The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(...The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor th...The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.展开更多
The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and a...The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.展开更多
China plans to develop the next generation dark matter particle explorer satellite,referred to as the Very Large Area Space Telescope(VLAST).As an essential step in this process,the prototype design of detectors and e...China plans to develop the next generation dark matter particle explorer satellite,referred to as the Very Large Area Space Telescope(VLAST).As an essential step in this process,the prototype design of detectors and electronics for the VLAST is currently underway.The nuclide detector is a core detector in the VLAST.It mainly measures nuclides’charges and distinguishes high-energy gamma rays and electrons.This paper will discuss the prototype readout electronics for the VLAST’s nuclide detector,which accurately measures the charge signal of the photomultiplier tubes using the VATA160 applicationspecific integrated circuit chip;furthermore,we consider a series of critical problems,including radiation-hardening and environment monitoring.The test results show that the system exhibits stable operation,good performance,and good technical indicators.Furthermore,each electronic channel achieves a dynamic range of 0-12.5 pC,the random noise level exceeds 1.6 fC,and the integral nonlinearity exceeds 0.35%.展开更多
The ring imaging Cherenkov(RICH) detector for particle identification(PID) is being evaluated for the future super tau-charm facility(STCF) complex. In this work, the prototype readout electronics for the RICH PID det...The ring imaging Cherenkov(RICH) detector for particle identification(PID) is being evaluated for the future super tau-charm facility(STCF) complex. In this work, the prototype readout electronics for the RICH PID detector is designed. The prototype RICH PID detector is based on a thick gas electron multiplier combined with a micromegas detector for Cherenkov light detection. Considering that there will be a large number(~ 690,000) of detector channels in future RICH detector, the readout electronics faces many challenges to precisely measuring time and charge information, such as reducing the noise,increasing density, and improving precision. The requirements of the readout electronics are explored, the downselection of the ASICs is made and thus a prototype readout electronics is designed and implemented. Tests are also conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype readout electronics, and the results indicate that the time resolution is better than ~ 1 ns(RMS) when the input charge is greater than ~ 12 fC based on the APV25chip, while the time resolution is better than ~ 1 ns(RMS) at an input charge of over ~ 48 fC based on the AGET and STCF ASIC chips, and the equivalent noise charge is better than ~ 0.5 fC(RMS) @ 20 pF based on the three ASICs. The test results indicate that the prototype readout electronics design meets the requirement of the future RICH PID detector and thus provides a reference for future engineering.展开更多
The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high c...The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.展开更多
The LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA （Water Cherellkov Detector Array） is one of the major coinponents. I...The LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA （Water Cherellkov Detector Array） is one of the major coinponents. In the WCDA, a total of 3600 PMTs are placed under water in four ponds, each with a size of 150m×150 m. Precise time and cimrge measurement is required for the PMT signals, over a large signal amplitude range from a single P.E. （photo electron） to 4000 P.E. To fulfill the high requirement of a signal measurement in so many front end nodes scattered in a large area, special techniques are developed, such as multiple gain readout, hybrid transmission of clocks, commands and data, precise clock phase alignment and new trigger electronics. We present the readout electronics architecture for the WCDA and several prototype modules, which are now being testedin the laboratory.展开更多
The KM2A （one kilometer square extensive air shower array） is the largest detector array in the LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） project. The KM2A consists of 5242 EDs （Electromagnetic particle...The KM2A （one kilometer square extensive air shower array） is the largest detector array in the LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） project. The KM2A consists of 5242 EDs （Electromagnetic particle Detectors） and 1221 MDs （Muon Detectors）. The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, anode and dynode, are employed for the PMT （photomultiplier tube） signal readout. The readout electronics designed in this paper aims at accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20 P.E. （photoelectrons） to 2x105 P.E. By using a ＂trigger-less＂ architecture, we digitize signals close to the PMTs. All digitized data is transmitted to DAQ （Data Acquisition） via a simplified White Rabbit protocol. Compared with traditional high energy experiments, high precision of time measurement over such a large area and suppression of temperature effects in the wild become the key techniques. Experiments show that the design has fulfilled the requirements in this project.展开更多
Background Large areas of 3He neutron detector array and corresponding readout electronics are used in the MPI built at China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)to measure the position and flight time of scattered neutron...Background Large areas of 3He neutron detector array and corresponding readout electronics are used in the MPI built at China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)to measure the position and flight time of scattered neutrons,and MPI has a high requirement for the position resolution of 3He neutron detector.A 3He neutron detector readout electronics prototype composed of two front-end boards and one digital readout board is designed to meet the above requirements.Purpose Testing the whole readout electronics system before its mass production to ensure it can run correctly and fulfill the functional and performance requirements.Methods The test of the readout electronics prototype is implemented in the laboratory,and a signal generator is used to generate electronic signals instead of actual neutron signals.The position resolution test of the readout electronics prototype with 3He tubes is carried out in the No.20 beamline measurement room of CSNS.Results and Conclusion The functional and performance tests in the laboratory state that the readout electronics prototype can fulfill the readout requirements.The typical value of charge resolution is 0.85 fC;the integral nonlinearity of charge is 0.094%in the input charge range from 100 to 800 fC.The position resolution test result of the prototype with 3He tubes is better than the design requirement of 10 mm and also quite good compared with that of some other commercial products.These tests provide a reliable basis for the mass production of the readout electronics prototype.展开更多
Background The Multi-Wire Drift Chamber(MWDC)is among the significant detectors for CSR External Target Experiment(CEE).We require the MWDC detector’s front-end readout circuits to have a high integration,high count r...Background The Multi-Wire Drift Chamber(MWDC)is among the significant detectors for CSR External Target Experiment(CEE).We require the MWDC detector’s front-end readout circuits to have a high integration,high count rate,and big dynamic range in order to measure the tracks of fore-angle products.Purpose In this paper,MWDC readout electronics verification system is shown,which is based on the front-end amplifier chip and Switched Capacitor Array(SCA)chip independently established by the project team.Results In the dynamic input range of 14 fC–950 fC,the readout electronics’energy measurement linearity is greater than 1%.The test results with MWDC illustrate that with a 55Fe source an energy resolution of 22.4%was acquired,and with cosmic rays the residual error is less than 400um.展开更多
The Silicon Tracker （STK） is one of the detectors of the DAMPE satellite used to measure the incidence direction of high energy cosmic rays. It consists of 6 X-Y double layers of silicon micro-strip detectors with 7...The Silicon Tracker （STK） is one of the detectors of the DAMPE satellite used to measure the incidence direction of high energy cosmic rays. It consists of 6 X-Y double layers of silicon micro-strip detectors with 73728 readout channels. It is a great challenge to read out the channels and process the huge volume of data in the harsh environment of space. 1152 Application Specific Integrated Circuits （ASIC） and 384 ADCs are used to read out the detector channels. 192 Tracker Front-end Hybrid （TFH） modules and 8 identical Tracker Readout Board （TRB） modules are designed to control and digitalize the front signals. In this paper, the design of the readout electronics for the STK and its performance are presented in detail.展开更多
A BaF2（Barium Fluoride） detector array is designed to precisely measure the（n, γ） cross section at the CSNS-WNS（white neutron source at China Spallation Neutron Source）. It is a 4π solid angle-shaped detector ...A BaF2（Barium Fluoride） detector array is designed to precisely measure the（n, γ） cross section at the CSNS-WNS（white neutron source at China Spallation Neutron Source）. It is a 4π solid angle-shaped detector array consisting of 92 BaF2 crystal elements. To discriminate signals from the BaF2 detector, a pulse shape discrimination method is used, supported by a waveform digitization technique. There are 92 channels for digitizing. The precision and synchronization of clock distribution restricts the performance of waveform digitizing. In this paper, a clock prototype for the BaF2 readout electronics at CSNS-WNS is introduced. It is based on the PXIe platform and has a twin-stage tree topology. In the first stage, clock is synchronously distributed from the tree root to each PXIe crate through a coaxial cable over a long distance, while in the second stage, the clock is further distributed to each electronic module through a PXIe dedicated differential star bus. With the help of this topology, each tree node can fan out up to 20 clocks with 3U size. Test results show the clock jitter is less than 20 ps, which meets the requirements of the BaF2 readout electronics. Besides, this clock system has the advantages of high density, simplicity, scalability and cost saving, so it can be useful for other clock distribution applications.展开更多
Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time...Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time measurements. The slow control of ASIC chips is achieved by parallel port and the timing control signals of ASIC chips are implemented with the CPLD. The data acquisition is carried out with a PXI-DAQ card. The software has a user-friendly GUI developed with LabWindows/CVI in the Windows XP operating system. The test results show that the energy resolution is about 1.14% for alpha at 5.48 MeV and the maximum channel crosstalk of the system is 4.60%. The performance of the system is very reliable and is suitable for nuclear physics experiments.展开更多
Purpose This work proposes a clock and data alignment scheme for the readout electronics system of the future PandaX-nT dark matter detection experiments.Since the waveform information of the photomultiplier signal is...Purpose This work proposes a clock and data alignment scheme for the readout electronics system of the future PandaX-nT dark matter detection experiments.Since the waveform information of the photomultiplier signal is obtained by accumulating all acquisition channels of the front-end digitization module(FDM),it is required that each FDM acquisition channel should be synchronized.Methods The readout electronics system is composed of a clock distribution module,64 FDMs,and 4 data acquisition(DAQ)modules.The multi-board synchronous acquisition circuit can provide the same REF CLOCK and SYSREF signal for multiple FDMs boards to ensure the alignment of the sampled data collected by the analog-to-digital converter.The data aggregation circuit can ensure that the sampled data of multiple FDM boards are aligned with each other when they are aggregated to the DAQ board.Results and conclusions The functional verification test results show that the synchronization between the prototype electronics channels is less than 80 ps,thus enabling to meet the requirements of the readout electronics prototype of PandaX-nT.展开更多
Background Fast neutron detection is meaningful in many research fields such as space environment monitoring.A scintillating fiber array model for fast neutron detection was proposed and developed in 1980s.Aerospace a...Background Fast neutron detection is meaningful in many research fields such as space environment monitoring.A scintillating fiber array model for fast neutron detection was proposed and developed in 1980s.Aerospace applications of the model require electronics in small size.Purpose To design a dedicated electronic system to readout and process the 384-channel signals from scintillating fiber array,and to use the designed system to fabricate a neutron detector for aerospace applications.Methods With the method of nuclear recoil,fast neutron is detected by tracking recoil proton of n–p scatter in scintillating plastic fibers.Using the peak-holding circuits and multiplexers,the system size and power consumption were reduced.Results The detector fabricated with the designed system,had 34 cm×34 cm×27 cm mechanical size,20.4 kg weight,and 30.05W power consumption.Comparing to traditional waveform sampling electronics,the designed electronics was highly integrated and had a small size.The readout electronics also gave a better energy resolution of 39%in neutron detection,while the energy resolution was 43%in previous version.Conclusion In this study,a highly integrated readout electronic system was designed and verified.The detector using the system gave good performance.The designed electronics had potential development in fast neutron detection and other high energy physics detection system.展开更多
It is proposed to upgrade the endcap time-of-flight（ETOF） of the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅲ（BESⅢ） with a multi-gap resistive plate chamber（MRPC）, aiming at an overall time resolution of about 80 ps. After completi...It is proposed to upgrade the endcap time-of-flight（ETOF） of the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅲ（BESⅢ） with a multi-gap resistive plate chamber（MRPC）, aiming at an overall time resolution of about 80 ps. After completing the entire readout electronics system, some experiments, such as heat radiation, radiation hardness and large-current beam tests, have been carried out to confirm the reliability and stability of the readout electronics. An on-detector test of the readout electronics has also been performed with the beam at the BEPCⅡ E3 line. The test results indicate that the readout electronics system fulfills its design requirements.展开更多
This work aims at developing compact readout electronics for a compact imaging detector module with silicon photomultiplier （SPM） array. The detector module consists of a LYSO crystal array coupling with a SensL’s ...This work aims at developing compact readout electronics for a compact imaging detector module with silicon photomultiplier （SPM） array. The detector module consists of a LYSO crystal array coupling with a SensL’s 4×4 SPM array. A compact multiplexed readout based on a discretized positioning circuit （DPC） was developed to reduce the readout channels from 16 to 4 outputs. Different LYSO crystal arrays of 4×4, 8×8 and 12×12 with pixel sizes of 3.2, 1.6 and 1.0 mm respectively, have been tested with the compact readout board using a 137 Cs source. The initial results show that the compact imaging detector module with the compact multiplexed readout could clearly resolve 1 mm×1 mm×10 mm LYSO scintillation crystal array except those at the edges. The detector’s intrinsic spatial resolution up to 1 mm can be achieved with the 3 mm×3 mm size SPMArray4 through light sharing and compact multiplexed readout. Our results indicate that this detector module is feasible for the development of high-resolution compact PET.展开更多
The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are dist...The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are distributed on HFRS for particle identification and beam monitoring.The twin TPCs'readout electronics system operates in a trigger-less mode due to its high counting rate,leading to a challenge of handling large amounts of data.To address this problem,we introduced an event-building algorithm.This algorithm employs a hierarchical processing strategy to compress data during transmission and aggregation.In addition,it reconstructs twin TPCs'events online and stores only the reconstructed particle information,which significantly reduces the burden on data transmission and storage resources.Simulation studies demonstrated that the algorithm accurately matches twin TPCs'events and reduces more than 98%of the data volume at a counting rate of 500 kHz/channel.展开更多
This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high back...This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.展开更多
In-situ exploration of deep-sea seabed resources is a valuable research direction.Neutron activation-based in-situ exploration methods for seabed polymetallic nodules or crust resources are theoretically feasible beca...In-situ exploration of deep-sea seabed resources is a valuable research direction.Neutron activation-based in-situ exploration methods for seabed polymetallic nodules or crust resources are theoretically feasible because of the high content and high neutron capture cross-section of manganese in these nodules or crusts.However,to date,only a few relevant studies have been conducted.In this study,a prototype deep-sea in-situ neutron activation spectrometer(DINAS)was designed for resource exploration.Through an analysis of the principles of the spectrometer combined with Monte Carlo simulations of the physical principles and finite element simulations of deep-sea pressure,the structure and fundamental components of the spectrometer were determined.The inner core of the spectrometer comprised three components:a compact neutron generator for neutron production,gamma-ray detectors,and an electronics system.The gamma-ray detector array of the spectrometer consisted of LaBr_(3)and Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12)scintillation crystals coupled with silicon photomultiplier arrays.The electronics system was divided into two modules to implement the SiPM readout and digital signal analysis along the modular design lines.The experimental activation of neutron beamlines at the China Spallation Neutron Source demonstrated the capability of the spectrometer detectors to detect activated gamma-rays and showed that the spectrometer achieved an energy resolution of 2.8%at 847 keV for the LaBr_(3)detector and 6.7%at 2.113 MeV for the BGO detector.The laboratory model experiment tested the functionality of the spectrometer prototype,whereas the Geant4 simulation verified the reliability of the Monte Carlo method.The method and prototype proposed in this study proved feasible for the in-situ detection of polymetallic nodules or crusts in deep-sea environments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12222512, 12375193, U2031206, U1831206, and U2032209)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJJSTD20210009)+1 种基金the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Programthe CAS Light of West China Program
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11927901,12105110,U2032209,12275105)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2020YFE0202002,2022YFA1602103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.CCNU22QN005)。
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375193,11975292,11875304)the CAS“Light of West China”Program+1 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJJSTD20210009)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Program。
文摘The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2031206,U1831206,11975292,11875304)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJJSTD20210009)+1 种基金the CAS“Light of West China”Programthe CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Program。
文摘China plans to develop the next generation dark matter particle explorer satellite,referred to as the Very Large Area Space Telescope(VLAST).As an essential step in this process,the prototype design of detectors and electronics for the VLAST is currently underway.The nuclide detector is a core detector in the VLAST.It mainly measures nuclides’charges and distinguishes high-energy gamma rays and electrons.This paper will discuss the prototype readout electronics for the VLAST’s nuclide detector,which accurately measures the charge signal of the photomultiplier tubes using the VATA160 applicationspecific integrated circuit chip;furthermore,we consider a series of critical problems,including radiation-hardening and environment monitoring.The test results show that the system exhibits stable operation,good performance,and good technical indicators.Furthermore,each electronic channel achieves a dynamic range of 0-12.5 pC,the random noise level exceeds 1.6 fC,and the integral nonlinearity exceeds 0.35%.
基金supported by the international partnership program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.211134KYSB20200057Double First-Class university project foundation of USTC+1 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association CASCAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics(CCEPP)。
文摘The ring imaging Cherenkov(RICH) detector for particle identification(PID) is being evaluated for the future super tau-charm facility(STCF) complex. In this work, the prototype readout electronics for the RICH PID detector is designed. The prototype RICH PID detector is based on a thick gas electron multiplier combined with a micromegas detector for Cherenkov light detection. Considering that there will be a large number(~ 690,000) of detector channels in future RICH detector, the readout electronics faces many challenges to precisely measuring time and charge information, such as reducing the noise,increasing density, and improving precision. The requirements of the readout electronics are explored, the downselection of the ASICs is made and thus a prototype readout electronics is designed and implemented. Tests are also conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype readout electronics, and the results indicate that the time resolution is better than ~ 1 ns(RMS) when the input charge is greater than ~ 12 fC based on the APV25chip, while the time resolution is better than ~ 1 ns(RMS) at an input charge of over ~ 48 fC based on the AGET and STCF ASIC chips, and the equivalent noise charge is better than ~ 0.5 fC(RMS) @ 20 pF based on the three ASICs. The test results indicate that the prototype readout electronics design meets the requirement of the future RICH PID detector and thus provides a reference for future engineering.
基金supported by the CNSA program(D050102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12061131007,12003038,42365006)Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11903037).
文摘The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJCX2-YW-N27)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11175174,11005107)
文摘The LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA （Water Cherellkov Detector Array） is one of the major coinponents. In the WCDA, a total of 3600 PMTs are placed under water in four ponds, each with a size of 150m×150 m. Precise time and cimrge measurement is required for the PMT signals, over a large signal amplitude range from a single P.E. （photo electron） to 4000 P.E. To fulfill the high requirement of a signal measurement in so many front end nodes scattered in a large area, special techniques are developed, such as multiple gain readout, hybrid transmission of clocks, commands and data, precise clock phase alignment and new trigger electronics. We present the readout electronics architecture for the WCDA and several prototype modules, which are now being testedin the laboratory.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11375210)the Knowledge Innovation Fund of IHEP,Beijing
文摘The KM2A （one kilometer square extensive air shower array） is the largest detector array in the LHAASO （Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory） project. The KM2A consists of 5242 EDs （Electromagnetic particle Detectors） and 1221 MDs （Muon Detectors）. The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, anode and dynode, are employed for the PMT （photomultiplier tube） signal readout. The readout electronics designed in this paper aims at accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20 P.E. （photoelectrons） to 2x105 P.E. By using a ＂trigger-less＂ architecture, we digitize signals close to the PMTs. All digitized data is transmitted to DAQ （Data Acquisition） via a simplified White Rabbit protocol. Compared with traditional high energy experiments, high precision of time measurement over such a large area and suppression of temperature effects in the wild become the key techniques. Experiments show that the design has fulfilled the requirements in this project.
基金the State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics and supported by a grant from the Scientific Research Foundation of Advanced talents(innovation team)of DGUT(No.KCYCXPT2016004).
文摘Background Large areas of 3He neutron detector array and corresponding readout electronics are used in the MPI built at China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)to measure the position and flight time of scattered neutrons,and MPI has a high requirement for the position resolution of 3He neutron detector.A 3He neutron detector readout electronics prototype composed of two front-end boards and one digital readout board is designed to meet the above requirements.Purpose Testing the whole readout electronics system before its mass production to ensure it can run correctly and fulfill the functional and performance requirements.Methods The test of the readout electronics prototype is implemented in the laboratory,and a signal generator is used to generate electronic signals instead of actual neutron signals.The position resolution test of the readout electronics prototype with 3He tubes is carried out in the No.20 beamline measurement room of CSNS.Results and Conclusion The functional and performance tests in the laboratory state that the readout electronics prototype can fulfill the readout requirements.The typical value of charge resolution is 0.85 fC;the integral nonlinearity of charge is 0.094%in the input charge range from 100 to 800 fC.The position resolution test result of the prototype with 3He tubes is better than the design requirement of 10 mm and also quite good compared with that of some other commercial products.These tests provide a reliable basis for the mass production of the readout electronics prototype.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.E11927901 and E911530101).
文摘Background The Multi-Wire Drift Chamber(MWDC)is among the significant detectors for CSR External Target Experiment(CEE).We require the MWDC detector’s front-end readout circuits to have a high integration,high count rate,and big dynamic range in order to measure the tracks of fore-angle products.Purpose In this paper,MWDC readout electronics verification system is shown,which is based on the front-end amplifier chip and Switched Capacitor Array(SCA)chip independently established by the project team.Results In the dynamic input range of 14 fC–950 fC,the readout electronics’energy measurement linearity is greater than 1%.The test results with MWDC illustrate that with a 55Fe source an energy resolution of 22.4%was acquired,and with cosmic rays the residual error is less than 400um.
文摘The Silicon Tracker （STK） is one of the detectors of the DAMPE satellite used to measure the incidence direction of high energy cosmic rays. It consists of 6 X-Y double layers of silicon micro-strip detectors with 73728 readout channels. It is a great challenge to read out the channels and process the huge volume of data in the harsh environment of space. 1152 Application Specific Integrated Circuits （ASIC） and 384 ADCs are used to read out the detector channels. 192 Tracker Front-end Hybrid （TFH） modules and 8 identical Tracker Readout Board （TRB） modules are designed to control and digitalize the front signals. In this paper, the design of the readout electronics for the STK and its performance are presented in detail.
基金Supported by National Research and Development plan(2016 YFA0401602)NSAF(U1530111)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11005107)
文摘A BaF2（Barium Fluoride） detector array is designed to precisely measure the（n, γ） cross section at the CSNS-WNS（white neutron source at China Spallation Neutron Source）. It is a 4π solid angle-shaped detector array consisting of 92 BaF2 crystal elements. To discriminate signals from the BaF2 detector, a pulse shape discrimination method is used, supported by a waveform digitization technique. There are 92 channels for digitizing. The precision and synchronization of clock distribution restricts the performance of waveform digitizing. In this paper, a clock prototype for the BaF2 readout electronics at CSNS-WNS is introduced. It is based on the PXIe platform and has a twin-stage tree topology. In the first stage, clock is synchronously distributed from the tree root to each PXIe crate through a coaxial cable over a long distance, while in the second stage, the clock is further distributed to each electronic module through a PXIe dedicated differential star bus. With the help of this topology, each tree node can fan out up to 20 clocks with 3U size. Test results show the clock jitter is less than 20 ps, which meets the requirements of the BaF2 readout electronics. Besides, this clock system has the advantages of high density, simplicity, scalability and cost saving, so it can be useful for other clock distribution applications.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(10735060 and 11005135)Important Direction Project of CAS Knowledge Innovation Program(KJCX2-YW-N27)
文摘Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time measurements. The slow control of ASIC chips is achieved by parallel port and the timing control signals of ASIC chips are implemented with the CPLD. The data acquisition is carried out with a PXI-DAQ card. The software has a user-friendly GUI developed with LabWindows/CVI in the Windows XP operating system. The test results show that the energy resolution is about 1.14% for alpha at 5.48 MeV and the maximum channel crosstalk of the system is 4.60%. The performance of the system is very reliable and is suitable for nuclear physics experiments.
文摘Purpose This work proposes a clock and data alignment scheme for the readout electronics system of the future PandaX-nT dark matter detection experiments.Since the waveform information of the photomultiplier signal is obtained by accumulating all acquisition channels of the front-end digitization module(FDM),it is required that each FDM acquisition channel should be synchronized.Methods The readout electronics system is composed of a clock distribution module,64 FDMs,and 4 data acquisition(DAQ)modules.The multi-board synchronous acquisition circuit can provide the same REF CLOCK and SYSREF signal for multiple FDMs boards to ensure the alignment of the sampled data collected by the analog-to-digital converter.The data aggregation circuit can ensure that the sampled data of multiple FDM boards are aligned with each other when they are aggregated to the DAQ board.Results and conclusions The functional verification test results show that the synchronization between the prototype electronics channels is less than 80 ps,thus enabling to meet the requirements of the readout electronics prototype of PandaX-nT.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2013YQ03062902)CAS pilot strategic science and technology projects(XDA14020502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1332202).
文摘Background Fast neutron detection is meaningful in many research fields such as space environment monitoring.A scintillating fiber array model for fast neutron detection was proposed and developed in 1980s.Aerospace applications of the model require electronics in small size.Purpose To design a dedicated electronic system to readout and process the 384-channel signals from scintillating fiber array,and to use the designed system to fabricate a neutron detector for aerospace applications.Methods With the method of nuclear recoil,fast neutron is detected by tracking recoil proton of n–p scatter in scintillating plastic fibers.Using the peak-holding circuits and multiplexers,the system size and power consumption were reduced.Results The detector fabricated with the designed system,had 34 cm×34 cm×27 cm mechanical size,20.4 kg weight,and 30.05W power consumption.Comparing to traditional waveform sampling electronics,the designed electronics was highly integrated and had a small size.The readout electronics also gave a better energy resolution of 39%in neutron detection,while the energy resolution was 43%in previous version.Conclusion In this study,a highly integrated readout electronic system was designed and verified.The detector using the system gave good performance.The designed electronics had potential development in fast neutron detection and other high energy physics detection system.
基金Supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences(1G201331231172010)
文摘It is proposed to upgrade the endcap time-of-flight（ETOF） of the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅲ（BESⅢ） with a multi-gap resistive plate chamber（MRPC）, aiming at an overall time resolution of about 80 ps. After completing the entire readout electronics system, some experiments, such as heat radiation, radiation hardness and large-current beam tests, have been carried out to confirm the reliability and stability of the readout electronics. An on-detector test of the readout electronics has also been performed with the beam at the BEPCⅡ E3 line. The test results indicate that the readout electronics system fulfills its design requirements.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10875162, 1105209)
文摘This work aims at developing compact readout electronics for a compact imaging detector module with silicon photomultiplier （SPM） array. The detector module consists of a LYSO crystal array coupling with a SensL’s 4×4 SPM array. A compact multiplexed readout based on a discretized positioning circuit （DPC） was developed to reduce the readout channels from 16 to 4 outputs. Different LYSO crystal arrays of 4×4, 8×8 and 12×12 with pixel sizes of 3.2, 1.6 and 1.0 mm respectively, have been tested with the compact readout board using a 137 Cs source. The initial results show that the compact imaging detector module with the compact multiplexed readout could clearly resolve 1 mm×1 mm×10 mm LYSO scintillation crystal array except those at the edges. The detector’s intrinsic spatial resolution up to 1 mm can be achieved with the 3 mm×3 mm size SPMArray4 through light sharing and compact multiplexed readout. Our results indicate that this detector module is feasible for the development of high-resolution compact PET.
基金partially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science(No.XDB 34030000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11975293 and 12205348)。
文摘The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are distributed on HFRS for particle identification and beam monitoring.The twin TPCs'readout electronics system operates in a trigger-less mode due to its high counting rate,leading to a challenge of handling large amounts of data.To address this problem,we introduced an event-building algorithm.This algorithm employs a hierarchical processing strategy to compress data during transmission and aggregation.In addition,it reconstructs twin TPCs'events online and stores only the reconstructed particle information,which significantly reduces the burden on data transmission and storage resources.Simulation studies demonstrated that the algorithm accurately matches twin TPCs'events and reduces more than 98%of the data volume at a counting rate of 500 kHz/channel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375191,12275218,12341502,12105224,12205307)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFE0206300,2023YFF0719600)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012141)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M742850)Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(No.CX2021025)。
文摘This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA22020601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075237)。
文摘In-situ exploration of deep-sea seabed resources is a valuable research direction.Neutron activation-based in-situ exploration methods for seabed polymetallic nodules or crust resources are theoretically feasible because of the high content and high neutron capture cross-section of manganese in these nodules or crusts.However,to date,only a few relevant studies have been conducted.In this study,a prototype deep-sea in-situ neutron activation spectrometer(DINAS)was designed for resource exploration.Through an analysis of the principles of the spectrometer combined with Monte Carlo simulations of the physical principles and finite element simulations of deep-sea pressure,the structure and fundamental components of the spectrometer were determined.The inner core of the spectrometer comprised three components:a compact neutron generator for neutron production,gamma-ray detectors,and an electronics system.The gamma-ray detector array of the spectrometer consisted of LaBr_(3)and Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12)scintillation crystals coupled with silicon photomultiplier arrays.The electronics system was divided into two modules to implement the SiPM readout and digital signal analysis along the modular design lines.The experimental activation of neutron beamlines at the China Spallation Neutron Source demonstrated the capability of the spectrometer detectors to detect activated gamma-rays and showed that the spectrometer achieved an energy resolution of 2.8%at 847 keV for the LaBr_(3)detector and 6.7%at 2.113 MeV for the BGO detector.The laboratory model experiment tested the functionality of the spectrometer prototype,whereas the Geant4 simulation verified the reliability of the Monte Carlo method.The method and prototype proposed in this study proved feasible for the in-situ detection of polymetallic nodules or crusts in deep-sea environments.
