This research was aimed to study the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of biscuits fortified with red kidney bean (</span><i style="font-family:"white-space:normal;"><sp...This research was aimed to study the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of biscuits fortified with red kidney bean (</span><i style="font-family:"white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phaseolus</span></i><span style="font-family:"white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vulgaris</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) powder. Proximate compositions, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and functional properties of red kidney bean (RKB) powder were studied before and after the incorporation of red kidney bean in the biscuits. The bean powder was mixed with wheat flour at a level of 0% as control, 10%, 20%, and 30% during dough preparation. Results revealed that RKB powder is a rich source of protein (26.25%) together with carbohydrate (59.7%), fat (2.4%), and ash (3.27%). The total phenolic content of bean powder was 14.15 mg GAE/g. Kidney bean powder showed good functional properties including water absorption capacity (149.7%), oil holding capacity (99.54%), swelling capacity (4.6%), and bulk density of 0.74 g/ml. After increasing the percentage of RKB with control, there were significant increases (p < 0.05) in the levels of protein, moisture, ash, fat, while carbohydrate content and total gross energy decreased significantly. Investigation of total phenolic content showed the increasing trend with the higher RKB fortification, which amounted to 10.31 mg GAE/g for control and 12.50 mg GAE/g for 30% RKB. DPPH radical scavenging activity was investigated for all the samples at five different concentrations. As there was an increase in the percentage of RKB and concentration of the samples, the antioxidant activity also increased significantly (p < 0.05), where IC50 value decreased from 0.0228 mg/ml for control to 0.0289 mg/ml for 10% RKB, followed by 20% and 30% RKB, respectively. In sensory test, the control cake secured the highest score in color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability followed by the cake incorporated with 10% freeze-dried mushroom powder.展开更多
Limited information is available on the sensitivity of dry beans to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tribenuron and carfentrazone applied preplant (PP).</span><span style="...Limited information is available on the sensitivity of dry beans to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tribenuron and carfentrazone applied preplant (PP).</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Four field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2019 and 2020 to determine the toler</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ance of azuki, kidney, small red and white beans to glyphosate (1800</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> g·ae·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + tribenuron (15 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), glyphosate (1800 </span><a name="_Hlk64540918"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ae</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + carfentrazone (35 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and glyphosate (1800 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ae</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + tribenuron (15 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + car</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fentrazone (35 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) applied PP 1 - 2 days prior to seeding dry beans.</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone, applied PP, caused 5%, 5% and 9% bean injury at 1 WAE;7%, 6% and 10% bean injury at 2 WAE and 6%, 5% and 8% bean injury at 4 WAE, respectively. At 8 WAE, there was 0, 1% and 4% injury in azuki bean;1%, 2% and 2% injury in kidney bean;3%, 2% and 3% injury in small red bean;and 6%, 3% and 2% injury in white bean with glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP, respectively. The injury was significantly greater with glyphosate + tribenuron in small red and white beans compared to the azuki and kidney beans. There was no difference between injury levels among market classes of dry been with glyphosate + carfentrazone or glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP. There was no effect of glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone on dry bean plant stand, maturity and seed yield. However, dry bean biomass was reduced as much as 15% with glyphosate + tribenuron and 13% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone compared to the untreated</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> control. Dry bean height was reduced 4% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone but was not affected with other treatments. Based on these results, there is potential for using glyphosate plus tribenuron or carfentrazone for preplant weed management in dry bean production.展开更多
Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine ...Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively;sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.展开更多
Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activit...Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively;and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.展开更多
Field experiments (4 in total) were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in southwestern Ontario to compare the sensitivity of dry bean to four Group 15 herbicides applied preemergence (PRE). At 4 weeks after emergence (WAE), p...Field experiments (4 in total) were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in southwestern Ontario to compare the sensitivity of dry bean to four Group 15 herbicides applied preemergence (PRE). At 4 weeks after emergence (WAE), pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate caused 5%, 9%, 9% and 14% visible injury in adzuki bean, 2%, 2%, 2% and 3% visible injury in kidney bean, 6%, 4%, 5% and 4% visible injury in small red Mexican (SRM) bean, and 9%, 6%, 8% and 9% visible injury in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone reduced adzuki bean shoot biomass (m-1 row) 42% and height 12%. However, the other Group 15 herbicides did not reduce shoot biomass and height of adzuki bean. Kidney bean shoot biomass and height were not adversely affected by the Group 15 herbicides evaluated. S-metolachlor caused no adverse effect on SRM bean dry weight or height, but pethoxamid, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone at the 2X rate reduced dry weight 26%, 28% and 28% and height 7%, 7% and 7% in SRM bean, respectively. Pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate reduced white bean dry weight 50%, 37%, 47% and 43% and height 16%, 10%, 16% and 15% in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone (2X rate), applied PRE, reduced bean stand count and seed yield 12% and 7%, respectively. However, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P, applied PRE caused no decrease in stand count and seed yield of dry beans evaluated. In general, kidney and SRM bean are most tolerant, white bean is intermediate, and adzuki bean is most sensitive to Group 15 herbicides applied PRE.展开更多
There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin. Field studies were conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Exeter, Ontario and in 2008 and 2009 at Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate tolerance of black, cra...There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin. Field studies were conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Exeter, Ontario and in 2008 and 2009 at Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, Small Red Mexican and white bean to the pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated at 1080 and 2160 g.a.i.ha-1. Pendimethalin PPI caused minimal injury in most market classes of dry bean at 1 and 2 WAE. There was no injury in various market classes of dry bean with the low dose at 1 and 2 weeks after emergence (WAE). However, at the high dose there was 0 to 4% injury at 1 WAE and 0 to 7% injury at 2 WAE in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Pendimethalin PPI was more injurious in white bean than in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto and SRM bean. Pink and SRM bean exhibited the most tolerance to pendimethalin applied PPI at 1080 g.ai.ha-1 or 2160 g.ai.ha-1. Pendimethalin caused no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and seed yield of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for pendimethalin applied PPI at the proposed dose of 1080 g.ai.ha-1 in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean in Ontario.展开更多
文摘This research was aimed to study the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of biscuits fortified with red kidney bean (</span><i style="font-family:"white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phaseolus</span></i><span style="font-family:"white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vulgaris</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) powder. Proximate compositions, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and functional properties of red kidney bean (RKB) powder were studied before and after the incorporation of red kidney bean in the biscuits. The bean powder was mixed with wheat flour at a level of 0% as control, 10%, 20%, and 30% during dough preparation. Results revealed that RKB powder is a rich source of protein (26.25%) together with carbohydrate (59.7%), fat (2.4%), and ash (3.27%). The total phenolic content of bean powder was 14.15 mg GAE/g. Kidney bean powder showed good functional properties including water absorption capacity (149.7%), oil holding capacity (99.54%), swelling capacity (4.6%), and bulk density of 0.74 g/ml. After increasing the percentage of RKB with control, there were significant increases (p < 0.05) in the levels of protein, moisture, ash, fat, while carbohydrate content and total gross energy decreased significantly. Investigation of total phenolic content showed the increasing trend with the higher RKB fortification, which amounted to 10.31 mg GAE/g for control and 12.50 mg GAE/g for 30% RKB. DPPH radical scavenging activity was investigated for all the samples at five different concentrations. As there was an increase in the percentage of RKB and concentration of the samples, the antioxidant activity also increased significantly (p < 0.05), where IC50 value decreased from 0.0228 mg/ml for control to 0.0289 mg/ml for 10% RKB, followed by 20% and 30% RKB, respectively. In sensory test, the control cake secured the highest score in color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability followed by the cake incorporated with 10% freeze-dried mushroom powder.
文摘Limited information is available on the sensitivity of dry beans to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tribenuron and carfentrazone applied preplant (PP).</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Four field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2019 and 2020 to determine the toler</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ance of azuki, kidney, small red and white beans to glyphosate (1800</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> g·ae·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + tribenuron (15 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), glyphosate (1800 </span><a name="_Hlk64540918"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ae</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + carfentrazone (35 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and glyphosate (1800 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ae</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + tribenuron (15 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) + car</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fentrazone (35 g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) applied PP 1 - 2 days prior to seeding dry beans.</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone, applied PP, caused 5%, 5% and 9% bean injury at 1 WAE;7%, 6% and 10% bean injury at 2 WAE and 6%, 5% and 8% bean injury at 4 WAE, respectively. At 8 WAE, there was 0, 1% and 4% injury in azuki bean;1%, 2% and 2% injury in kidney bean;3%, 2% and 3% injury in small red bean;and 6%, 3% and 2% injury in white bean with glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP, respectively. The injury was significantly greater with glyphosate + tribenuron in small red and white beans compared to the azuki and kidney beans. There was no difference between injury levels among market classes of dry been with glyphosate + carfentrazone or glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP. There was no effect of glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone on dry bean plant stand, maturity and seed yield. However, dry bean biomass was reduced as much as 15% with glyphosate + tribenuron and 13% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone compared to the untreated</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> control. Dry bean height was reduced 4% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone but was not affected with other treatments. Based on these results, there is potential for using glyphosate plus tribenuron or carfentrazone for preplant weed management in dry bean production.
文摘Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively;sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.
文摘Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively;and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.
文摘Field experiments (4 in total) were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in southwestern Ontario to compare the sensitivity of dry bean to four Group 15 herbicides applied preemergence (PRE). At 4 weeks after emergence (WAE), pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate caused 5%, 9%, 9% and 14% visible injury in adzuki bean, 2%, 2%, 2% and 3% visible injury in kidney bean, 6%, 4%, 5% and 4% visible injury in small red Mexican (SRM) bean, and 9%, 6%, 8% and 9% visible injury in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone reduced adzuki bean shoot biomass (m-1 row) 42% and height 12%. However, the other Group 15 herbicides did not reduce shoot biomass and height of adzuki bean. Kidney bean shoot biomass and height were not adversely affected by the Group 15 herbicides evaluated. S-metolachlor caused no adverse effect on SRM bean dry weight or height, but pethoxamid, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone at the 2X rate reduced dry weight 26%, 28% and 28% and height 7%, 7% and 7% in SRM bean, respectively. Pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate reduced white bean dry weight 50%, 37%, 47% and 43% and height 16%, 10%, 16% and 15% in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone (2X rate), applied PRE, reduced bean stand count and seed yield 12% and 7%, respectively. However, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P, applied PRE caused no decrease in stand count and seed yield of dry beans evaluated. In general, kidney and SRM bean are most tolerant, white bean is intermediate, and adzuki bean is most sensitive to Group 15 herbicides applied PRE.
文摘There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin. Field studies were conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Exeter, Ontario and in 2008 and 2009 at Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, Small Red Mexican and white bean to the pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated at 1080 and 2160 g.a.i.ha-1. Pendimethalin PPI caused minimal injury in most market classes of dry bean at 1 and 2 WAE. There was no injury in various market classes of dry bean with the low dose at 1 and 2 weeks after emergence (WAE). However, at the high dose there was 0 to 4% injury at 1 WAE and 0 to 7% injury at 2 WAE in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Pendimethalin PPI was more injurious in white bean than in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto and SRM bean. Pink and SRM bean exhibited the most tolerance to pendimethalin applied PPI at 1080 g.ai.ha-1 or 2160 g.ai.ha-1. Pendimethalin caused no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and seed yield of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for pendimethalin applied PPI at the proposed dose of 1080 g.ai.ha-1 in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean in Ontario.
