The North China Plain is one of the main grain producing areas in China. However, overexploitation has long been unsustainable since the water supply is mainly from groundwater. Since 2014,the South-to-North Water Div...The North China Plain is one of the main grain producing areas in China. However, overexploitation has long been unsustainable since the water supply is mainly from groundwater. Since 2014,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project's central route has been charted to the integrated management of water supply and over-exploitation, which has alleviated the problem to a certain extent. Although the Ministry of Water Resources has made many efforts on groundwater recharge since 2018 most of which have been successful, the recharge has not yet been sufficiently focused on the repair of shallow groundwater depression zones. It still needs further optimization. This paper discusses this particular issue,proposes optimized recharge plan and provides the following recommendations:(1) Seven priority target areas are selected for groundwater recharge in alluvial and proluvial fans in the piedmont plain, and the storage capacity is estimated to be 181.00×10~8 m~3;(2) A recharge of 31.18×10~8 m~3/a is required by 2035 to achieve the repair target;(3) It is proposed to increase the recharge of Hutuo River, Dasha River and Tanghe River to 19.00×10~8 m~3/a and to rehabilitate Gaoliqing-Ningbailong Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Fuyang River, Zhanghe River and Anyang River to 7.05×10~8 m~3/a and rehabilitate Handan Feixiang-Guangping Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Luanhe River by 0.56×10~8 m~3/a and restore Tanghai Depression Zone and Luanan-Leting Depression Zone;moderately reduce the amount of water recharged to North Canal and Yongding River to prevent excessive rebound of groundwater;(4) Recharge through well is implemented on a pilot basis in areas of severe urban ground subsidence and coastal saltwater intrusion;(5) An early warning mechanism for groundwater quality risks in recharge areas is established to ensure the safety. The numerical groundwater flow model also proves reasonable groundwater level restoration in the depression zones by 2035.展开更多
Rechargeable zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(RZIBs) with hydrogel electrolytes(HEs) have gained significant attention in the last decade owing to their high safety, low cost, sufficient material abundance, and superb environme...Rechargeable zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(RZIBs) with hydrogel electrolytes(HEs) have gained significant attention in the last decade owing to their high safety, low cost, sufficient material abundance, and superb environmental friendliness, which is extremely important for wearable energy storage applications. Given that HEs play a critical role in building flexible RZIBs, it is urgent to summarize the recent advances in this field and elucidate the design principles of HEs for practical applications. This review systematically presents the development history, recent advances in the material fundamentals, functional designs, challenges, and prospects of the HEs-based RZIBs. Firstly, the fundamentals, species, and flexible mechanisms of HEs are discussed, along with their compatibility with Zn anodes and various cathodes. Then, the functional designs of hydrogel electrolytes in harsh conditions are comprehensively discussed, including high/low/wide-temperature windows, mechanical deformations(e.g., bending, twisting, and straining), and damages(e.g., cutting, burning, and soaking). Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for advancing HEs-based RZIBs are outlined.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,th...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.展开更多
Interaction between the Yangtze River and its tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir has an important influence on tributary algal blooms.Taking the Xiaojiang River as a typical tributary,a binary mixing model used...Interaction between the Yangtze River and its tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir has an important influence on tributary algal blooms.Taking the Xiaojiang River as a typical tributary,a binary mixing model used stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen to quantitatively analyze the water contribution and nutrient source structure of the tributary backwater area.Results showed that the isotope content(δD:−54.7‰,δ^(18)O−7.8‰)in the Yangtze River was higher than that in the tributaries(δD:−74.2‰,δ^(18)O−17.0‰)in the non-flood season and lower than that in the tributaries in the flood season.The Yangtze River contributed more than 50%water volume of the tributary backwater area in the non-flood season.The total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the backwater area were estimated based on water contribution ratio,and the results were in good agreement with the monitoring results.Load estimation showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus contribution ratio of the Yangtze River to the tributary backwater area was approximately 40%-80%in the non-flood season,and approximately 20%-40%in the flood season,on average.This study showed that the interaction between the Xiaojiang River and the Yangtze River is significant,and that Yangtze River recharge is an important source of nutrients in the Xiaojiang backwater area,which may play a driving role in Xiaojiang River algal blooms.展开更多
Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly s...Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly software tool developed to estimate natural groundwater recharge using two widely adopted approaches:the Water Balance(WB)method and Water Table Fluctuation(WTF)method.In the WB approach,the catchment area is divided into seven land-use categories,each representing distinct recharge characteristics.The tool includes eighteen different reference Evapotranspiration(ET0)estimation methods,accommodating varying levels of climatic input data availability.Additional required inputs include crop coefficients for major crops and Curve Numbers(CN)for specific land-use types.The WTF approach considers up to three aquifer layers with different specific yields(for unconfined aquifer)or storage coeffi-cient(for confined aquifer).It also takes into account groundwater withdrawal(draft)and lateral water movement within or outside the aquifer system.M-RechargeCal is process-based and does not require cali-bration.Its performance was evaluated using six datasets from humid-subtropical environments,demon-2 strating reliable results(R=0.867,r=0.93,RE=10.6%,PMARE=9.8,ENS=0.93).The model can be applied to defined hydrological or hydrogeological units such as watersheds,aquifers,or catchments,and can be used to assess the impacts of land-use/land-cover changes on hydrological components.However,it has not yet been tested in arid regions.M-RechargeCal provides modelers and planners with a practical,accessible tool for recharge estimation to support groundwater modeling and water resource planning.The software is available free of charge and can be downloaded from the author's institutional website or obtained by contacting the author via email.展开更多
Understanding the infiltration process and quantifying recharge are critical for effective water resources management,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.However,factors influencing on recharge process under di...Understanding the infiltration process and quantifying recharge are critical for effective water resources management,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.However,factors influencing on recharge process under different land use types in irrigation districts remain unclear.In this study,a Brilliant Blue FCF dye tracer experiment was conducted to investigate infiltration pathways under the cotton field,pear orchard,and bare land conditions in the Kongque Rive Irrigation District of Xinjiang,China.Recharge rates were estimated using the chloride mass balance method.The results show that the average preferential flow ratio was highest in the bare land(50.42%),followed by the cotton field(30.09%)and pear orchard(23.59%).Matrix flow was the dominant infiltration pathway in the pear orchard and cotton field.Irrigation method was a primary factor influencing recharge rates,with surface irrigation promoting deeper infiltration compared to drip irrigation.Under the drip irrigation mode,the recharge of cotton fields ranged from 23.47 mm/a to 59.16 mm/a.In comparison,the recharge of surface irrigation in pear orchards contributed between 154.30 mm/a and 401.65 mm/a.These findings provide valuable insights into soil water infiltration and recharge processes under typical land use conditions in the Kongque River Irrigation District,supporting improved irrigation management and sustainable water resource utilization.展开更多
Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the...Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the decline in both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources.This study is focused on an intensively irrigated region of Northern India to investigate the sources and mechanism of groundwater recharge using a novel integrated approach combining isotope hydrology,Artificial Neural Network(ANN),and hydrogeochemical models.The study identifies several key sources of groundwater recharge,including natural precipitation,river infiltration,Irrigation Return Flow(IRF),and recharge from canals.Some groundwater samples exhibit mixing from various sources.Groundwater recharge from IRF is found to be isotopically enriched due to evaporation and characterized by high Cl−.Stable isotope modeling of evaporative enrichment in irrigated water helped to differentiate the IRF during various cultivation periods(Kharif and Rabi)and deduce the climatic conditions prevailed during the time of recharge.The model quantified that 29%of the irrigated water is lost due to evaporation during the Kharif period and 20%during the Rabi period,reflecting the seasonal variations in IRF contribution to the groundwater.The ANN model,trained with isotope hydrogeochemical data,effectively captures the complex interrelationships between various recharge sources,providing a robust framework for understanding the groundwater dynamics in the study area.A conceptual model was developed to visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge sources,highlighting how seasonal irrigation practices influence the groundwater.The integration of isotope hydrology with ANN methodologies proved to be effective in elucidating the multiple sources and processes of groundwater recharge,offering insights into the sustainability of aquifer systems in intensively irrigated regions.These findings are critical for developing data-driven groundwater management strategies that can adapt to future challenges,including climate change,shifting land use patterns,and evolving agricultural demands.The results have significant implications for policymakers and water resource managers seeking to ensure sustainable groundwater use in water-scarce regions.展开更多
This research examines the hard-rock aquifer system within the Nagavathi River Basin(NRB)South India,by evaluating seasonal fluctuations in groundwater composition during the pre-monsoon(PRM)and post-monsoon(POM)perio...This research examines the hard-rock aquifer system within the Nagavathi River Basin(NRB)South India,by evaluating seasonal fluctuations in groundwater composition during the pre-monsoon(PRM)and post-monsoon(POM)periods.Seasonal variations significantly influence the groundwater quality,particularly fluoride(F−)concentrations,which can fluctuate due to changes in recharge,evaporation,and anthropogenic activities.This study assesses the dynamics of F−levels in PRM and POM seasons,and identifies elevated health risks using USEPA guidelines and Monte Carlo Simulations(MCS).Groundwater in the study area exhibits alkaline pH,with NaCl and Ca-Na-HCO_(3) facies increasing in the POM season due to intensified ion exchange and rock-water interactions,as indicated in Piper and Gibb’s diagrams.Correlation and dendrogram analyses indicate that F−contamination is from geogenic and anthropogenic sources.F−levels exceed the WHO limit(1.5 mg/L)in 51 PRM and 28 POM samples,affecting 371.74 km^(2) and 203.05 km^(2),respectively.Geochemical processes,including mineral weathering,cation exchange,evaporation,and dilution,are identified through CAI I&II.Health risk assessments reveal that HQ values>1 in 78%of children,73%of teens,and 68%of adults during PRM,decreasing to 45%,40%,and 38%,respectively,in POM.MCS show maximum HQ values of 5.67(PRM)and 4.73(POM)in children,with all age groups facing significant risks from fluoride ingestion.Managed Aquifer Recharge(MAR)is recommended in this study to minimize F−contamination,ensuring safe drinking water for the community.展开更多
Increased population mobility in urban areas drives higher water demand and significant changes in Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),which directly impact groundwater recharge capacity.This study aims to predict LULC chan...Increased population mobility in urban areas drives higher water demand and significant changes in Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),which directly impact groundwater recharge capacity.This study aims to predict LULC changes in 2030 and 2040,analyse groundwater recharge quantities for historical,current,and projected conditions,and evaluate the combined impacts of LULC and climate change.The Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network(CA-ANN)method was employed to predict LULC changes,using classified and interpreted land use data from Landsat 7 ETM+(2000 and 2010)and Landsat 8 OLI(2020)imagery.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model was used to simulate groundwater recharge.Input data for the SWAT model included Digital Elevation Model(DEM),soil type,LULC,slope,and climate data.Climate projections were based on five Regional Climate Models(RCMs)for two time periods,2021–2030 and 2031–2040,under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP)scenarios 2–45 and 5–85.The results indicate a significant increase in built-up areas,accounting for 71.08%in 2030 and 71.83%in 2040.Groundwater recharge projections show a decline,with average monthly recharge decreas-ing from 83.85 mm/month under SSP2-45 to 78.25 mm/month under SSP5-85 in 2030,and further declin-ing to 82.10 mm/month(SSP2-45)and 77.44 mm/month(SSP5-85)in 2040.The expansion of impervious surfaces due to urbanization is the primary factor driving this decline.This study highlights the innovative integration of CA-ANN-based LULC predictions with climate projections from RCMs,offering a robust framework for analysing urban groundwater dynamics.The findings underscore the need for sustainable urban planning and water resource management to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization and climate change.Additionally,the methodological framework and insights gained from this research can be applied to other urban areas facing similar challenges,thus contributing to broader efforts in groundwater conserva-tion.展开更多
Managed Aquifer Recharge(MAR)is a strategic approach to artificially replenishing groundwater supplies and has become an integral component of global water resource management.The number of MAR projects has steadily i...Managed Aquifer Recharge(MAR)is a strategic approach to artificially replenishing groundwater supplies and has become an integral component of global water resource management.The number of MAR projects has steadily increased in recent decades,yet many have failed to achieved their intended outcomes,underscoring the complexity of project implementation.This review is dedicated to examine existing research and reports on MAR performance and impacts,aiming to establish objective criteria for gauging the success and identify key factors influencing the effectiveness of MAR project.Five critical performance factors have been identified as major determinants of MAR performance:aquifer transmissivity,vertical permeability,availability of recharge water,recharge water quality,and aquifer thickness,geometry and boundary conditions.These factors are directly related to project success and significantly shape MAR outcomes.In addition,this review explores research-based strategies to improve MAR success,including cutting-edge methodologies,technological innovations,and integrated management approaches to address key challenges.The ultimate goal is to foster more efficient,effective,and sustainable MAR practices,thereby enhancing the resilience and sustainability of water resource management.展开更多
Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction poten...Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction potential.However,Sb-based anodes suffer from severe volume expansion of>135%during the lithiation-delithiation process.Hence,we construct a novel Sb@C composite encapsulating the Sb nanoparticles into highly conductive three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks via the one-step magnesiothermic reduction(MR).The porous carbon provides buffer spaces to accommodate the volume expansion of Sb.Meanwhile,the three-dimensional(3D)interconnected carbon frameworks shorten the ion/electron transport pathway and inhibit the overgrowth of unstable solid-electrolyte interfaces(SEIs).Consequently,the 3D Sb@C composite displays remarkable electrochemical performance,including a high average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99%,high initial capability of 989 mAh·g^(-1),excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,employing a similar approach,this 3D Sb@C design paradigm holds promise for broader applications across fast-charging and ultralong-life battery systems beyond Li+.This work aims to advance practical applications for Sb-based anodes in next-generation batteries.展开更多
Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of re...Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements across various battery systems,including lithium-ion,sodium-ion,potassium-ion,and multivalent metal-ion batteries such as magnesium,zinc,calcium,and aluminum.Emerging technologies,including dual-ion,redox flow,and anion batteries,are also discussed.Particular attention is given to alkali metal rechargeable systems,such as lithium-sulfur,lithium-air,sodium-sulfur,sodium-selenium,potassium-sulfur,potassium-selenium,potassium-air,and zinc-air batteries,which have shown significant promise for high-energy applications.The optimization of key components—cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and interfaces—is extensively analyzed,supported by advanced characterization techniques like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS),synchrotron radiation,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and in-situ spectroscopy.Moreover,sustainable strategies for recycling spent batteries,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycling,are critically evaluated to mitigate environmental impacts and resource scarcity.This review not only highlights the latest technological breakthroughs but also identifies key challenges in reaction mechanisms,material design,system integration,and waste battery recycling,and presents a roadmap for advancing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies.展开更多
The growing severity of environmental challenges has accelerated advancements in renewable energy technologies,highlighting the critical need for efficient energy storage solutions.Rechargeable batteries,as primary sh...The growing severity of environmental challenges has accelerated advancements in renewable energy technologies,highlighting the critical need for efficient energy storage solutions.Rechargeable batteries,as primary short-term energy storage devices,have seen significant progress.Among emerging optimization strategies,high-entropy electrolytes have garnered attention for their superior ionic conductivity and ability to broaden batteries’operational temperature ranges.Rooted in the thermodynamic concept of entropy,high-entropy materials,originally exemplified by high-entropy alloys,have demonstrated enhanced structural stability and advanced electrochemical performance through the synergistic integration of multiple components.High-entropy liquid electrolytes,both aqueous and non-aqueous,offer unique opportunities for entropy manipulation due to their inherently disordered structures.However,their complex compositions present challenges,as minor changes in formulation can lead to significant performance variations.This review introduces the fundamentals of entropy tuning,surveys recent advances in high-entropy liquid electrolytes,and analyzes the interplay between entropy and electrochemical behavior.Finally,it discusses design strategies and future perspectives for the practical implementation of high-entropy liquid electrolytes in next-generation energy storage systems.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have attracted much attention due to the high theoretical capacity(3833 mAh cm−3)of magnesium metal negative electrode and abundant resources.However,the preparation of ultra-thin...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have attracted much attention due to the high theoretical capacity(3833 mAh cm−3)of magnesium metal negative electrode and abundant resources.However,the preparation of ultra-thin magnesium foils faces the problems of rolling difficulty and high processing cost,while the use of thick magnesium foils leads to low utilization of magnesium and reduces the energy density.To tackle the above problems,we successfully prepared ultra-thin magnesium foils based on electrolytic process and investigated the effect of different substrates.The magnesium foils prepared using Mo substrate have more uniform surface morphology and lower surface roughness,which is attributed to the lower magnesium nucleation overpotential of Mo substrate.Meanwhile,density functional theory calculations show that the adsorption energy of Mo on Mg is more negative,which is conducive to achieving uniform nucleation and deposition of Mg.The Mg deposition on Mo substrate undergoes the characteristic stages of transient nucleation,nucleus accretion,multidirectional heterotopic growth,and columnar crystal stacking,and ultimately the formation of a dense deposited layer.In addition,the prepared ultra-thin Mg foil with Mo substrate can stably cycle for 1000 h at 3 mA cm^(-2) with high utilization of 50% in the symmetric cell.This study develops a facile method for the preparation of ultra-thin Mg foils,which opens up a new path for developing high-performance ultra-thin negative electrodes for RMBs.展开更多
Transition metal oxides have garnered significant attention as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,their sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability ...Transition metal oxides have garnered significant attention as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,their sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability hinder commercial applications.Herein,we report the synthesis of a bimetallic cobalt manganese oxide,Co_(0.99)Mn_(2.01)O_(4)(CMO),synthesized via a hydrothermal technique,which serves as a highly efficient bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst owing to its impressive halfwave potential of 0.767 V and low overpotential of 1.677 V at 10 mA cm^(-2).Theoretical calculations revealed that the d-band centers of Co 3d and Mn 3d in CMO,located at tetrahedral and octahedral sites,are positioned near the Fermi level,facilitating the adsorption of electrocatalytic intermediates.Furthermore,the distance between the Co 3d and O 2p band centers in CMO is smaller than that in Co_(3)O_(4),and the distance between the Mn 3d and O 2p band centers in CMO is shorter than that in Mn_(2)O_(3),indicating that the Co–O and Mn–O bonds in CMO exhibit greater covalency,significantly enhancing ORR/OER activity.Notably,CMO serves as an advanced air electrode material for rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs),demonstrating improved charge–discharge performance with a low voltage gap of 0.87 V at 5 mA cm^(-2),high peak power density of 124 mW cm^(-2),and excellent cycle stability of over 540 h at 5 mA cm^(-2).This superior ORR/OER activity,combined with the simple material combination,makes CMO a promising catalyst for rechargeable ZABs.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a m...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a much higher gravimetric capacity compared to graphite,which is currently used as the anode material in LIBs.Despite the significant advances in electrolyte,the development of cathode material is limited to materials that operate at low average discharge voltage(<1.0 V vs.Mg/Mg^(2+)),and developing high voltage cathodes remains challenging.Only a few materials have been shown to intercalate Mg^(2+)ions reversibly at high voltage.This review focuses on the structural aspects of cathode material that can operate at high voltage,including the Mg^(2+)intercalation mechanism in relation to its electrochemical properties.The materials are categorized into transition metal oxides and polyanions and subcategorized by the intrinsic Mg^(2+)diffusion path.This review also provides insights into the future development of each material,aiming to stimulate and guide researchers working in this field towards further advancements in high voltage cathodes.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are considered promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity.However,the non-uniform deposition/stripping behavior of Mg m...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are considered promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity.However,the non-uniform deposition/stripping behavior of Mg metal hinders the practical application of RMBs.This study demonstrates that the designed interfacial electric field effect,driven by a copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)conductive interlayer,enhances the kinetics and stability of the Mg anode.In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy coupled with distribution of relaxation times analysis reveals that the highly delocalized electron cloud network of CuPc establishes a low-energy-barrier electron transport pathway,significantly reducing charge transfer resistance.Electrochemical characterization and density functional theory calculations indicate that the interfacial electric field effect effectively improves interfacial Mg^(2+)diffusion by enhancing electron delocalization and reducing the Mg^(2+)migration energy barrier.Furthermore,finite element simulations substantiate that the interfacial electric field imparts uniform interfacial charge distribution and homogeneous Mg deposition during plating/stripping processes.Consequently,the symmetric cell with CuPc@Mg achieves an ultra-long lifetime(1,400h at 5mAcm^(−2))and a high Coulombic efficiency(99.3%).Furthermore,the CuPc@Mg||Mo6S8 cell achieves high capacity retention(92%).This work highlights the potential of metal phthalocyanines in stabilizing Mg anodes.展开更多
Nanostructured MnO2/CNT composite was synthesized by a soft template approach in the presence of Pluronic P123 surfactant. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal...Nanostructured MnO2/CNT composite was synthesized by a soft template approach in the presence of Pluronic P123 surfactant. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the sample consists of poor crystalline α-MnO2 nanorods with a diameter of about 10 nm and a length of 30-50 nm, which absorb on the carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical properties of the product as cathode material for Li-MnO2 cell are evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. Compared with pure MnO2 electrode, the MnO2/CNT composite delivers a much larger initial capacity of 275.3 mA-h/g and better rate and cycling performance.展开更多
According to the annual variation of water discharge and water quality of Xidagou in Lingwu in Ningxia,combining local cropping system,the influence degree of ditch water recharge on soil and crop was studied,and the ...According to the annual variation of water discharge and water quality of Xidagou in Lingwu in Ningxia,combining local cropping system,the influence degree of ditch water recharge on soil and crop was studied,and the feasibility of ditch water recharge was analyzed in our paper,which could provide scientific basis for the utilization of ditch water recharge in local area.展开更多
With the completion of South-North Water Transfer Project in China, plenty of high quality water will be transported to Beijing. To restore the groundwater level in Beijing, part of transferred water is planned to be ...With the completion of South-North Water Transfer Project in China, plenty of high quality water will be transported to Beijing. To restore the groundwater level in Beijing, part of transferred water is planned to be used for artificial recharge. Clogging is an unavoidable challenge in the artificial recharge process. Therefore, a test is designed to analyse clogging duration and scope of influence and to test the reinjection properties of different recharge media. The test employs the self-designed sand column system with variable spacing and section monitoring, composed of four parts: Sand column, water-supply system, pressure-test system and flow-test system, to simulate the clogging of artificial recharge of sand and gravel pits. The hydraulic conductivity levels of all sand column sections are obtained to analyse the clogging of the injection of different concentrations in media of different particle sizes. In this experiment, two kinds of media are used–round gravel from sand and gravel pit in Xihuang village and the sand from sand and gravel pit by the Yongding River. The concentrations of recharge fluid are respectively 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L. The results show that clogging usually lasts for 20 hrs., and the hydraulic conductivity drops to the original 10%. Clogging usually occurs at 0–12 cm section of the sand column. The scope of influence is 0–60 cm. In column 3 and 4, whose average particle sizes are larger, section 20–50 cm also suffers from clogging, apart from section 0–12 cm. The effective recharge times are respectively 33 hrs. in column 1, 14 hrs. in column 2, 12 hrs. in column 3 and 12 hrs. in column 4. The larger the average particle size is, the quicker the clogging occurs. In media of larger particles, the change in suspension concentration does not have significant influence on the development of clogging. In conclusion, it is suggested that during artificial recharge, the conditions of reinjection medium should be fully considered and effective method of recharge be employed in order to improve effective recharge time.展开更多
基金funded by Geological Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2244214)China Geological Survey Program (DD20190336, DD20221752, DD20230078)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basic Research Fund Program (SK202118, SK202216)Hebei Provincial Innovation Capacity Enhancement Program for High-level Talent Team Building (225A4204D)。
文摘The North China Plain is one of the main grain producing areas in China. However, overexploitation has long been unsustainable since the water supply is mainly from groundwater. Since 2014,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project's central route has been charted to the integrated management of water supply and over-exploitation, which has alleviated the problem to a certain extent. Although the Ministry of Water Resources has made many efforts on groundwater recharge since 2018 most of which have been successful, the recharge has not yet been sufficiently focused on the repair of shallow groundwater depression zones. It still needs further optimization. This paper discusses this particular issue,proposes optimized recharge plan and provides the following recommendations:(1) Seven priority target areas are selected for groundwater recharge in alluvial and proluvial fans in the piedmont plain, and the storage capacity is estimated to be 181.00×10~8 m~3;(2) A recharge of 31.18×10~8 m~3/a is required by 2035 to achieve the repair target;(3) It is proposed to increase the recharge of Hutuo River, Dasha River and Tanghe River to 19.00×10~8 m~3/a and to rehabilitate Gaoliqing-Ningbailong Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Fuyang River, Zhanghe River and Anyang River to 7.05×10~8 m~3/a and rehabilitate Handan Feixiang-Guangping Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Luanhe River by 0.56×10~8 m~3/a and restore Tanghai Depression Zone and Luanan-Leting Depression Zone;moderately reduce the amount of water recharged to North Canal and Yongding River to prevent excessive rebound of groundwater;(4) Recharge through well is implemented on a pilot basis in areas of severe urban ground subsidence and coastal saltwater intrusion;(5) An early warning mechanism for groundwater quality risks in recharge areas is established to ensure the safety. The numerical groundwater flow model also proves reasonable groundwater level restoration in the depression zones by 2035.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22379038)Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department (JZX2024015)+4 种基金Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Plan Project (241791357A)Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funds Project (246Z4408G)Excellent Youth Research Innovation Team of Hebei University (QNTD202410)High-level Talents Research Start-Up Project of Hebei University (521100224223)Hebei Province Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan Project (22567620H)。
文摘Rechargeable zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(RZIBs) with hydrogel electrolytes(HEs) have gained significant attention in the last decade owing to their high safety, low cost, sufficient material abundance, and superb environmental friendliness, which is extremely important for wearable energy storage applications. Given that HEs play a critical role in building flexible RZIBs, it is urgent to summarize the recent advances in this field and elucidate the design principles of HEs for practical applications. This review systematically presents the development history, recent advances in the material fundamentals, functional designs, challenges, and prospects of the HEs-based RZIBs. Firstly, the fundamentals, species, and flexible mechanisms of HEs are discussed, along with their compatibility with Zn anodes and various cathodes. Then, the functional designs of hydrogel electrolytes in harsh conditions are comprehensively discussed, including high/low/wide-temperature windows, mechanical deformations(e.g., bending, twisting, and straining), and damages(e.g., cutting, burning, and soaking). Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for advancing HEs-based RZIBs are outlined.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22225801,22178217 and 22308216)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,conducted at Tongji University.
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2040210).
文摘Interaction between the Yangtze River and its tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir has an important influence on tributary algal blooms.Taking the Xiaojiang River as a typical tributary,a binary mixing model used stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen to quantitatively analyze the water contribution and nutrient source structure of the tributary backwater area.Results showed that the isotope content(δD:−54.7‰,δ^(18)O−7.8‰)in the Yangtze River was higher than that in the tributaries(δD:−74.2‰,δ^(18)O−17.0‰)in the non-flood season and lower than that in the tributaries in the flood season.The Yangtze River contributed more than 50%water volume of the tributary backwater area in the non-flood season.The total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the backwater area were estimated based on water contribution ratio,and the results were in good agreement with the monitoring results.Load estimation showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus contribution ratio of the Yangtze River to the tributary backwater area was approximately 40%-80%in the non-flood season,and approximately 20%-40%in the flood season,on average.This study showed that the interaction between the Xiaojiang River and the Yangtze River is significant,and that Yangtze River recharge is an important source of nutrients in the Xiaojiang backwater area,which may play a driving role in Xiaojiang River algal blooms.
文摘Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly software tool developed to estimate natural groundwater recharge using two widely adopted approaches:the Water Balance(WB)method and Water Table Fluctuation(WTF)method.In the WB approach,the catchment area is divided into seven land-use categories,each representing distinct recharge characteristics.The tool includes eighteen different reference Evapotranspiration(ET0)estimation methods,accommodating varying levels of climatic input data availability.Additional required inputs include crop coefficients for major crops and Curve Numbers(CN)for specific land-use types.The WTF approach considers up to three aquifer layers with different specific yields(for unconfined aquifer)or storage coeffi-cient(for confined aquifer).It also takes into account groundwater withdrawal(draft)and lateral water movement within or outside the aquifer system.M-RechargeCal is process-based and does not require cali-bration.Its performance was evaluated using six datasets from humid-subtropical environments,demon-2 strating reliable results(R=0.867,r=0.93,RE=10.6%,PMARE=9.8,ENS=0.93).The model can be applied to defined hydrological or hydrogeological units such as watersheds,aquifers,or catchments,and can be used to assess the impacts of land-use/land-cover changes on hydrological components.However,it has not yet been tested in arid regions.M-RechargeCal provides modelers and planners with a practical,accessible tool for recharge estimation to support groundwater modeling and water resource planning.The software is available free of charge and can be downloaded from the author's institutional website or obtained by contacting the author via email.
基金supported by the Hydrogeological Investigation Project in Kaidu River and Kongque River Basin in Xinjiang,China(No.DD2020171)the Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shaanxi Province(No.2020006).
文摘Understanding the infiltration process and quantifying recharge are critical for effective water resources management,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.However,factors influencing on recharge process under different land use types in irrigation districts remain unclear.In this study,a Brilliant Blue FCF dye tracer experiment was conducted to investigate infiltration pathways under the cotton field,pear orchard,and bare land conditions in the Kongque Rive Irrigation District of Xinjiang,China.Recharge rates were estimated using the chloride mass balance method.The results show that the average preferential flow ratio was highest in the bare land(50.42%),followed by the cotton field(30.09%)and pear orchard(23.59%).Matrix flow was the dominant infiltration pathway in the pear orchard and cotton field.Irrigation method was a primary factor influencing recharge rates,with surface irrigation promoting deeper infiltration compared to drip irrigation.Under the drip irrigation mode,the recharge of cotton fields ranged from 23.47 mm/a to 59.16 mm/a.In comparison,the recharge of surface irrigation in pear orchards contributed between 154.30 mm/a and 401.65 mm/a.These findings provide valuable insights into soil water infiltration and recharge processes under typical land use conditions in the Kongque River Irrigation District,supporting improved irrigation management and sustainable water resource utilization.
基金This study was conducted as a part of the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project(CRP)“Isotope techniques for the evaluation of water sources in irrigation systems(F-33025)”。
文摘Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the decline in both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources.This study is focused on an intensively irrigated region of Northern India to investigate the sources and mechanism of groundwater recharge using a novel integrated approach combining isotope hydrology,Artificial Neural Network(ANN),and hydrogeochemical models.The study identifies several key sources of groundwater recharge,including natural precipitation,river infiltration,Irrigation Return Flow(IRF),and recharge from canals.Some groundwater samples exhibit mixing from various sources.Groundwater recharge from IRF is found to be isotopically enriched due to evaporation and characterized by high Cl−.Stable isotope modeling of evaporative enrichment in irrigated water helped to differentiate the IRF during various cultivation periods(Kharif and Rabi)and deduce the climatic conditions prevailed during the time of recharge.The model quantified that 29%of the irrigated water is lost due to evaporation during the Kharif period and 20%during the Rabi period,reflecting the seasonal variations in IRF contribution to the groundwater.The ANN model,trained with isotope hydrogeochemical data,effectively captures the complex interrelationships between various recharge sources,providing a robust framework for understanding the groundwater dynamics in the study area.A conceptual model was developed to visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge sources,highlighting how seasonal irrigation practices influence the groundwater.The integration of isotope hydrology with ANN methodologies proved to be effective in elucidating the multiple sources and processes of groundwater recharge,offering insights into the sustainability of aquifer systems in intensively irrigated regions.These findings are critical for developing data-driven groundwater management strategies that can adapt to future challenges,including climate change,shifting land use patterns,and evolving agricultural demands.The results have significant implications for policymakers and water resource managers seeking to ensure sustainable groundwater use in water-scarce regions.
文摘This research examines the hard-rock aquifer system within the Nagavathi River Basin(NRB)South India,by evaluating seasonal fluctuations in groundwater composition during the pre-monsoon(PRM)and post-monsoon(POM)periods.Seasonal variations significantly influence the groundwater quality,particularly fluoride(F−)concentrations,which can fluctuate due to changes in recharge,evaporation,and anthropogenic activities.This study assesses the dynamics of F−levels in PRM and POM seasons,and identifies elevated health risks using USEPA guidelines and Monte Carlo Simulations(MCS).Groundwater in the study area exhibits alkaline pH,with NaCl and Ca-Na-HCO_(3) facies increasing in the POM season due to intensified ion exchange and rock-water interactions,as indicated in Piper and Gibb’s diagrams.Correlation and dendrogram analyses indicate that F−contamination is from geogenic and anthropogenic sources.F−levels exceed the WHO limit(1.5 mg/L)in 51 PRM and 28 POM samples,affecting 371.74 km^(2) and 203.05 km^(2),respectively.Geochemical processes,including mineral weathering,cation exchange,evaporation,and dilution,are identified through CAI I&II.Health risk assessments reveal that HQ values>1 in 78%of children,73%of teens,and 68%of adults during PRM,decreasing to 45%,40%,and 38%,respectively,in POM.MCS show maximum HQ values of 5.67(PRM)and 4.73(POM)in children,with all age groups facing significant risks from fluoride ingestion.Managed Aquifer Recharge(MAR)is recommended in this study to minimize F−contamination,ensuring safe drinking water for the community.
文摘Increased population mobility in urban areas drives higher water demand and significant changes in Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),which directly impact groundwater recharge capacity.This study aims to predict LULC changes in 2030 and 2040,analyse groundwater recharge quantities for historical,current,and projected conditions,and evaluate the combined impacts of LULC and climate change.The Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network(CA-ANN)method was employed to predict LULC changes,using classified and interpreted land use data from Landsat 7 ETM+(2000 and 2010)and Landsat 8 OLI(2020)imagery.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model was used to simulate groundwater recharge.Input data for the SWAT model included Digital Elevation Model(DEM),soil type,LULC,slope,and climate data.Climate projections were based on five Regional Climate Models(RCMs)for two time periods,2021–2030 and 2031–2040,under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP)scenarios 2–45 and 5–85.The results indicate a significant increase in built-up areas,accounting for 71.08%in 2030 and 71.83%in 2040.Groundwater recharge projections show a decline,with average monthly recharge decreas-ing from 83.85 mm/month under SSP2-45 to 78.25 mm/month under SSP5-85 in 2030,and further declin-ing to 82.10 mm/month(SSP2-45)and 77.44 mm/month(SSP5-85)in 2040.The expansion of impervious surfaces due to urbanization is the primary factor driving this decline.This study highlights the innovative integration of CA-ANN-based LULC predictions with climate projections from RCMs,offering a robust framework for analysing urban groundwater dynamics.The findings underscore the need for sustainable urban planning and water resource management to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization and climate change.Additionally,the methodological framework and insights gained from this research can be applied to other urban areas facing similar challenges,thus contributing to broader efforts in groundwater conserva-tion.
基金supported by Sultan Qaboos University through grants EG/DVC/WRC/21/01,and DR/RG/17.
文摘Managed Aquifer Recharge(MAR)is a strategic approach to artificially replenishing groundwater supplies and has become an integral component of global water resource management.The number of MAR projects has steadily increased in recent decades,yet many have failed to achieved their intended outcomes,underscoring the complexity of project implementation.This review is dedicated to examine existing research and reports on MAR performance and impacts,aiming to establish objective criteria for gauging the success and identify key factors influencing the effectiveness of MAR project.Five critical performance factors have been identified as major determinants of MAR performance:aquifer transmissivity,vertical permeability,availability of recharge water,recharge water quality,and aquifer thickness,geometry and boundary conditions.These factors are directly related to project success and significantly shape MAR outcomes.In addition,this review explores research-based strategies to improve MAR success,including cutting-edge methodologies,technological innovations,and integrated management approaches to address key challenges.The ultimate goal is to foster more efficient,effective,and sustainable MAR practices,thereby enhancing the resilience and sustainability of water resource management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22309056)the National Key R&.D Program of China(No.2022YFB2404800)+4 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee(No.JCYJ20210324141613032)the Knowledge Innovation Project of Wuhan City(No.2022010801010303)the City University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Grant(SRG),Hong Kong,China(No.7005505)the City University of Hong Kong Donation Research Grant,Hong Kong,China(No.DON-RMG 9229021)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230552).
文摘Antimony(Sb)is regarded as a potential candidate for next-generation anode materials for rechargeable batteries because it has a high theoretical specific capacity,excellent conductivity and appropriate reaction potential.However,Sb-based anodes suffer from severe volume expansion of>135%during the lithiation-delithiation process.Hence,we construct a novel Sb@C composite encapsulating the Sb nanoparticles into highly conductive three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks via the one-step magnesiothermic reduction(MR).The porous carbon provides buffer spaces to accommodate the volume expansion of Sb.Meanwhile,the three-dimensional(3D)interconnected carbon frameworks shorten the ion/electron transport pathway and inhibit the overgrowth of unstable solid-electrolyte interfaces(SEIs).Consequently,the 3D Sb@C composite displays remarkable electrochemical performance,including a high average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99%,high initial capability of 989 mAh·g^(-1),excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,employing a similar approach,this 3D Sb@C design paradigm holds promise for broader applications across fast-charging and ultralong-life battery systems beyond Li+.This work aims to advance practical applications for Sb-based anodes in next-generation batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20311 and 22409147)。
文摘Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements across various battery systems,including lithium-ion,sodium-ion,potassium-ion,and multivalent metal-ion batteries such as magnesium,zinc,calcium,and aluminum.Emerging technologies,including dual-ion,redox flow,and anion batteries,are also discussed.Particular attention is given to alkali metal rechargeable systems,such as lithium-sulfur,lithium-air,sodium-sulfur,sodium-selenium,potassium-sulfur,potassium-selenium,potassium-air,and zinc-air batteries,which have shown significant promise for high-energy applications.The optimization of key components—cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and interfaces—is extensively analyzed,supported by advanced characterization techniques like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS),synchrotron radiation,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and in-situ spectroscopy.Moreover,sustainable strategies for recycling spent batteries,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycling,are critically evaluated to mitigate environmental impacts and resource scarcity.This review not only highlights the latest technological breakthroughs but also identifies key challenges in reaction mechanisms,material design,system integration,and waste battery recycling,and presents a roadmap for advancing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(N_PolyU559/21)a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161160333)+1 种基金a grant from the Research Institute for Smart Energy at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(CDB2)supported by the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme(PF21-65328).
文摘The growing severity of environmental challenges has accelerated advancements in renewable energy technologies,highlighting the critical need for efficient energy storage solutions.Rechargeable batteries,as primary short-term energy storage devices,have seen significant progress.Among emerging optimization strategies,high-entropy electrolytes have garnered attention for their superior ionic conductivity and ability to broaden batteries’operational temperature ranges.Rooted in the thermodynamic concept of entropy,high-entropy materials,originally exemplified by high-entropy alloys,have demonstrated enhanced structural stability and advanced electrochemical performance through the synergistic integration of multiple components.High-entropy liquid electrolytes,both aqueous and non-aqueous,offer unique opportunities for entropy manipulation due to their inherently disordered structures.However,their complex compositions present challenges,as minor changes in formulation can lead to significant performance variations.This review introduces the fundamentals of entropy tuning,surveys recent advances in high-entropy liquid electrolytes,and analyzes the interplay between entropy and electrochemical behavior.Finally,it discusses design strategies and future perspectives for the practical implementation of high-entropy liquid electrolytes in next-generation energy storage systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2037601)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2023YFB3809500)the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(No.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0028).
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have attracted much attention due to the high theoretical capacity(3833 mAh cm−3)of magnesium metal negative electrode and abundant resources.However,the preparation of ultra-thin magnesium foils faces the problems of rolling difficulty and high processing cost,while the use of thick magnesium foils leads to low utilization of magnesium and reduces the energy density.To tackle the above problems,we successfully prepared ultra-thin magnesium foils based on electrolytic process and investigated the effect of different substrates.The magnesium foils prepared using Mo substrate have more uniform surface morphology and lower surface roughness,which is attributed to the lower magnesium nucleation overpotential of Mo substrate.Meanwhile,density functional theory calculations show that the adsorption energy of Mo on Mg is more negative,which is conducive to achieving uniform nucleation and deposition of Mg.The Mg deposition on Mo substrate undergoes the characteristic stages of transient nucleation,nucleus accretion,multidirectional heterotopic growth,and columnar crystal stacking,and ultimately the formation of a dense deposited layer.In addition,the prepared ultra-thin Mg foil with Mo substrate can stably cycle for 1000 h at 3 mA cm^(-2) with high utilization of 50% in the symmetric cell.This study develops a facile method for the preparation of ultra-thin Mg foils,which opens up a new path for developing high-performance ultra-thin negative electrodes for RMBs.
基金financially supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(No.2024AFB754)the start-up research funds from Wuhan Institute of Technology(No.K202201)
文摘Transition metal oxides have garnered significant attention as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,their sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability hinder commercial applications.Herein,we report the synthesis of a bimetallic cobalt manganese oxide,Co_(0.99)Mn_(2.01)O_(4)(CMO),synthesized via a hydrothermal technique,which serves as a highly efficient bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst owing to its impressive halfwave potential of 0.767 V and low overpotential of 1.677 V at 10 mA cm^(-2).Theoretical calculations revealed that the d-band centers of Co 3d and Mn 3d in CMO,located at tetrahedral and octahedral sites,are positioned near the Fermi level,facilitating the adsorption of electrocatalytic intermediates.Furthermore,the distance between the Co 3d and O 2p band centers in CMO is smaller than that in Co_(3)O_(4),and the distance between the Mn 3d and O 2p band centers in CMO is shorter than that in Mn_(2)O_(3),indicating that the Co–O and Mn–O bonds in CMO exhibit greater covalency,significantly enhancing ORR/OER activity.Notably,CMO serves as an advanced air electrode material for rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs),demonstrating improved charge–discharge performance with a low voltage gap of 0.87 V at 5 mA cm^(-2),high peak power density of 124 mW cm^(-2),and excellent cycle stability of over 540 h at 5 mA cm^(-2).This superior ORR/OER activity,combined with the simple material combination,makes CMO a promising catalyst for rechargeable ZABs.
基金supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00446825)by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00418815)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a much higher gravimetric capacity compared to graphite,which is currently used as the anode material in LIBs.Despite the significant advances in electrolyte,the development of cathode material is limited to materials that operate at low average discharge voltage(<1.0 V vs.Mg/Mg^(2+)),and developing high voltage cathodes remains challenging.Only a few materials have been shown to intercalate Mg^(2+)ions reversibly at high voltage.This review focuses on the structural aspects of cathode material that can operate at high voltage,including the Mg^(2+)intercalation mechanism in relation to its electrochemical properties.The materials are categorized into transition metal oxides and polyanions and subcategorized by the intrinsic Mg^(2+)diffusion path.This review also provides insights into the future development of each material,aiming to stimulate and guide researchers working in this field towards further advancements in high voltage cathodes.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274295)Hebei Province Science and Technology Research and Development Platform Special Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan Project(24464402D)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2423051,N2423005)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(QN2024238)The Basic Research Program Project of Shijiazhuang City for Universities Stationed in Hebei Province(241790937A)2025 Hebei Provincial Post-graduate Student Innovation Ability Training Funding Project(CXZZBS2025202,CXZZSS2025157).
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are considered promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity.However,the non-uniform deposition/stripping behavior of Mg metal hinders the practical application of RMBs.This study demonstrates that the designed interfacial electric field effect,driven by a copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)conductive interlayer,enhances the kinetics and stability of the Mg anode.In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy coupled with distribution of relaxation times analysis reveals that the highly delocalized electron cloud network of CuPc establishes a low-energy-barrier electron transport pathway,significantly reducing charge transfer resistance.Electrochemical characterization and density functional theory calculations indicate that the interfacial electric field effect effectively improves interfacial Mg^(2+)diffusion by enhancing electron delocalization and reducing the Mg^(2+)migration energy barrier.Furthermore,finite element simulations substantiate that the interfacial electric field imparts uniform interfacial charge distribution and homogeneous Mg deposition during plating/stripping processes.Consequently,the symmetric cell with CuPc@Mg achieves an ultra-long lifetime(1,400h at 5mAcm^(−2))and a high Coulombic efficiency(99.3%).Furthermore,the CuPc@Mg||Mo6S8 cell achieves high capacity retention(92%).This work highlights the potential of metal phthalocyanines in stabilizing Mg anodes.
基金Projects(21071153,20976198)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Nanostructured MnO2/CNT composite was synthesized by a soft template approach in the presence of Pluronic P123 surfactant. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the sample consists of poor crystalline α-MnO2 nanorods with a diameter of about 10 nm and a length of 30-50 nm, which absorb on the carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical properties of the product as cathode material for Li-MnO2 cell are evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. Compared with pure MnO2 electrode, the MnO2/CNT composite delivers a much larger initial capacity of 275.3 mA-h/g and better rate and cycling performance.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Program of Water Pollution Control and Management in China(2009ZX07212-004-2)~~
文摘According to the annual variation of water discharge and water quality of Xidagou in Lingwu in Ningxia,combining local cropping system,the influence degree of ditch water recharge on soil and crop was studied,and the feasibility of ditch water recharge was analyzed in our paper,which could provide scientific basis for the utilization of ditch water recharge in local area.
基金supported by public welfare geological investigation and scientific project of Beijing (2010): The key technology on clogging features analysis of groundwater artificial recharge
文摘With the completion of South-North Water Transfer Project in China, plenty of high quality water will be transported to Beijing. To restore the groundwater level in Beijing, part of transferred water is planned to be used for artificial recharge. Clogging is an unavoidable challenge in the artificial recharge process. Therefore, a test is designed to analyse clogging duration and scope of influence and to test the reinjection properties of different recharge media. The test employs the self-designed sand column system with variable spacing and section monitoring, composed of four parts: Sand column, water-supply system, pressure-test system and flow-test system, to simulate the clogging of artificial recharge of sand and gravel pits. The hydraulic conductivity levels of all sand column sections are obtained to analyse the clogging of the injection of different concentrations in media of different particle sizes. In this experiment, two kinds of media are used–round gravel from sand and gravel pit in Xihuang village and the sand from sand and gravel pit by the Yongding River. The concentrations of recharge fluid are respectively 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L. The results show that clogging usually lasts for 20 hrs., and the hydraulic conductivity drops to the original 10%. Clogging usually occurs at 0–12 cm section of the sand column. The scope of influence is 0–60 cm. In column 3 and 4, whose average particle sizes are larger, section 20–50 cm also suffers from clogging, apart from section 0–12 cm. The effective recharge times are respectively 33 hrs. in column 1, 14 hrs. in column 2, 12 hrs. in column 3 and 12 hrs. in column 4. The larger the average particle size is, the quicker the clogging occurs. In media of larger particles, the change in suspension concentration does not have significant influence on the development of clogging. In conclusion, it is suggested that during artificial recharge, the conditions of reinjection medium should be fully considered and effective method of recharge be employed in order to improve effective recharge time.
