BACKGROUND Human epidermal receptor-2(HER-2)expression has been reported to be discordant between primary tumor and metastatic tissue.CASE SUMMARY We presented a case diagnosed with the HER-2+breast cancer patient who...BACKGROUND Human epidermal receptor-2(HER-2)expression has been reported to be discordant between primary tumor and metastatic tissue.CASE SUMMARY We presented a case diagnosed with the HER-2+breast cancer patient who exhibited changes in the expression of HER-2 receptors on tumour samples from surgical specimens obtained after neoadjuvant treatment(NAT)compared with initial biopsy.The patient underwent a HER-2-targeted therapy consequently,in spite of HER+gene loss.After the surgery,the patient subsequently underwent endocrine therapy and radiotherapy.CONCLUSION Changes in HER-2 expression after NAT should be retested by physicians and pathologists before systemic treatment instead of avoiding further HER-2-targeted therapy,and we will perform immunohistochemical multiple-spot biopsy analyses of other important clinical issues to better define prognosis and tailor subsequent adjuvant therapy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Massive hepatocyte death is the core event in acute liver failure(ALF).Gasdermin D(GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis is a type of highly inflammatory cell death.However,the role of hepatocyte pyroptosis and its me...BACKGROUND Massive hepatocyte death is the core event in acute liver failure(ALF).Gasdermin D(GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis is a type of highly inflammatory cell death.However,the role of hepatocyte pyroptosis and its mechanisms of expanding inflammatory responses in ALF are unclear.AIM To investigate the role and mechanisms of GSDMD-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis through in vitro and in vivo experiments.METHODS The expression of pyroptosis pathway-associated proteins in liver tissues from ALF patients and a hepatocyte injury model was examined by Western blot.GSDMD short hairpin RNA(shRNA)was used to investigate the effects of downregulation of GSDMD on monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP1)and its receptor CC chemokine receptor-2(CCR2)in vitro.For in vivo experiments,we used GSDMD knockout mice to investigate the role and mechanism of GSDMD in a D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide(D-Galn/LPS)-induced ALF mouse model.RESULTS The levels of pyroptosis pathway-associated proteins in liver tissue from ALF patients and a hepatocyte injury model increased significantly.The level of GSDMD-N protein increased most obviously(P<0.001).In vitro,downregulation of GSDMD by shRNA decreased the cell inhibition rate and the levels of MCP1/CCR2 proteins(P<0.01).In vivo,GSDMD knockout dramatically eliminated inflammatory damage in the liver and improved the survival of DGaln/LPS-induced ALF mice(P<0.001).Unlike the mechanism of immune cell pyroptosis that involves releasing interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-18,GSDMDmediated hepatocyte pyroptosis recruited macrophages via MCP1/CCR2 to aggravate hepatocyte death.However,this pathological process was inhibited after knocking down GSDMD.CONCLUSION GSDMD-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALF,recruiting macrophages to release inflammatory mediators by upregulating MCP1/CCR2 and leading to expansion of the inflammatory responses.GSDMD knockout can reduce hepatocyte death and inflammatory responses,thus alleviating ALF.展开更多
AIM:To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-status in gastric cancer and matched lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).METHODS:120 cases of ...AIM:To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-status in gastric cancer and matched lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).METHODS:120 cases of primary gastric carcinomas and 45 matched lymph node metastases from patients with full clinicopathological features were mounted onto multiple-punch and single-punch tissue microarrays,respectively,and examined for HER2 overexpression and gene amplification by IHC and CISH.RESULTS:Twenty-four tumors (20%) expressed HER2 immunohistochemically.An IHC score of ≥ 2+ was observed in 20 tumors (16.6%).HER2 amplification was detected by CISH in 19 tumors (15.8%) and in their matched lymph node metastases.A high concordancerate was found between HER2 positivity (as detected by IHC) and HER2 gene amplification (as detected by CISH),since 19 of the 20 IHC positive cases were amplified (95%).All amplified cases had 2+ or 3+ IHC results.Amplification was associated with intestinal phenotype (P < 0.05).No association with grading,staging or survival was found.CONCLUSION:In gastric cancer,HER2 amplification is the main mechanism for HER2 protein overexpression and is preserved in lymph node metastases.展开更多
AIM To develop predictive markers in blood for colorectal cancer liver metastasis.METHODS Twenty colorectal cancer patients were selected and divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 10 patients whose pathologica...AIM To develop predictive markers in blood for colorectal cancer liver metastasis.METHODS Twenty colorectal cancer patients were selected and divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 10 patients whose pathological TNM stage was ⅢC(T3-4N2M0), while another 10 patients with synchronous liver metastasis(TNM stage Ⅳ) were recruited for group B. During the surgical procedure, a 10-ml drainage vein(DV) blood sample was obtained from the DV of the tumor-bearing segment prior to the ligation of the DV. At the same time, a 10-ml peripheral vein(PV) blood sample was collected via peripheral venipuncture. The serum levels of 24 molecules that are potentially involved in the mechanism of liver metastasis in both DV blood and PV blood were analyzed by using high-throughput enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology.RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed that platelet-derivedgrowth factor AA(PDGFAA) in DV blood(d PDGFAA)(P = 0.001), PDGFAA in PV blood(p PDGFAA)(P = 0.007), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 in PV blood(p HER2)(P = 0.001), p MMP7(P = 0.028), pR ANTES(P = 0.013), and pE GF(P = 0.007) were significantly correlated with synchronous liver metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified d PDGFAA(HR = 1.001, P = 0.033) and p HER2(HR = 1.003, P = 0.019) as independent predictive factors for synchronous liver metastasis. Besides, high peripheral HER2 level may also be a risk factor for metachronous liver metastasis, although the difference did not reach statistical significance(P = 0.06). Significant correlations were found between paired DV and PV blood levels for PDGFAA(r = 0.794, P < 0.001), but not for HER2(r = 0.189, P = 0.424).CONCLUSION PDGFAA in tumor drainage and HER2 in PV blood may be useful predictive factors for synchronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,with its incidence and mortality rates ranking among the highest in gastrointestinal cancers.The overexpression or gene amplification of h...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,with its incidence and mortality rates ranking among the highest in gastrointestinal cancers.The overexpression or gene amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2)occurs in approximately 15%-20%of gastric cancers and serves as a critical molecular target influencing prognosis and treatment out-comes.For patients with HER-2-positive gastric cancer,trastuzumab combined with platinum-based chemotherapy has been established as the standard first-line treatment.However,despite the demonstrated clinical benefits in prolonging survival,the overall efficacy remains limited.In recent years,with the successful application of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)in various malignant tumors,combining ICIs with existing standard treatment regimens has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HER-2-positive gastric cancer.Nevertheless,the efficacy and prognostic factors of ICIs combined with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in HER-2-positive gastric cancer remain unclear.AIM To analyze the efficacy of ICIs combined with standard treatment regimens and the prognostic factors in patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer.METHODS Clinical data from 104 patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer who were treated at our hospital between March 2021 and May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into a control group(n=54,treated with trastuzumab combined with platinum-based chemotherapy as the standard regimen)and an observation group(n=50,treated with ICIs in addition to the standard regimen).The therapeutic efficacy,survival outcomes,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Univariate and Cox multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors influencing patient prognosis.RESULTS With a median follow-up time of 14.6 months,there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of objective response rate or disease control rate(P>0.05).The median progression-free survival(mPFS)and mPFS for patients with immunohistochemistry 3+in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Among patients in the observation group,those with positive programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression had a significantly higher mPFS than those with negative PD-L1 expression(P<0.05).Regarding adverse events,significant differences were observed between the two groups in hypothyroidism and neutropenia(P<0.05).Cox multivariate analysis showed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status,peritoneal metastasis,positive programmed death-1 expression,and treatment regimen were independent factors influencing PFS(hazard ratio>1,P<0.05).CONCLUSION ICIs combined with standard treatment regimens for patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer demonstrate favorable clinical efficacy,significantly prolonging PFS with manageable safety.ECOG performance status,peritoneal metastasis,positive PD-L1 expression,and treatment regimen are independent factors influ-encing PFS,warranting increased clinical attention to patients exhibiting these factors.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2（VEGFR-2） and adropin in age-related macular degeneration（AMD）patients.·METHODS： Ninety-eight AMD patients were included ...AIM： To investigate the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2（VEGFR-2） and adropin in age-related macular degeneration（AMD）patients.·METHODS： Ninety-eight AMD patients were included in the study. Seventy-eight age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group.Fundus florescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were performed to assess the posterior segment details. Serum VEGFR-2 and adropin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and compared between the study groups.· RESULTS： AMD group had significantly increased foveal retinal thickness, serum LDL and HDL levels and significantly decreased subfoveal choroidal thickness（P =0.01, 0.047, 0.025 and 〈0.001, respectively）. Serum VEGFR-2level revealed a significant decrease in AMD patients compared to controls（26.48 ±6.44 vs 30.42 ±7.92 ng/m L,P 〈0.001）. There was an insignificant increase in serum adropin level in AMD patients（6.17±3.19 vs 5.79±2.71 ng/m L,P =0.4）. Serum level of VEGFR-2 in AMD patients had a significant negative correlation with foveal retinal thickness（r =-0.226, P =0.025） and a significant positive correlation with subfoveal choroidal thickness（r=0.2, P=0.048）.·CONCLUSION： The current study demonstrated that the decreased serum VEGFR-2 level may be considered in the development of AMD. Adropin does not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.展开更多
[Objective]To investigate the expression of zebrafish vascular endothelial growth factor-2（VEGFR-2） at different developmental stages.[Method]Total RNAs were extracted from 12,24,48,72 and 96 hpf stage zebrafish emb...[Objective]To investigate the expression of zebrafish vascular endothelial growth factor-2（VEGFR-2） at different developmental stages.[Method]Total RNAs were extracted from 12,24,48,72 and 96 hpf stage zebrafish embryos and larvae.Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to examine the expression of VEGFR-2.The data were analyzed by 2^-△△Ct method.[Result]The expression level of VEGFR-2 gene increased gradually from 12 to 72 hpf,and subsequently decreased at 96 hpf.The expression level was lowest at 12 hpf,highest at 72 hpf,and had significant differences when compared with that of other developmental stages.[Conclusion]The expression level of VEGFR-2 increases gradually before blood vessel maturation and decreases as blood vessels mature.展开更多
Summary： The role of protease activated receptor-2 （PAR-2） in the renal tubulointerstitial lesion induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction （UUO） was explored. Mice were sacrificed on the day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 ...Summary： The role of protease activated receptor-2 （PAR-2） in the renal tubulointerstitial lesion induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction （UUO） was explored. Mice were sacrificed on the day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after UUO. The expression of PAR-2 mRNA and protein and a-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） protein in tubuloin,terstitium was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry at each time point, respedtively. The results showed that the PAR-2 expression in renal tubulointerstitium was increased progressively starting from 24 h to the day 14 post-ligation, and it was significantly associated with the relative volume of interstitium and the positive area of α-SMA. PAR-2 was mainly expressed in renal tubule epithelial cells, especially in proximal tubular cells. It also located in renal capillary ansa, interstitial infiltrate cells and fibroblasts. It was concluded that PAR-2 was active in interstitial and tubular cells in the early phase of fibrotic process and played an important role in mediating the tubulointerstitial lesion after UUO.展开更多
The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor...The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)plays a vital role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.However,the prognosis of HER2-positive gastric cancer is poor.Inetetamab,a novel anti-HER2 target...BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)plays a vital role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.However,the prognosis of HER2-positive gastric cancer is poor.Inetetamab,a novel anti-HER2 targeting drug independently developed in China,exhibits more potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity than trastuzumab,which is administered as the first-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer in combination with chemotherapy.In this case,the efficacy and safety of inetetamab combined with tegafur was investigated as a second-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old male patient with HER2-positive gastric cancer presented with abdominal distension,poor appetite,and fatigue two years after receiving six cycles of oxaliplatin combined with tegafur as first-line treatment after surgery,followed by tegafur monotherapy for six months.The patient was diagnosed with postoperative recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma.He received 17 cycles of a combination of inetetamab,an innovative domestically developed anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody,and tegafur chemotherapy as the second-line treatment(inetetamab 200 mg on day 1,every 3 wk combined with tegafur twice daily on days 1–14,every 3 wk).Evaluation of the efficacy of the second-line treatment revealed that the patient achieved a stable condition and progression-free survival of 17 months.He tolerated the treatment well without exhibiting any grade 3-4 adverse events.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer demonstrates significant survival benefits and acceptable safety.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury causes gene expression changes in different brain regions. Occurrence and development of traumatic brain injury are closely related, involving expression of three factors, namely cyclooxygenase-...Traumatic brain injury causes gene expression changes in different brain regions. Occurrence and development of traumatic brain injury are closely related, involving expression of three factors, namely cyclooxygenase-2, glutamate receptor-2, and platelet activating factor receptor. However, little is known about the correlation of these three factors and brain neuronal injury. In this study, primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons were subjected to fluid percussion injury according to Scott’s method, with some modifications. RT-PCR and semi-quantitative immunocytochemical staining was used to measure the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, glutamate receptor-2, and platelet activating factor receptor. Our results found that cyclooxygenase-2 expression were firstly increased post-injury, and then decreased. Both mRNA and protein expression levels reached peaks at 8 and 12 hours post-injury, respectively. Similar sequential changes in glutamate receptor 2 were observed, with highest levels mRNA and protein expression at 8 and 12 hours post-injury respectively. On the contrary, the expressions of platelet activating factor receptor were firstly decreased post-injury, and then increased. Both mRNA and protein expression levels reached the lowest levels at 8 and 12 hours post-injury, respectively. Totally, our findings suggest that these three factors are involved in occurrence and development of hippocampal neuronal injury.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the ability of agonists of PAR-2 to stimulate release of tryptase and histamine from human colon mast cells and the potential mechanisms.METHODS:Enzymatically dispersed cells from human colons were ...AIM:To investigate the ability of agonists of PAR-2 to stimulate release of tryptase and histamine from human colon mast cells and the potential mechanisms.METHODS:Enzymatically dispersed cells from human colons were challenged with tc-LIGRLO, tc-OLRGIL, SLIGKV,VKGILS, trypsin, anti-IgE or calcium ionophore A23187,and the cell supematants after challenge were collected. Tryptase release was determined with a sandwich ELISA procedure and histamine release was measured using a glass fibrebased fluorometric assay.RESULTS: Both PAR-2 agonists tc-LIGRLO-NH2 and SLIGKVNH2 were able to induce dose dependent release of tryptase and histamine from colon mast cells. More than 2.5 fold increase in both tryptase and histamine release was provoked by 100μmol/mL tc-LIGRLO-NH2, in comparison with only 2.0 fold increase being stimulated by SLIGKV-NH2，The reverse peptides tc-OLRGIL-NH2 and VKGILS-NH2 at the concentrations tested had no effect on the release of these two mediators.The maximum tryptase release elicited by tc-LIGRLO-NH2 was similar to that induced by anti-IgE(10μg/mL) or calcium ionophore (1μg/mL), though the latter was a more potent stimulus for histamine release.Both histamine and tryptase release in response to tc-LIGRLONH2 were completed within 3 rain. Trypsin at concentrations from 1.0 to 100μg/mL was capable of provoking a dose dependent release of tryptase as well as histamine with a maximum of 16ng/mL tryptase and 14ng/mL histamine release being achieved. An approximately 80% and 70% inhibition of trypsin induced release of tryptase and histamine were observed with SBTI, respectively. Pretreatment of cells with metabolic inhibitors or pertussis toxin abolished the actions of tc-LIGRLO-NH2, SLIGKV-NH2 and trypsin.CONCLUSION: The agonists of PAR-2 and trypsin are potent secretagogues of human colon mast cells, which are likely to contribute to the development of inflammatory disorders in human gut.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to comprehensively analyze and compare the clinicopathological features and prognosis of Chinese patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-low early breast cancer(BC)and H...Objective This study aimed to comprehensively analyze and compare the clinicopathological features and prognosis of Chinese patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-low early breast cancer(BC)and HER2-IHC0 BC.Methods Patients diagnosed with HER2-negative BC(N=999)at our institution between January2011 and December 2015 formed our study population.Clinicopathological characteristics,association between estrogen receptor(ER)expression and HER2-low,and evolution of HER2 immunohistochemical(IHC)score were assessed.Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the long-term survival outcomes(5-year follow-up)between the HER2-IHC0 and HER2-low groups.Results HER2-low BC group tended to demonstrate high expression of ER and more progesterone receptor(PgR)positivity than HER2-IHC0 BC group(P<0.001).The rate of HER2-low status increased with increasing ER expression levels(Mantel-Haenszelχ^(2)test,P<0.001,Pearson’s R=0.159,P<0.001).Survival analysis revealed a significantly longer overall survival(OS)in HER2-low BC group than in HER2-IHC0 group(P=0.007)in the whole cohort and the hormone receptor(HR)-negative group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of disease-free survival(DFS).The discordance rate of HER2 IHC scores between primary and metastatic sites was 36.84%.Conclusion HER2-low BC may not be regarded as a unique BC group in this population-based study due to similar clinicopathological features and prognostic roles.展开更多
AIM:To determine the incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over expression in oesophageal cancers.METHODS:A retrospective study,of one hundred consecutive cases of endoscopic histological samples...AIM:To determine the incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over expression in oesophageal cancers.METHODS:A retrospective study,of one hundred consecutive cases of endoscopic histological samples of oesophageal cancers from a single British cancer network were included.Cancer cases were diagnosed between April 2007 and June 2010.HER2 over expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry,those that scored "0" and "+1" were considered "negative" for HER2;those that scored "+3" were considered "Positive".Cases that were scored "+2" on immunohistochemistry further went on to have HER2 gene analysis using the Ventana HER brightfield dual-colourin situ hybridisations(HER B DISH) assay and either came back to be positive or negative for HER2 over expression.Overall survival was measured from date of histological diagnosis until date of death.93% of the cases were followed up till five years or death,and all were followed up till two years.Cases of gastro-oesophageal junctional tumours were excluded.RESULTS:The median age of our sample was 66 years(range:38-91 years).Eighty one were male and 19 female.Ninety-one of the cases were adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and the rest were cases of squamous cell carcinoma.The anatomical distribution of the tumours was;upper oesophagus 2,middle oesophagus 11,and 87 were in the lower oesophagus.Operative resection was completed in 15 cases;seven cases had attempted surgical resections,i.e.,open and close,33 patients received definitive chemo-radiation and 52 had palliative treatment.Twenty-five of the cancers showed evidence of HER2 over expression,all were adenocarcinomas.Of the 25 cases that showed evidence of HER2 over expression,21(84%) were located in the lower third of the oesophagus.On staging,24 out of the 25 HER2 positive cases were at stage 3 or more(13 at stage 3 and 11 at stage 4),For HER2 negative cases 37 were at stage 3 and 32 were staged as stage 4.Seventeen out of twenty five cases(68%) with HER2 over expression received palliative therapy,in comparison to thirty five out of seventy five(46.7%) in tumours not expressing HER2.No significant difference in overall survival was demonstrated between patients whose cancers showed evidence of HER2 over expression and those who did not;median overall survival for HER2 positive tumours was 15 mo(95%CI,11-19 mo) compared to 13 mo(95%CI,9-17 mo) for HER2 negative ones.Two years cumulative survival for cases with HER2 over expression was 33.7% compared to 31.6% in cases without HER2 over expression(P = 0.576).Only cancer's stage significantly affected overall survival on both univariant and multivariable analysis(P = 0.034 and P = 0.009 respectively).None of the patients included in this study received Trastuzumab.CONCLUSION:Twenty-seven point five percent of oesophageal adenocarcinomas showed evidence of HER2 over expression.Routine testing for human HER2 in oesophageal adenocarcinomas can have significant implication on treatments offered to patients that may potentially affect their prognosis.展开更多
Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) mediates homophylic adhesion between endothelial cells and is an important regulator of angiogenesis, blood vessel permeability and leukocyte trafficking. Rac1, a member of ...Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) mediates homophylic adhesion between endothelial cells and is an important regulator of angiogenesis, blood vessel permeability and leukocyte trafficking. Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, controls VE-cadherin adhesion by acting downstream of several growth factors, including angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here we show that UTP-induced activation of the Gq protein-coupled P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) activated Rac1 and caused a transient complex to form between P2Y2R, VE-cadherin and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Knockdown of VE-cadherin expression with siRNA did not affect UTP-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) but led to a loss of UTP-induced Rac1 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin, a cytoplasmic protein known to interact with VE- cadherin. Activation of the P2Y2R by UTP also caused a prolonged interaction between p120 catenin and vav2 (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac) that correlated with the kinetics of UTP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and VE-cadherin. Inhibitors of VEGFR-2 (SU1498) or Src (PP2) significantly diminished UTP-induced Rac1 activation, tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and VE-cadherin, and association of the P2Y2R with VE-cadherin and p120 catenin with vav2. These findings suggest that the P2Y2R uses Src and VEGFR-2 to mediate association of the P2Y2R with VE-cadherin complexes in endothelial adherens junctions to activate Rac1.展开更多
Expression of Toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface during normal and complicated pregnancies has aroused interest in the last few years. However, despite the importance of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which recogni...Expression of Toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface during normal and complicated pregnancies has aroused interest in the last few years. However, despite the importance of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which recognizes most microorganisms presenting in the amniotic cavity infections associated with prematurity, comparison of the expressions of these receptors is rare in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression between TLR-2 and TLR-4 in amniochorion membranes of pregnant women with preterm delivery in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA). Amniochorion membranes were collected from 40 pregnant women with preterm delivery;20 presented HCA and 20 did not. Fragments of the membranes were submitted to total RNA extraction, followed by cDNA production by reverse transcription. Real time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the gene expression of the TLRs. mRNA concentrations between TLR-2 and TLR-4 were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. TLR-2 expression was higher than TLR-4 expression in the presence of HCA. No difference was observed between TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in membranes in the absence of inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, amniochorion membranes express TLR-2 and TLR-4 and higher TLR-2 expression in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis suggests that microorganisms recognizable by TLR-2 play an important role in the physiopathology of preterm labor.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Human epidermal receptor-2(HER-2)expression has been reported to be discordant between primary tumor and metastatic tissue.CASE SUMMARY We presented a case diagnosed with the HER-2+breast cancer patient who exhibited changes in the expression of HER-2 receptors on tumour samples from surgical specimens obtained after neoadjuvant treatment(NAT)compared with initial biopsy.The patient underwent a HER-2-targeted therapy consequently,in spite of HER+gene loss.After the surgery,the patient subsequently underwent endocrine therapy and radiotherapy.CONCLUSION Changes in HER-2 expression after NAT should be retested by physicians and pathologists before systemic treatment instead of avoiding further HER-2-targeted therapy,and we will perform immunohistochemical multiple-spot biopsy analyses of other important clinical issues to better define prognosis and tailor subsequent adjuvant therapy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81570543 and No.81560104
文摘BACKGROUND Massive hepatocyte death is the core event in acute liver failure(ALF).Gasdermin D(GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis is a type of highly inflammatory cell death.However,the role of hepatocyte pyroptosis and its mechanisms of expanding inflammatory responses in ALF are unclear.AIM To investigate the role and mechanisms of GSDMD-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis through in vitro and in vivo experiments.METHODS The expression of pyroptosis pathway-associated proteins in liver tissues from ALF patients and a hepatocyte injury model was examined by Western blot.GSDMD short hairpin RNA(shRNA)was used to investigate the effects of downregulation of GSDMD on monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP1)and its receptor CC chemokine receptor-2(CCR2)in vitro.For in vivo experiments,we used GSDMD knockout mice to investigate the role and mechanism of GSDMD in a D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide(D-Galn/LPS)-induced ALF mouse model.RESULTS The levels of pyroptosis pathway-associated proteins in liver tissue from ALF patients and a hepatocyte injury model increased significantly.The level of GSDMD-N protein increased most obviously(P<0.001).In vitro,downregulation of GSDMD by shRNA decreased the cell inhibition rate and the levels of MCP1/CCR2 proteins(P<0.01).In vivo,GSDMD knockout dramatically eliminated inflammatory damage in the liver and improved the survival of DGaln/LPS-induced ALF mice(P<0.001).Unlike the mechanism of immune cell pyroptosis that involves releasing interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-18,GSDMDmediated hepatocyte pyroptosis recruited macrophages via MCP1/CCR2 to aggravate hepatocyte death.However,this pathological process was inhibited after knocking down GSDMD.CONCLUSION GSDMD-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALF,recruiting macrophages to release inflammatory mediators by upregulating MCP1/CCR2 and leading to expansion of the inflammatory responses.GSDMD knockout can reduce hepatocyte death and inflammatory responses,thus alleviating ALF.
文摘AIM:To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-status in gastric cancer and matched lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).METHODS:120 cases of primary gastric carcinomas and 45 matched lymph node metastases from patients with full clinicopathological features were mounted onto multiple-punch and single-punch tissue microarrays,respectively,and examined for HER2 overexpression and gene amplification by IHC and CISH.RESULTS:Twenty-four tumors (20%) expressed HER2 immunohistochemically.An IHC score of ≥ 2+ was observed in 20 tumors (16.6%).HER2 amplification was detected by CISH in 19 tumors (15.8%) and in their matched lymph node metastases.A high concordancerate was found between HER2 positivity (as detected by IHC) and HER2 gene amplification (as detected by CISH),since 19 of the 20 IHC positive cases were amplified (95%).All amplified cases had 2+ or 3+ IHC results.Amplification was associated with intestinal phenotype (P < 0.05).No association with grading,staging or survival was found.CONCLUSION:In gastric cancer,HER2 amplification is the main mechanism for HER2 protein overexpression and is preserved in lymph node metastases.
基金Supported by the Scientific research Fund of Peking University Cancer Hospital,No.2013 zizhu-8
文摘AIM To develop predictive markers in blood for colorectal cancer liver metastasis.METHODS Twenty colorectal cancer patients were selected and divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 10 patients whose pathological TNM stage was ⅢC(T3-4N2M0), while another 10 patients with synchronous liver metastasis(TNM stage Ⅳ) were recruited for group B. During the surgical procedure, a 10-ml drainage vein(DV) blood sample was obtained from the DV of the tumor-bearing segment prior to the ligation of the DV. At the same time, a 10-ml peripheral vein(PV) blood sample was collected via peripheral venipuncture. The serum levels of 24 molecules that are potentially involved in the mechanism of liver metastasis in both DV blood and PV blood were analyzed by using high-throughput enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology.RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed that platelet-derivedgrowth factor AA(PDGFAA) in DV blood(d PDGFAA)(P = 0.001), PDGFAA in PV blood(p PDGFAA)(P = 0.007), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 in PV blood(p HER2)(P = 0.001), p MMP7(P = 0.028), pR ANTES(P = 0.013), and pE GF(P = 0.007) were significantly correlated with synchronous liver metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified d PDGFAA(HR = 1.001, P = 0.033) and p HER2(HR = 1.003, P = 0.019) as independent predictive factors for synchronous liver metastasis. Besides, high peripheral HER2 level may also be a risk factor for metachronous liver metastasis, although the difference did not reach statistical significance(P = 0.06). Significant correlations were found between paired DV and PV blood levels for PDGFAA(r = 0.794, P < 0.001), but not for HER2(r = 0.189, P = 0.424).CONCLUSION PDGFAA in tumor drainage and HER2 in PV blood may be useful predictive factors for synchronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.
基金This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City(No.FZ202103).
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,with its incidence and mortality rates ranking among the highest in gastrointestinal cancers.The overexpression or gene amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2)occurs in approximately 15%-20%of gastric cancers and serves as a critical molecular target influencing prognosis and treatment out-comes.For patients with HER-2-positive gastric cancer,trastuzumab combined with platinum-based chemotherapy has been established as the standard first-line treatment.However,despite the demonstrated clinical benefits in prolonging survival,the overall efficacy remains limited.In recent years,with the successful application of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)in various malignant tumors,combining ICIs with existing standard treatment regimens has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HER-2-positive gastric cancer.Nevertheless,the efficacy and prognostic factors of ICIs combined with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in HER-2-positive gastric cancer remain unclear.AIM To analyze the efficacy of ICIs combined with standard treatment regimens and the prognostic factors in patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer.METHODS Clinical data from 104 patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer who were treated at our hospital between March 2021 and May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into a control group(n=54,treated with trastuzumab combined with platinum-based chemotherapy as the standard regimen)and an observation group(n=50,treated with ICIs in addition to the standard regimen).The therapeutic efficacy,survival outcomes,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Univariate and Cox multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors influencing patient prognosis.RESULTS With a median follow-up time of 14.6 months,there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of objective response rate or disease control rate(P>0.05).The median progression-free survival(mPFS)and mPFS for patients with immunohistochemistry 3+in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Among patients in the observation group,those with positive programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression had a significantly higher mPFS than those with negative PD-L1 expression(P<0.05).Regarding adverse events,significant differences were observed between the two groups in hypothyroidism and neutropenia(P<0.05).Cox multivariate analysis showed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status,peritoneal metastasis,positive programmed death-1 expression,and treatment regimen were independent factors influencing PFS(hazard ratio>1,P<0.05).CONCLUSION ICIs combined with standard treatment regimens for patients with advanced HER-2-positive gastric cancer demonstrate favorable clinical efficacy,significantly prolonging PFS with manageable safety.ECOG performance status,peritoneal metastasis,positive PD-L1 expression,and treatment regimen are independent factors influ-encing PFS,warranting increased clinical attention to patients exhibiting these factors.
文摘AIM： To investigate the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2（VEGFR-2） and adropin in age-related macular degeneration（AMD）patients.·METHODS： Ninety-eight AMD patients were included in the study. Seventy-eight age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group.Fundus florescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were performed to assess the posterior segment details. Serum VEGFR-2 and adropin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and compared between the study groups.· RESULTS： AMD group had significantly increased foveal retinal thickness, serum LDL and HDL levels and significantly decreased subfoveal choroidal thickness（P =0.01, 0.047, 0.025 and 〈0.001, respectively）. Serum VEGFR-2level revealed a significant decrease in AMD patients compared to controls（26.48 ±6.44 vs 30.42 ±7.92 ng/m L,P 〈0.001）. There was an insignificant increase in serum adropin level in AMD patients（6.17±3.19 vs 5.79±2.71 ng/m L,P =0.4）. Serum level of VEGFR-2 in AMD patients had a significant negative correlation with foveal retinal thickness（r =-0.226, P =0.025） and a significant positive correlation with subfoveal choroidal thickness（r=0.2, P=0.048）.·CONCLUSION： The current study demonstrated that the decreased serum VEGFR-2 level may be considered in the development of AMD. Adropin does not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. SY2008C179)~~
文摘[Objective]To investigate the expression of zebrafish vascular endothelial growth factor-2（VEGFR-2） at different developmental stages.[Method]Total RNAs were extracted from 12,24,48,72 and 96 hpf stage zebrafish embryos and larvae.Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to examine the expression of VEGFR-2.The data were analyzed by 2^-△△Ct method.[Result]The expression level of VEGFR-2 gene increased gradually from 12 to 72 hpf,and subsequently decreased at 96 hpf.The expression level was lowest at 12 hpf,highest at 72 hpf,and had significant differences when compared with that of other developmental stages.[Conclusion]The expression level of VEGFR-2 increases gradually before blood vessel maturation and decreases as blood vessels mature.
文摘Summary： The role of protease activated receptor-2 （PAR-2） in the renal tubulointerstitial lesion induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction （UUO） was explored. Mice were sacrificed on the day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after UUO. The expression of PAR-2 mRNA and protein and a-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） protein in tubuloin,terstitium was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry at each time point, respedtively. The results showed that the PAR-2 expression in renal tubulointerstitium was increased progressively starting from 24 h to the day 14 post-ligation, and it was significantly associated with the relative volume of interstitium and the positive area of α-SMA. PAR-2 was mainly expressed in renal tubule epithelial cells, especially in proximal tubular cells. It also located in renal capillary ansa, interstitial infiltrate cells and fibroblasts. It was concluded that PAR-2 was active in interstitial and tubular cells in the early phase of fibrotic process and played an important role in mediating the tubulointerstitial lesion after UUO.
基金Supported by the Elsa U.Pardee Foundation Grant,No.671432(to Sahu RP)NIH R21 Grant,No.ES033806(to Sahu RP).
文摘The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Development Project of Tai’an,No.2021NS160the Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province,No.202102010647。
文摘BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)plays a vital role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.However,the prognosis of HER2-positive gastric cancer is poor.Inetetamab,a novel anti-HER2 targeting drug independently developed in China,exhibits more potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity than trastuzumab,which is administered as the first-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer in combination with chemotherapy.In this case,the efficacy and safety of inetetamab combined with tegafur was investigated as a second-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old male patient with HER2-positive gastric cancer presented with abdominal distension,poor appetite,and fatigue two years after receiving six cycles of oxaliplatin combined with tegafur as first-line treatment after surgery,followed by tegafur monotherapy for six months.The patient was diagnosed with postoperative recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma.He received 17 cycles of a combination of inetetamab,an innovative domestically developed anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody,and tegafur chemotherapy as the second-line treatment(inetetamab 200 mg on day 1,every 3 wk combined with tegafur twice daily on days 1–14,every 3 wk).Evaluation of the efficacy of the second-line treatment revealed that the patient achieved a stable condition and progression-free survival of 17 months.He tolerated the treatment well without exhibiting any grade 3-4 adverse events.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer demonstrates significant survival benefits and acceptable safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30471934
文摘Traumatic brain injury causes gene expression changes in different brain regions. Occurrence and development of traumatic brain injury are closely related, involving expression of three factors, namely cyclooxygenase-2, glutamate receptor-2, and platelet activating factor receptor. However, little is known about the correlation of these three factors and brain neuronal injury. In this study, primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons were subjected to fluid percussion injury according to Scott’s method, with some modifications. RT-PCR and semi-quantitative immunocytochemical staining was used to measure the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, glutamate receptor-2, and platelet activating factor receptor. Our results found that cyclooxygenase-2 expression were firstly increased post-injury, and then decreased. Both mRNA and protein expression levels reached peaks at 8 and 12 hours post-injury, respectively. Similar sequential changes in glutamate receptor 2 were observed, with highest levels mRNA and protein expression at 8 and 12 hours post-injury respectively. On the contrary, the expressions of platelet activating factor receptor were firstly decreased post-injury, and then increased. Both mRNA and protein expression levels reached the lowest levels at 8 and 12 hours post-injury, respectively. Totally, our findings suggest that these three factors are involved in occurrence and development of hippocampal neuronal injury.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30140023,and the Li Ka Shing Foundation,Hong Kong,China,No.C0200001
文摘AIM:To investigate the ability of agonists of PAR-2 to stimulate release of tryptase and histamine from human colon mast cells and the potential mechanisms.METHODS:Enzymatically dispersed cells from human colons were challenged with tc-LIGRLO, tc-OLRGIL, SLIGKV,VKGILS, trypsin, anti-IgE or calcium ionophore A23187,and the cell supematants after challenge were collected. Tryptase release was determined with a sandwich ELISA procedure and histamine release was measured using a glass fibrebased fluorometric assay.RESULTS: Both PAR-2 agonists tc-LIGRLO-NH2 and SLIGKVNH2 were able to induce dose dependent release of tryptase and histamine from colon mast cells. More than 2.5 fold increase in both tryptase and histamine release was provoked by 100μmol/mL tc-LIGRLO-NH2, in comparison with only 2.0 fold increase being stimulated by SLIGKV-NH2，The reverse peptides tc-OLRGIL-NH2 and VKGILS-NH2 at the concentrations tested had no effect on the release of these two mediators.The maximum tryptase release elicited by tc-LIGRLO-NH2 was similar to that induced by anti-IgE(10μg/mL) or calcium ionophore (1μg/mL), though the latter was a more potent stimulus for histamine release.Both histamine and tryptase release in response to tc-LIGRLONH2 were completed within 3 rain. Trypsin at concentrations from 1.0 to 100μg/mL was capable of provoking a dose dependent release of tryptase as well as histamine with a maximum of 16ng/mL tryptase and 14ng/mL histamine release being achieved. An approximately 80% and 70% inhibition of trypsin induced release of tryptase and histamine were observed with SBTI, respectively. Pretreatment of cells with metabolic inhibitors or pertussis toxin abolished the actions of tc-LIGRLO-NH2, SLIGKV-NH2 and trypsin.CONCLUSION: The agonists of PAR-2 and trypsin are potent secretagogues of human colon mast cells, which are likely to contribute to the development of inflammatory disorders in human gut.
基金supported by grants from the Health Care Special Project,Grant/Award Number:17BJZ40。
文摘Objective This study aimed to comprehensively analyze and compare the clinicopathological features and prognosis of Chinese patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-low early breast cancer(BC)and HER2-IHC0 BC.Methods Patients diagnosed with HER2-negative BC(N=999)at our institution between January2011 and December 2015 formed our study population.Clinicopathological characteristics,association between estrogen receptor(ER)expression and HER2-low,and evolution of HER2 immunohistochemical(IHC)score were assessed.Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the long-term survival outcomes(5-year follow-up)between the HER2-IHC0 and HER2-low groups.Results HER2-low BC group tended to demonstrate high expression of ER and more progesterone receptor(PgR)positivity than HER2-IHC0 BC group(P<0.001).The rate of HER2-low status increased with increasing ER expression levels(Mantel-Haenszelχ^(2)test,P<0.001,Pearson’s R=0.159,P<0.001).Survival analysis revealed a significantly longer overall survival(OS)in HER2-low BC group than in HER2-IHC0 group(P=0.007)in the whole cohort and the hormone receptor(HR)-negative group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of disease-free survival(DFS).The discordance rate of HER2 IHC scores between primary and metastatic sites was 36.84%.Conclusion HER2-low BC may not be regarded as a unique BC group in this population-based study due to similar clinicopathological features and prognostic roles.
文摘AIM:To determine the incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over expression in oesophageal cancers.METHODS:A retrospective study,of one hundred consecutive cases of endoscopic histological samples of oesophageal cancers from a single British cancer network were included.Cancer cases were diagnosed between April 2007 and June 2010.HER2 over expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry,those that scored "0" and "+1" were considered "negative" for HER2;those that scored "+3" were considered "Positive".Cases that were scored "+2" on immunohistochemistry further went on to have HER2 gene analysis using the Ventana HER brightfield dual-colourin situ hybridisations(HER B DISH) assay and either came back to be positive or negative for HER2 over expression.Overall survival was measured from date of histological diagnosis until date of death.93% of the cases were followed up till five years or death,and all were followed up till two years.Cases of gastro-oesophageal junctional tumours were excluded.RESULTS:The median age of our sample was 66 years(range:38-91 years).Eighty one were male and 19 female.Ninety-one of the cases were adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and the rest were cases of squamous cell carcinoma.The anatomical distribution of the tumours was;upper oesophagus 2,middle oesophagus 11,and 87 were in the lower oesophagus.Operative resection was completed in 15 cases;seven cases had attempted surgical resections,i.e.,open and close,33 patients received definitive chemo-radiation and 52 had palliative treatment.Twenty-five of the cancers showed evidence of HER2 over expression,all were adenocarcinomas.Of the 25 cases that showed evidence of HER2 over expression,21(84%) were located in the lower third of the oesophagus.On staging,24 out of the 25 HER2 positive cases were at stage 3 or more(13 at stage 3 and 11 at stage 4),For HER2 negative cases 37 were at stage 3 and 32 were staged as stage 4.Seventeen out of twenty five cases(68%) with HER2 over expression received palliative therapy,in comparison to thirty five out of seventy five(46.7%) in tumours not expressing HER2.No significant difference in overall survival was demonstrated between patients whose cancers showed evidence of HER2 over expression and those who did not;median overall survival for HER2 positive tumours was 15 mo(95%CI,11-19 mo) compared to 13 mo(95%CI,9-17 mo) for HER2 negative ones.Two years cumulative survival for cases with HER2 over expression was 33.7% compared to 31.6% in cases without HER2 over expression(P = 0.576).Only cancer's stage significantly affected overall survival on both univariant and multivariable analysis(P = 0.034 and P = 0.009 respectively).None of the patients included in this study received Trastuzumab.CONCLUSION:Twenty-seven point five percent of oesophageal adenocarcinomas showed evidence of HER2 over expression.Routine testing for human HER2 in oesophageal adenocarcinomas can have significant implication on treatments offered to patients that may potentially affect their prognosis.
文摘Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) mediates homophylic adhesion between endothelial cells and is an important regulator of angiogenesis, blood vessel permeability and leukocyte trafficking. Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, controls VE-cadherin adhesion by acting downstream of several growth factors, including angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here we show that UTP-induced activation of the Gq protein-coupled P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) activated Rac1 and caused a transient complex to form between P2Y2R, VE-cadherin and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Knockdown of VE-cadherin expression with siRNA did not affect UTP-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) but led to a loss of UTP-induced Rac1 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin, a cytoplasmic protein known to interact with VE- cadherin. Activation of the P2Y2R by UTP also caused a prolonged interaction between p120 catenin and vav2 (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac) that correlated with the kinetics of UTP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and VE-cadherin. Inhibitors of VEGFR-2 (SU1498) or Src (PP2) significantly diminished UTP-induced Rac1 activation, tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and VE-cadherin, and association of the P2Y2R with VE-cadherin and p120 catenin with vav2. These findings suggest that the P2Y2R uses Src and VEGFR-2 to mediate association of the P2Y2R with VE-cadherin complexes in endothelial adherens junctions to activate Rac1.
基金São Paulo Research Foundation(Fapesp)grants numbers 2008/55418-1 and 2008/53382-0.
文摘Expression of Toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface during normal and complicated pregnancies has aroused interest in the last few years. However, despite the importance of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which recognizes most microorganisms presenting in the amniotic cavity infections associated with prematurity, comparison of the expressions of these receptors is rare in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression between TLR-2 and TLR-4 in amniochorion membranes of pregnant women with preterm delivery in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA). Amniochorion membranes were collected from 40 pregnant women with preterm delivery;20 presented HCA and 20 did not. Fragments of the membranes were submitted to total RNA extraction, followed by cDNA production by reverse transcription. Real time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the gene expression of the TLRs. mRNA concentrations between TLR-2 and TLR-4 were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. TLR-2 expression was higher than TLR-4 expression in the presence of HCA. No difference was observed between TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in membranes in the absence of inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, amniochorion membranes express TLR-2 and TLR-4 and higher TLR-2 expression in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis suggests that microorganisms recognizable by TLR-2 play an important role in the physiopathology of preterm labor.
