The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomusmosseae and Glomus versiforme, to mineralize added organic P werestudied in a sterilized clacareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated witheither of the AM fun...The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomusmosseae and Glomus versiforme, to mineralize added organic P werestudied in a sterilized clacareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated witheither of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.) plants were grown for eight weeks in pots with upperroot, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soilcompartments received either organic P (as Na-phytte) or inorganic P(as KH_2PO_4) at the rate of 50 mg P kg^-1. No P was added to theroot compartments.展开更多
Underseeding red clover in winter wheat is a beneficial agronomic practice. Still, many growers tend to forgo this approach. One reason is that herbicides used on winter wheat may injure underseeded red clover, reduci...Underseeding red clover in winter wheat is a beneficial agronomic practice. Still, many growers tend to forgo this approach. One reason is that herbicides used on winter wheat may injure underseeded red clover, reducing its biomass and the subsequent benefits it provides. Therefore, the effect of winter wheat herbicides on underseeded red clover needs to be evaluated. The objectives of this research were to assess the crop tolerance of underseeded red clover to ten winter wheat herbicides used in Ontario, Canada and determine if red clover tolerance differed when the herbicides were applied at various winter wheat growth stages. Experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at four different Ontario locations. Each herbicide treatment was either applied at an early, normal or late timing. Overall, red clover was not affected by herbicides applied at the early timing. The likelihood of herbicides causing injury and reducing biomass of underseeded red clover increased when they were applied at the more advanced winter wheat growth stages. If timing is a constraint, the three herbicides bromoxynil/MCPA, tralkoxydim, and fenoxaprop-pethyl are the safest to use on red clover underseeded to winter wheat. The remaining herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop, dichlorprop/2,4-D, thifensulfuron/ tribenuron + MCPA, fluroxypyr + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, and prosulfuron + bromoxynil are more injurious, with the last two being the most harmful. By having identified the least damaging herbicides on underseeded red clover in winter wheat and the optimal timing for herbicide application, growers are more likely to adopt this beneficial agronomic practice, save on fertilizer costs and improve soil quality.展开更多
[Objective] To investigate the effects of fertilization on growth and development of rod clover. [Method] American red clover ＂Agivasion＂ was used as tested materials. In field, four treatments were used, including ...[Objective] To investigate the effects of fertilization on growth and development of rod clover. [Method] American red clover ＂Agivasion＂ was used as tested materials. In field, four treatments were used, including no fertilization （CK）, application with N fertilizer, application with NP fertilizer, and application with NPK fertilizer. And the effects of fertilization on growth and development of red clover were analyzed. [ Result] After fertilization, plant height was increased, particularly in application with NP fertilizer. Branching was promoted, particularly in application with NPK fertilizer. Rhizome became thicker, particularly in application with NP or NPK fertilizer. The fertilization promoted accumulation of dry matter in stems and leaves and increased yield per plant significantly at the 0. 01 level. This promoting effect became weaker in such order： NPK fertilizer 〉 NP fertilizer ≈ N fertilizer 〉 CK. [ Conclusion] Rational fertilization can promote growth and development of red clover.展开更多
Proper mineral nutrition of red clover especially on the acid soils is a prerequisite for the realization of maximum potential for seed yield. The field experiment with four cultivars of red clover were established on...Proper mineral nutrition of red clover especially on the acid soils is a prerequisite for the realization of maximum potential for seed yield. The field experiment with four cultivars of red clover were established on soil having a pH （in H2O） of 4.8, in order to in conditions of dense planting （20 cm inter row） analyzes the effect of foliar application of phosphorus and potassium （PK） on yield and yield components （number of stems/m2, number of inflorescences/m2, number of inflorescences/stem, number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence and one thousand grain weight）. Regardless of foliar treatment with PK, varieties differed in the number of inflorescences/m2, number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence and seed yield. Foliar application of PK in the phase of intensive growth of red clover had a positive impact on number of stem/m2, number of inflorescences/m2 and seed yield in all varieties, as well as on the number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence in cultivar Viola.展开更多
Reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in dairy cows can reduce economic costs and mitigate the environmental impact of nitrogen emissions.Red clover isoflavone,a natural compound derived...Reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in dairy cows can reduce economic costs and mitigate the environmental impact of nitrogen emissions.Red clover isoflavone,a natural compound derived from plant extract,has the advantage of biological safety.This study aimed to investigate the effects of red clover isoflavone on lactation performance and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.Sixty-eight Holstein cows(165±21 d in milk,710±75 kg initial body weight,2.30±1.21 parities,33.93±3.81 kg/d milk yield)were chosen in a randomized complete block design.Cows were divided into 5 blocks by milk yield and randomly assigned to 4 treatments(17 cows per treatment).The experimental period lasted 84 d,during which cows were fed a basal diet supplemented with red clover extract(RCE)at 0,2,4,or 8 g/kg of total mixed rations(TMR)on a dry matter(DM)basis.These levels corresponded to red clover isoflavones of 0,0.46(0.31 g/kg formononetin and 0.15 g/kg biochanin A),0.93(0.67 g/kg formononetin and 0.26 g/kg biochanin A),and 1.83 g/kg(1.32 g/kg formononetin and 0.52 g/kg biochanin A),respectively.With increasing supplementation of RCE in TMR,milk yield increased quadratically by 4.65%to 9.64%(P=0.020)and feed efficiency improved by 6.58%to 10.53%(P=0.005),with the optimal dose identified as 2 g/kg.Additionally,RCE supplementation significantly increased the yield of milk components,including fat,protein,lactose,non-fat milk solid,and total milk solid(P<0.05),with the highest in the 2 g/kg group.Regarding nitrogen metabolism,RCE supplementation linearly increased microbial nitrogen(MN)from 782.61 to 956.41 g/d(P=0.003),which was accompanied by a linear increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency from 26.32%to 30.31%(P<0.001).In contrast,urinary total nitrogen(P=0.027)and milk urea nitrogen(P<0.001)decreased quadratically with increasing doses of RCE,reaching their minimum at 4 g/kg.Following RCE supplementation,the apparent digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),and neutral detergent fiber(NDF)exhibited a quadratic effect(P<0.05),with significantly higher digestibility observed in the 2 g/kg group.Metabonomics results revealed that RCE supplementation significantly upregulated the top 12 differential metabolites.These findings suggest that RCE supplementation at levels ranging from 2 to 4 g/kg DM enhances lactation performance,milk quality,and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.展开更多
This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows.Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly d...This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows.Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly divided into four treatments(n=17 per treatment)from 5 blocks according to milk yield using a randomized complete block design.No initial differences in parity(2.13±1.21),days in milk(165±21 d),and milk yield(33.93±3.81 kg/d)between groups.Cows were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0,2,4,or 8 g/kg red clover extract(RCE)in diet(dry matter based).Feeding,refusal feed weights,and milk yield were recorded three consecutive days in weeks 0,4,8,and 12.Blood was collected from the tail vein of the cows on the last day of weeks 4,8 and 12,1 h after the morning feeding,and analyzed for hormones,immunoglobulins,inflammatory markers,and markers of liver and kidney activities.The dry matter intake was significantly decreased by 3.7%in the 8 g/kg group(P<0.05).The fat-corrected milk yield was significantly higher in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups(P<0.01).Plasma estradiol and prolactin showed a quadratic effect with increasing RCE levels,with the highest in the 4 g/kg group(P<0.05).Plasma tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a,interleukin(IL)-6,and IL-1βlevels decreased linearly with increasing dietary RCE levels.Plasma IL-18 levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels,with significantly lower levels in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups(P<0.05).Plasma immunoglobulin A and D-lactic acid levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels,with significantly higher level in the 4 g/kg group(P<0.05).The liver function and kidney activity makers were similar(P>0.05).These results recommend the supplementation of RCE at a level from 2 to4 g/kg DM.展开更多
The non-destructive recognition of coated seeds is crucial for advancing studies in coating theory.Currently,the recognition of coated seeds heavily relies on manual visual inspection and machine vision detection.Howe...The non-destructive recognition of coated seeds is crucial for advancing studies in coating theory.Currently,the recognition of coated seeds heavily relies on manual visual inspection and machine vision detection.However,these methods pose challenges such as high misclassification rates,low recognition efficiency,and elevated labor intensity.In response to the aforementioned challenges,this study leveraged deep learning techniques to develop a coated seed recognition model named YOLO-Coated Seeds Recognition(YOLO-CSR),aiming to address the challenges posed by coated seed recognition tasks.The experiment of this study mainly includes the following steps:First,a seed coating machine was set up to coat red clover seeds,resulting in three types of coated red clover seeds.Subsequently,by collecting images of the three types of coated seeds,a coated seed image dataset was further constructed.Then,the YOLOv5s was built,incorporating the Convolutional Block Attention Module(CBAM)into the model’s backbone to enhance its ability to learn features of coated seeds.Finally,the training results of YOLO-CSR were compared with those of other classical recognition models.The experimental results showed that YOLO-CSR achieved the best recognition performance on the self-built coated seed image dataset.The average precision(AP)for recognizing the three types of coated seeds reached 98.43%,97.91%,and 97.26%,with a mean average precision@0.5(mAP@0.5)of 97.87%.Compared to YOLOv5,YOLO-CSR showed a 1.18%improvement in mAP@0.5.Additionally,YOLO-CSR has a model size of only 14.9 MB,with an average recognition time(ART)of 10.1 ms and a frame per second(FPS)of 99.Experimental results prove that YOLO-CSR can accurately,efficiently,and rapidly recognize coated red clover seeds.The findings of this study provide technical support for the non-destructive recognition of spherical coated seeds.展开更多
In the present study,genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 11materials including red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.),white clover ( T.repen L.) and alsike clover ( T.hybridum L.) and leaf-type variants of whit...In the present study,genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 11materials including red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.),white clover ( T.repen L.) and alsike clover ( T.hybridum L.) and leaf-type variants of white clover were investigated by SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism).Forty SRAP primers were screened,and 792 reliable bands were amplified,among which 426 (53.8%) were polymorphic.The number of polymorphic bands per pair of primers ranged from 3 to 38 with an average of 10.6.SRAP cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficients between white clover materials were from 0.465 to 0.997 with an average of 0.812,indicating that there was certain genetic diversity among white clover.Specific bands appeared in white clover variants,indicating that there were certain differences in DNA sequence between normal while clover plants and their leaf-type variants.The similarity coefficients between red clover materials were from 0.457 to 0.827 with an average of 0.597,indicating that the different red clover germplasms had genetic diversity at the DNA molecular level.The results also showed that the genetic relationship of the alsike clover with the red clover was closer than that with the white clover.This study shows that SRAP technique can be effectively used for the analysis on interspecific and intraspecific relationship,germplasm resource identification and genetic diversity of clover.展开更多
基金National Key Basic Research Support Foundation (NKBRSF) of China(No. G1999011807) the Joint Open Laboratory of Soil and Environment between the Institute of Soil Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hong Kong Baptist University.
文摘The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomusmosseae and Glomus versiforme, to mineralize added organic P werestudied in a sterilized clacareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated witheither of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.) plants were grown for eight weeks in pots with upperroot, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soilcompartments received either organic P (as Na-phytte) or inorganic P(as KH_2PO_4) at the rate of 50 mg P kg^-1. No P was added to theroot compartments.
基金funded in part by the Grain Farmers of Ontario,the Agricultural Adaptation Council(CanAdvance Program)and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs.
文摘Underseeding red clover in winter wheat is a beneficial agronomic practice. Still, many growers tend to forgo this approach. One reason is that herbicides used on winter wheat may injure underseeded red clover, reducing its biomass and the subsequent benefits it provides. Therefore, the effect of winter wheat herbicides on underseeded red clover needs to be evaluated. The objectives of this research were to assess the crop tolerance of underseeded red clover to ten winter wheat herbicides used in Ontario, Canada and determine if red clover tolerance differed when the herbicides were applied at various winter wheat growth stages. Experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at four different Ontario locations. Each herbicide treatment was either applied at an early, normal or late timing. Overall, red clover was not affected by herbicides applied at the early timing. The likelihood of herbicides causing injury and reducing biomass of underseeded red clover increased when they were applied at the more advanced winter wheat growth stages. If timing is a constraint, the three herbicides bromoxynil/MCPA, tralkoxydim, and fenoxaprop-pethyl are the safest to use on red clover underseeded to winter wheat. The remaining herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop, dichlorprop/2,4-D, thifensulfuron/ tribenuron + MCPA, fluroxypyr + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, and prosulfuron + bromoxynil are more injurious, with the last two being the most harmful. By having identified the least damaging herbicides on underseeded red clover in winter wheat and the optimal timing for herbicide application, growers are more likely to adopt this beneficial agronomic practice, save on fertilizer costs and improve soil quality.
基金supported by the Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project in Hunan Province
文摘[Objective] To investigate the effects of fertilization on growth and development of rod clover. [Method] American red clover ＂Agivasion＂ was used as tested materials. In field, four treatments were used, including no fertilization （CK）, application with N fertilizer, application with NP fertilizer, and application with NPK fertilizer. And the effects of fertilization on growth and development of red clover were analyzed. [ Result] After fertilization, plant height was increased, particularly in application with NP fertilizer. Branching was promoted, particularly in application with NPK fertilizer. Rhizome became thicker, particularly in application with NP or NPK fertilizer. The fertilization promoted accumulation of dry matter in stems and leaves and increased yield per plant significantly at the 0. 01 level. This promoting effect became weaker in such order： NPK fertilizer 〉 NP fertilizer ≈ N fertilizer 〉 CK. [ Conclusion] Rational fertilization can promote growth and development of red clover.
文摘Proper mineral nutrition of red clover especially on the acid soils is a prerequisite for the realization of maximum potential for seed yield. The field experiment with four cultivars of red clover were established on soil having a pH （in H2O） of 4.8, in order to in conditions of dense planting （20 cm inter row） analyzes the effect of foliar application of phosphorus and potassium （PK） on yield and yield components （number of stems/m2, number of inflorescences/m2, number of inflorescences/stem, number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence and one thousand grain weight）. Regardless of foliar treatment with PK, varieties differed in the number of inflorescences/m2, number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence and seed yield. Foliar application of PK in the phase of intensive growth of red clover had a positive impact on number of stem/m2, number of inflorescences/m2 and seed yield in all varieties, as well as on the number of flowers/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence in cultivar Viola.
基金supported by research programs from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1301000)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202308)+1 种基金the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-36)the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding(2004DA125184G2406).
文摘Reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in dairy cows can reduce economic costs and mitigate the environmental impact of nitrogen emissions.Red clover isoflavone,a natural compound derived from plant extract,has the advantage of biological safety.This study aimed to investigate the effects of red clover isoflavone on lactation performance and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.Sixty-eight Holstein cows(165±21 d in milk,710±75 kg initial body weight,2.30±1.21 parities,33.93±3.81 kg/d milk yield)were chosen in a randomized complete block design.Cows were divided into 5 blocks by milk yield and randomly assigned to 4 treatments(17 cows per treatment).The experimental period lasted 84 d,during which cows were fed a basal diet supplemented with red clover extract(RCE)at 0,2,4,or 8 g/kg of total mixed rations(TMR)on a dry matter(DM)basis.These levels corresponded to red clover isoflavones of 0,0.46(0.31 g/kg formononetin and 0.15 g/kg biochanin A),0.93(0.67 g/kg formononetin and 0.26 g/kg biochanin A),and 1.83 g/kg(1.32 g/kg formononetin and 0.52 g/kg biochanin A),respectively.With increasing supplementation of RCE in TMR,milk yield increased quadratically by 4.65%to 9.64%(P=0.020)and feed efficiency improved by 6.58%to 10.53%(P=0.005),with the optimal dose identified as 2 g/kg.Additionally,RCE supplementation significantly increased the yield of milk components,including fat,protein,lactose,non-fat milk solid,and total milk solid(P<0.05),with the highest in the 2 g/kg group.Regarding nitrogen metabolism,RCE supplementation linearly increased microbial nitrogen(MN)from 782.61 to 956.41 g/d(P=0.003),which was accompanied by a linear increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency from 26.32%to 30.31%(P<0.001).In contrast,urinary total nitrogen(P=0.027)and milk urea nitrogen(P<0.001)decreased quadratically with increasing doses of RCE,reaching their minimum at 4 g/kg.Following RCE supplementation,the apparent digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),and neutral detergent fiber(NDF)exhibited a quadratic effect(P<0.05),with significantly higher digestibility observed in the 2 g/kg group.Metabonomics results revealed that RCE supplementation significantly upregulated the top 12 differential metabolites.These findings suggest that RCE supplementation at levels ranging from 2 to 4 g/kg DM enhances lactation performance,milk quality,and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1301000)the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-36)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition(2004DA125184G2108)Key Program of Inner Mongolia(2021-NDTIC-2)
文摘This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows.Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly divided into four treatments(n=17 per treatment)from 5 blocks according to milk yield using a randomized complete block design.No initial differences in parity(2.13±1.21),days in milk(165±21 d),and milk yield(33.93±3.81 kg/d)between groups.Cows were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0,2,4,or 8 g/kg red clover extract(RCE)in diet(dry matter based).Feeding,refusal feed weights,and milk yield were recorded three consecutive days in weeks 0,4,8,and 12.Blood was collected from the tail vein of the cows on the last day of weeks 4,8 and 12,1 h after the morning feeding,and analyzed for hormones,immunoglobulins,inflammatory markers,and markers of liver and kidney activities.The dry matter intake was significantly decreased by 3.7%in the 8 g/kg group(P<0.05).The fat-corrected milk yield was significantly higher in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups(P<0.01).Plasma estradiol and prolactin showed a quadratic effect with increasing RCE levels,with the highest in the 4 g/kg group(P<0.05).Plasma tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a,interleukin(IL)-6,and IL-1βlevels decreased linearly with increasing dietary RCE levels.Plasma IL-18 levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels,with significantly lower levels in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups(P<0.05).Plasma immunoglobulin A and D-lactic acid levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels,with significantly higher level in the 4 g/kg group(P<0.05).The liver function and kidney activity makers were similar(P>0.05).These results recommend the supplementation of RCE at a level from 2 to4 g/kg DM.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2022YFF1302300)the Key R&D and Achievement Transformation Plan Project of Inner Mongolia (Grant No.2023YFDZ0006)+1 种基金the Program for Improving the Scientific Research Ability of Youth Teachers of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Grant No.BR220128)the Research Program of science and technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No.NJZZ23046).
文摘The non-destructive recognition of coated seeds is crucial for advancing studies in coating theory.Currently,the recognition of coated seeds heavily relies on manual visual inspection and machine vision detection.However,these methods pose challenges such as high misclassification rates,low recognition efficiency,and elevated labor intensity.In response to the aforementioned challenges,this study leveraged deep learning techniques to develop a coated seed recognition model named YOLO-Coated Seeds Recognition(YOLO-CSR),aiming to address the challenges posed by coated seed recognition tasks.The experiment of this study mainly includes the following steps:First,a seed coating machine was set up to coat red clover seeds,resulting in three types of coated red clover seeds.Subsequently,by collecting images of the three types of coated seeds,a coated seed image dataset was further constructed.Then,the YOLOv5s was built,incorporating the Convolutional Block Attention Module(CBAM)into the model’s backbone to enhance its ability to learn features of coated seeds.Finally,the training results of YOLO-CSR were compared with those of other classical recognition models.The experimental results showed that YOLO-CSR achieved the best recognition performance on the self-built coated seed image dataset.The average precision(AP)for recognizing the three types of coated seeds reached 98.43%,97.91%,and 97.26%,with a mean average precision@0.5(mAP@0.5)of 97.87%.Compared to YOLOv5,YOLO-CSR showed a 1.18%improvement in mAP@0.5.Additionally,YOLO-CSR has a model size of only 14.9 MB,with an average recognition time(ART)of 10.1 ms and a frame per second(FPS)of 99.Experimental results prove that YOLO-CSR can accurately,efficiently,and rapidly recognize coated red clover seeds.The findings of this study provide technical support for the non-destructive recognition of spherical coated seeds.
基金Supported by Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2016A02-1)China Agriculture Research System-Green Manure(CARS-22)Young Talents Training Program of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2018-2020)
文摘In the present study,genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 11materials including red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.),white clover ( T.repen L.) and alsike clover ( T.hybridum L.) and leaf-type variants of white clover were investigated by SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism).Forty SRAP primers were screened,and 792 reliable bands were amplified,among which 426 (53.8%) were polymorphic.The number of polymorphic bands per pair of primers ranged from 3 to 38 with an average of 10.6.SRAP cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficients between white clover materials were from 0.465 to 0.997 with an average of 0.812,indicating that there was certain genetic diversity among white clover.Specific bands appeared in white clover variants,indicating that there were certain differences in DNA sequence between normal while clover plants and their leaf-type variants.The similarity coefficients between red clover materials were from 0.457 to 0.827 with an average of 0.597,indicating that the different red clover germplasms had genetic diversity at the DNA molecular level.The results also showed that the genetic relationship of the alsike clover with the red clover was closer than that with the white clover.This study shows that SRAP technique can be effectively used for the analysis on interspecific and intraspecific relationship,germplasm resource identification and genetic diversity of clover.
