Induced-acetaldehyde toxic effects on gluatathione [GSH] metabolism and sulfhydryl (SH) groups in liver and in brain of female albino rats with reference to age was studied.The total -SH groups were decreased whereas ...Induced-acetaldehyde toxic effects on gluatathione [GSH] metabolism and sulfhydryl (SH) groups in liver and in brain of female albino rats with reference to age was studied.The total -SH groups were decreased whereas the specific activities of glutathione-S-transferase [GST] and glutathione peroxidase [GP0] were increased in acetaldehyde treated rats. However, the specific activity levels of glutathione reductase [GR] and Γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase [Γ-GCS] were decreased. In general, acetaldehyde indueed changes in the specific activities of the enzymes that increase with increasing age展开更多
Reference-dependent consumer preferences have been a central focus in economics,marketing,and operations management.However,existing literature predominantly concentrates on the effects of a single reference point.Thi...Reference-dependent consumer preferences have been a central focus in economics,marketing,and operations management.However,existing literature predominantly concentrates on the effects of a single reference point.This study expands the framework to include both reference price and reference quality,motivated by anecdotal evidence demonstrating their interactive roles in consumer purchase decisions.This study develops a double reference-dependent demand model that clarifies how these two factors influence a monopolist's optimal control policies within a continuous,finite-time optimization framework.The results indicate that penetration-pricing strategies are optimal when initial consumer reference levels are low,while skimming strategies are preferable when reference levels are high.A high-price and high-quality policy is optimal under conditions of small reference price effects,large reference quality effects,or high-quality investment efficiency.In contrast,a low-price and low-quality policy is ideal in scenarios with large reference price effects,small reference quality effects,or low-quality investment efficiency.Additionally,a high-price and low-quality policy proves optimal when customers exhibit poor memory or when the firm's discount rate is low.Conversely,a low-price and highquality policy is optimal when customers have good memory or when the firm's discount rate is high.展开更多
We study a dynamic pricing problem of a firm facing stochastic reference price effect.Randomness is incorporated in the formation of reference prices to capture either consumers’heterogeneity or exogenous factors tha...We study a dynamic pricing problem of a firm facing stochastic reference price effect.Randomness is incorporated in the formation of reference prices to capture either consumers’heterogeneity or exogenous factors that affect consumers’memory processes.We apply the stochastic optimal control theory to the problem and derive an explicit expression for the optimal pricing strategy.The explicit expression allows us to obtain the distribution of the steady-state reference price.We compare the expected steadystate reference price to the steady-state reference price in a model with deterministic reference price effect,and we find that the former one is always higher.Our numerical study shows that the two steady-state reference prices can have opposite sensitivity to the problem parameters and the relative difference between the two can be very significant.展开更多
文摘Induced-acetaldehyde toxic effects on gluatathione [GSH] metabolism and sulfhydryl (SH) groups in liver and in brain of female albino rats with reference to age was studied.The total -SH groups were decreased whereas the specific activities of glutathione-S-transferase [GST] and glutathione peroxidase [GP0] were increased in acetaldehyde treated rats. However, the specific activity levels of glutathione reductase [GR] and Γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase [Γ-GCS] were decreased. In general, acetaldehyde indueed changes in the specific activities of the enzymes that increase with increasing age
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71001031,72101073)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20100111120015)the Special Foundation for Young Talents in Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.2009SQRZ011).
文摘Reference-dependent consumer preferences have been a central focus in economics,marketing,and operations management.However,existing literature predominantly concentrates on the effects of a single reference point.This study expands the framework to include both reference price and reference quality,motivated by anecdotal evidence demonstrating their interactive roles in consumer purchase decisions.This study develops a double reference-dependent demand model that clarifies how these two factors influence a monopolist's optimal control policies within a continuous,finite-time optimization framework.The results indicate that penetration-pricing strategies are optimal when initial consumer reference levels are low,while skimming strategies are preferable when reference levels are high.A high-price and high-quality policy is optimal under conditions of small reference price effects,large reference quality effects,or high-quality investment efficiency.In contrast,a low-price and low-quality policy is ideal in scenarios with large reference price effects,small reference quality effects,or low-quality investment efficiency.Additionally,a high-price and low-quality policy proves optimal when customers exhibit poor memory or when the firm's discount rate is low.Conversely,a low-price and highquality policy is optimal when customers have good memory or when the firm's discount rate is high.
基金This research is partly supported by the National Science Foundation(Nos.CMMI-1030923,CMMI-1363261,CMMI-1538451 and CMMI-1635160)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.71228203,71201066 and 71520107001)research Grant of National University of Singapore(Project R-314-000-105-133).
文摘We study a dynamic pricing problem of a firm facing stochastic reference price effect.Randomness is incorporated in the formation of reference prices to capture either consumers’heterogeneity or exogenous factors that affect consumers’memory processes.We apply the stochastic optimal control theory to the problem and derive an explicit expression for the optimal pricing strategy.The explicit expression allows us to obtain the distribution of the steady-state reference price.We compare the expected steadystate reference price to the steady-state reference price in a model with deterministic reference price effect,and we find that the former one is always higher.Our numerical study shows that the two steady-state reference prices can have opposite sensitivity to the problem parameters and the relative difference between the two can be very significant.
