining the accurate frequency information. Meanwhile, word-order switch information can also offer meaningful pragmatic information to improve the quality of machine translation.
文摘Animals have to process quantity of information in order to take decisions and adapt their behaviors to their physical and social environment. They have to remember previous events (learning), to cope with their internal (motivational and emotional) states and to display flexible behavioral responses. From a human point of view it is quite impossible to access all those information, not only because of the sensorial channels used that can vary but also because all the processing phase occurs in the “black box” and non-human animals are not able to express verbally what they think, feel or want. Though useful information might lie in the “collected data” (animal mind), extracting them into insightful knowledge with human-accessible form (clear meaning, no interpretation) presents a demanding and sophisticated undertaking. Several scientists decided to trained different individuals from several species (apes, dolphins, grey parrots, dogs) in order to teach them a new communicative system that they could share with us. Here, the different studies (techniques and species used) are presented, their constrains but also the main findings.
基金Collaborative Project of Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press and Guangzhou Xinhua University in 2020-Construction of Four-step Approach of Encouraging,Sharing to Ideological,Political Education in An Integrated English Course(Project No.:2020GD0025)the Sub-project of University Level Project of Guangzhou Xinhua University in 2020-Construction of Four-step Approach of Encouraging and Sharing to Ideological and Political Education in Basic Courses of Business English(Project No.:2020BE008).
文摘Different from those in Mandarin Chinese,some references in Cantonese adopt metonymy.From the perspective of cognition,this paper takes the conceptual metonymy as the theoretical framework to analyze the typical metonymic references in Cantonese,so as to illustrate the penetration of metonymic mapping in various languages employed by people.
文摘We start from a minimal number of generally accepted premises, in particular Hartle-Hawking quantum wave of the universe and von Neumann-Connes’ pointless and self referential spacetime geometry. We then proceed from there to show, using Dvoretzky’s theorem of measure concentration, that the total energy of the universe is divided into two parts, an ordinary energy very small part which we can measure while most of the energy is concentrated as the second part at the boundary of the holographic boundary which we cannot measure in a direct way. Finally the results are shown to imply a resolution of the black hole information paradox without violating the fundamental laws of physics. In this way the main thrust of the two opposing arguments and views, namely that of Hawking on the one side and Susskind as well as tHooft on the other side, is brought to a consistent and compatible coherent unit.
