A new method for chemical pumping of gases has been developed using reactive alloys of Li with IIA metals in the liquid state. It is an answer to the need for ultra-high and extremely high vacuum without loose solid p...A new method for chemical pumping of gases has been developed using reactive alloys of Li with IIA metals in the liquid state. It is an answer to the need for ultra-high and extremely high vacuum without loose solid particles. Another application of this development is the production of high- and ultra-pure noble gases in a one-step process. Both of these solutions are unprecedented;they are based on a new gas/melt sorption interface that raises the overall bar of technical advances in the field to a higher level, simplifying sorption equipment and leading to cost savings.展开更多
AIM： To determine the serum levels of c-reactive protein （CRP）, transferrin （TRF）, a2-macroglobulin （A2M）, ceruloplasmin （CER）, al-acid glycoprotein （AAG）, prealbumin （P-ALB） and retinol-binding protein ...AIM： To determine the serum levels of c-reactive protein （CRP）, transferrin （TRF）, a2-macroglobulin （A2M）, ceruloplasmin （CER）, al-acid glycoprotein （AAG）, prealbumin （P-ALB） and retinol-binding protein （RBP） in gastric carcinoma patients and to explore their possible correlation with underlying Helicobacter pylori （H pylon） infection. METHODS： We measured the serum levels of CRP, TRF, A2M, CER, AAG, P-ALB, and RBP in 153 preoperative patients （93 males; mean age： 63.1±11.3 years） with non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma and 19 healthy subjects. RESULTS： The levels of CRP, CER, RBP, and AAG in cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls （P〈0.0001）, while no difference was found regarding the TRF, P-ALB, and A2M levels. Cancer patients with H py/ori infection had significantly lower RBP values compared to non-infected ones （P〈0.0001） and also higher values of CRP and AAG （P = 0.09 andP = 0.08, respectively）. CONCLUSION： High serum levels of CRP, CER and AAG in cancer patients do not seem to be related to H pylori infection. Retinol-binding protein seems to discriminate between infected and non-infected patients with gastric carcinoma. Further studies are needed to explore if it is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease or is merely an epiphenomenon.展开更多
To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reac...To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reactants,the pollutant destruction efficiency,product selectivity,reaction stability and secondary pollution have been all affected in the catalytic chlorobenzene oxidation(CBCO).Experimental results revealed that the co-adsorption of chlo robenzene(CB)and gaseous O_(2)at the oxygen vacancies of CeO_(2)led to remarkably high CO_(2)generation,owning to their short mass transfer distance on the catalyst surface,while their separated adsorptions at Bronsted HZSM-5 and CeO_(2)vacancies resulted in a much lower CO_(2)generation,and produced significant polychlorinated byproducts in the off-gas.Howeve r,this separated adsorption model yielded superior long-term stability for the CeO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst,owning to the protection of CeO_(2)oxygen vacancies from Cl poisoning by the preferential adsorption of CB on the Bronsted acidic sites.This work unveils that design of environmental catalysts needs to consider both of the catalyst intrinsic property and reactant mass transfer;investigations of the latter could pave a new way for the development of highly efficient catalysts towards environmental pollution control.展开更多
The paradox is well known that the residence time distribution(RTD)is not valid forthe estimation of the conversion of a first order reaction in an open tubular reactor.A casc ofδ injection of reactive species into a...The paradox is well known that the residence time distribution(RTD)is not valid forthe estimation of the conversion of a first order reaction in an open tubular reactor.A casc ofδ injection of reactive species into an open flow system is investigated theoretically in this paper.The analytical solution with the Laplace transform demonstrated that the conversion of a first orderreaction is identical to that in a closed reactor under steady state.The effect of the backgroundreactant concentration gradient addressed by the authors in a previous paper was employed to thiscase.and the numerical solution of the tracer dispersion based on this novel argument gave rise to asimilar value of conversion.suggesting the validity of the concept and the significance of the subtledifference between RTDs determined with or without the presence of a background reactant in anopen flow system.展开更多
A new approach is presented for deriving the residence time distribution(RTD)in open-type reactors with exclusion of residence in the fore section.Inasmuch as failure to predict the con-version of chemical reactions h...A new approach is presented for deriving the residence time distribution(RTD)in open-type reactors with exclusion of residence in the fore section.Inasmuch as failure to predict the con-version of chemical reactions has been evidenced in many occasions,numerical solution of tracerdispersion in the presence of background concentration gradient of reactant is given to demonstratethe strong effect of background reactant on the true RTD a reactant molecule experiences.Withinthe error of computation,the conversion of a first-order chemical reaction under steady state is shownto be equal in both closed and open reactors,despite difference in relevant展开更多
Direct ethanol fuel cells have attracted attention as an alternative energy technology due to several advantages such as high theoretical energy density and abundant supply of ethanol.In spite of the advantages,commer...Direct ethanol fuel cells have attracted attention as an alternative energy technology due to several advantages such as high theoretical energy density and abundant supply of ethanol.In spite of the advantages,commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells is hampered by the relatively low performance caused by its slow oxidation kinetics and difficulty of complete oxidation.In this study,formate,which has relatively faster oxidation kinetics,was mixed with ethanol to compensate the latter’s sluggish kinetics.Effects of p H,concentration,scan rate,and temperature on the mixed reactants oxidation on Pd were investigated by electrochemical experiments such as potential sweep and potentiostatic methods.Furthermore,the potential of the mixed reactants as fuel was evaluated by single cell experiments.As a result,we demonstrate that mixing formate with ethanol results in enhanced power performance in a single cell system.展开更多
For two common types of liquid-solid heterogeneous reactions,the kinetic equations have been established which involved both the variation of liquid reactant concentration and the va- riation of solid reactant geornet...For two common types of liquid-solid heterogeneous reactions,the kinetic equations have been established which involved both the variation of liquid reactant concentration and the va- riation of solid reactant geornetry with the reaction time.The experimental results show that the kinetic equations are more accurate and reasonable than those appeared in previous litera- tures.Moreover,they are also suitable for gas-solid heterogeneous reactions in principle.展开更多
Objectives: To define clinical differences in the acute phase response and serum acute phase reactants between gout, pseudogout and crystal-induced arthritis in the presence of non-articular infections (CAI). Patients...Objectives: To define clinical differences in the acute phase response and serum acute phase reactants between gout, pseudogout and crystal-induced arthritis in the presence of non-articular infections (CAI). Patients and Methods: Eleven patients with definite gout, 12 patients with pseudogout and 5 patients with CIA were included in the study. Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly different between gout (68.2 ± 49.9 mm/Hr) and CIA (113.8 ± 37.2 mm/Hr) but not between gout and pseudogout (83.9 ± 45.6 mm/Hr) or between pseudogout and CIA. The C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly increased between gout (10.1 ± 7.9 mg/dL) and pseudogout (18.9 ± 9.8 mg/dL), gout and CIA (36.5 ± 12.4 mg/dL) as well as between pseudogout and CIA. The peripheral white cell count was significantly different between gout (9.27 ± 3.7 k/μL) and CIA (16.5 ± 6.8 k/μL), and between pseudogout (8.9 ± 3.2 k/μL) and CIA. Conclusions: Measurement of ESR and CRP are helpful in crystal-induced arthritis. The CRP has more discriminating utility than the ESR in distinguishing between gout, pseudogout and CIA. Peripheral wbc is most useful for differentiating crystal-induced arthritis from CIA.展开更多
Single phase 0.76(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)–0.24SrTiO_(3) ferroelectric ceramics have been synthesized with homogenous anatase and hierarchical rutile TiO_(2) raw reactants(BNST-A and BNST-R).Either calcined powder pe...Single phase 0.76(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)–0.24SrTiO_(3) ferroelectric ceramics have been synthesized with homogenous anatase and hierarchical rutile TiO_(2) raw reactants(BNST-A and BNST-R).Either calcined powder persists the microstructure characteristics of raw reactants.As the result,when the sintering temperature increases from 1000 to 1200℃,the average grain size and density of BNST-A increase from 0.49 to 1.48μm and 5.02 to 5.61 g/cm^(3),while those of BNST-R from 0.86 to 1.44μm and 5.37 to 5.61 g/cm^(3).BNST-A illustrates a predominant ergodic relaxor state,and BNST-R prefers a non-ergodic relaxor state,as evidenced by the distinct polarization-electric field loops and current-electric field curves.Especially,such a distinct ferroelectric state is independent of sintering temperature.It is believed that the special hierarchical microstructure of rutile TiO_(2) reactant is beneficial to form denser ceramics with larger grains,and thus suppresses the contributions of polar nanoregions and defect-induced built-in field to ferroelectric property,leading to non-ergodic relaxor state.This work clearly demonstrates the nonnegligible effects of TiO_(2) reactants on the microstructure and properties of BNST ferroelectric ceramics.展开更多
The increasingly serious climate issue compels urgent greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.As a budget,plentiful,renewable feedstock and major contributor to global warming,the large-scale catalytic transformation of ...The increasingly serious climate issue compels urgent greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.As a budget,plentiful,renewable feedstock and major contributor to global warming,the large-scale catalytic transformation of CO_(2)has attracted widespread attention from society due to its potential as a solution to the environment and energy crises.At present,catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to organic chemicals is the primary approach in its industrial applications.In recent decades,various materials containing Cu-,precious metal-,In-,Zn-,and Ga-based catalysts have been designed for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol.Likewise,great advances have been made in CO_(2)-to-chemicals,such as olefins,aromatics,and gasoline by combining CO_(2)-to-CH3OH with methanol transformation or tandem reaction of reverse water-gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch(FT)synthesis.This review exhibits the recent advances in the hydrogenation of CO_(2)-to-CH3OH including the catalyst system,CO_(2)activation,nature of active sites,intermediate species(formate or carboxyl),structure-activity relationship,and reaction mechanism.Finally,challenges and outlooks in CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol are summarized.展开更多
Due to the highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL), tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) is often used in the field of bioarrays with the help of co-reactants. However, the generally used co-reacta...Due to the highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL), tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) is often used in the field of bioarrays with the help of co-reactants. However, the generally used co-reactant, tripropylamine (TPA), is toxic, corrosive and volatile. Therefore, the search for safe, sensitive and economical co-reactants is critical. Herein, three aminocarboxylic acids, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and 2-hydroxyethylethylene diaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), have been investigated as potential co-reactants for promoting Ru(bpy)32+ ECL behaviour. A possible ECL mechanism is also presented. The experimental results suggested that the co-reactants have a different ECL behaviour compared to TPA, such as different pH- and surfactant-responses. The detection limits of Ru(bpy)32+ using NTA, EDTA and HEDTA as co-reactants are 1, 60 and 680 fmol·L-1, respectively. The results indicate that NTA has a much higher efficiency than TPA to excite Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL under their own optimal conditions. NTA could be widely used in many fields because it is less toxic, corrosive and volatile than TPA. Moreover, using Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL, a sensitive method for the detection of aminocarboxylic acids is also developed. An improvement of four orders of magnitude in detection limits is obtained for EDTA compared to the known Ru(bpy) 3 2+ chemiluminescent methods.展开更多
It is well known that gravity may have a profound impact on the combustion process under certain conditions[1].The densities of the gaseous combustion products are typically 5-12 times lower than those of reactants.Un...It is well known that gravity may have a profound impact on the combustion process under certain conditions[1].The densities of the gaseous combustion products are typically 5-12 times lower than those of reactants.Under normal gravity conditions,the density difference generates buoyant forces that drive the flow,which affects the combustion process through flow-transport-chemistry interaction.For example,the buoyant convection in normal gravity causes the candle flame to be shaped like a teardrop while spherical candle flame is observed in microgravity.Recently,microgravity combustion has drawn great attention.A series of combustion experiments have been and will be conducted in the International Space Station and Chinese Space Station.In fact,significant progress has been made in microgravity combustion.For example,the discovery of steadily burning cool flames[2]in microgravity experiments was regarded as one of the"20 Breakthroughs from 20 Years of Science aboard the International Space Station".展开更多
文摘A new method for chemical pumping of gases has been developed using reactive alloys of Li with IIA metals in the liquid state. It is an answer to the need for ultra-high and extremely high vacuum without loose solid particles. Another application of this development is the production of high- and ultra-pure noble gases in a one-step process. Both of these solutions are unprecedented;they are based on a new gas/melt sorption interface that raises the overall bar of technical advances in the field to a higher level, simplifying sorption equipment and leading to cost savings.
文摘AIM： To determine the serum levels of c-reactive protein （CRP）, transferrin （TRF）, a2-macroglobulin （A2M）, ceruloplasmin （CER）, al-acid glycoprotein （AAG）, prealbumin （P-ALB） and retinol-binding protein （RBP） in gastric carcinoma patients and to explore their possible correlation with underlying Helicobacter pylori （H pylon） infection. METHODS： We measured the serum levels of CRP, TRF, A2M, CER, AAG, P-ALB, and RBP in 153 preoperative patients （93 males; mean age： 63.1±11.3 years） with non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma and 19 healthy subjects. RESULTS： The levels of CRP, CER, RBP, and AAG in cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls （P〈0.0001）, while no difference was found regarding the TRF, P-ALB, and A2M levels. Cancer patients with H py/ori infection had significantly lower RBP values compared to non-infected ones （P〈0.0001） and also higher values of CRP and AAG （P = 0.09 andP = 0.08, respectively）. CONCLUSION： High serum levels of CRP, CER and AAG in cancer patients do not seem to be related to H pylori infection. Retinol-binding protein seems to discriminate between infected and non-infected patients with gastric carcinoma. Further studies are needed to explore if it is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease or is merely an epiphenomenon.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0202200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21777140,21922607)the Outstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation(No.LR19E080004)。
文摘To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reactants,the pollutant destruction efficiency,product selectivity,reaction stability and secondary pollution have been all affected in the catalytic chlorobenzene oxidation(CBCO).Experimental results revealed that the co-adsorption of chlo robenzene(CB)and gaseous O_(2)at the oxygen vacancies of CeO_(2)led to remarkably high CO_(2)generation,owning to their short mass transfer distance on the catalyst surface,while their separated adsorptions at Bronsted HZSM-5 and CeO_(2)vacancies resulted in a much lower CO_(2)generation,and produced significant polychlorinated byproducts in the off-gas.Howeve r,this separated adsorption model yielded superior long-term stability for the CeO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst,owning to the protection of CeO_(2)oxygen vacancies from Cl poisoning by the preferential adsorption of CB on the Bronsted acidic sites.This work unveils that design of environmental catalysts needs to consider both of the catalyst intrinsic property and reactant mass transfer;investigations of the latter could pave a new way for the development of highly efficient catalysts towards environmental pollution control.
文摘The paradox is well known that the residence time distribution(RTD)is not valid forthe estimation of the conversion of a first order reaction in an open tubular reactor.A casc ofδ injection of reactive species into an open flow system is investigated theoretically in this paper.The analytical solution with the Laplace transform demonstrated that the conversion of a first orderreaction is identical to that in a closed reactor under steady state.The effect of the backgroundreactant concentration gradient addressed by the authors in a previous paper was employed to thiscase.and the numerical solution of the tracer dispersion based on this novel argument gave rise to asimilar value of conversion.suggesting the validity of the concept and the significance of the subtledifference between RTDs determined with or without the presence of a background reactant in anopen flow system.
文摘A new approach is presented for deriving the residence time distribution(RTD)in open-type reactors with exclusion of residence in the fore section.Inasmuch as failure to predict the con-version of chemical reactions has been evidenced in many occasions,numerical solution of tracerdispersion in the presence of background concentration gradient of reactant is given to demonstratethe strong effect of background reactant on the true RTD a reactant molecule experiences.Withinthe error of computation,the conversion of a first-order chemical reaction under steady state is shownto be equal in both closed and open reactors,despite difference in relevant
基金supported by the New & Renewable Energy Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade,Industry & Energy,Republic of Korea(20153030031720)
文摘Direct ethanol fuel cells have attracted attention as an alternative energy technology due to several advantages such as high theoretical energy density and abundant supply of ethanol.In spite of the advantages,commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells is hampered by the relatively low performance caused by its slow oxidation kinetics and difficulty of complete oxidation.In this study,formate,which has relatively faster oxidation kinetics,was mixed with ethanol to compensate the latter’s sluggish kinetics.Effects of p H,concentration,scan rate,and temperature on the mixed reactants oxidation on Pd were investigated by electrochemical experiments such as potential sweep and potentiostatic methods.Furthermore,the potential of the mixed reactants as fuel was evaluated by single cell experiments.As a result,we demonstrate that mixing formate with ethanol results in enhanced power performance in a single cell system.
文摘For two common types of liquid-solid heterogeneous reactions,the kinetic equations have been established which involved both the variation of liquid reactant concentration and the va- riation of solid reactant geornetry with the reaction time.The experimental results show that the kinetic equations are more accurate and reasonable than those appeared in previous litera- tures.Moreover,they are also suitable for gas-solid heterogeneous reactions in principle.
文摘Objectives: To define clinical differences in the acute phase response and serum acute phase reactants between gout, pseudogout and crystal-induced arthritis in the presence of non-articular infections (CAI). Patients and Methods: Eleven patients with definite gout, 12 patients with pseudogout and 5 patients with CIA were included in the study. Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly different between gout (68.2 ± 49.9 mm/Hr) and CIA (113.8 ± 37.2 mm/Hr) but not between gout and pseudogout (83.9 ± 45.6 mm/Hr) or between pseudogout and CIA. The C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly increased between gout (10.1 ± 7.9 mg/dL) and pseudogout (18.9 ± 9.8 mg/dL), gout and CIA (36.5 ± 12.4 mg/dL) as well as between pseudogout and CIA. The peripheral white cell count was significantly different between gout (9.27 ± 3.7 k/μL) and CIA (16.5 ± 6.8 k/μL), and between pseudogout (8.9 ± 3.2 k/μL) and CIA. Conclusions: Measurement of ESR and CRP are helpful in crystal-induced arthritis. The CRP has more discriminating utility than the ESR in distinguishing between gout, pseudogout and CIA. Peripheral wbc is most useful for differentiating crystal-induced arthritis from CIA.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0711504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12174179,51721001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20221251)the Dengfeng B project of Nanjing University。
文摘Single phase 0.76(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)–0.24SrTiO_(3) ferroelectric ceramics have been synthesized with homogenous anatase and hierarchical rutile TiO_(2) raw reactants(BNST-A and BNST-R).Either calcined powder persists the microstructure characteristics of raw reactants.As the result,when the sintering temperature increases from 1000 to 1200℃,the average grain size and density of BNST-A increase from 0.49 to 1.48μm and 5.02 to 5.61 g/cm^(3),while those of BNST-R from 0.86 to 1.44μm and 5.37 to 5.61 g/cm^(3).BNST-A illustrates a predominant ergodic relaxor state,and BNST-R prefers a non-ergodic relaxor state,as evidenced by the distinct polarization-electric field loops and current-electric field curves.Especially,such a distinct ferroelectric state is independent of sintering temperature.It is believed that the special hierarchical microstructure of rutile TiO_(2) reactant is beneficial to form denser ceramics with larger grains,and thus suppresses the contributions of polar nanoregions and defect-induced built-in field to ferroelectric property,leading to non-ergodic relaxor state.This work clearly demonstrates the nonnegligible effects of TiO_(2) reactants on the microstructure and properties of BNST ferroelectric ceramics.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1504500,2022YFB4003100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21B2092,22072162,22202213,22402210)+1 种基金the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(172GJHZ2022028MI)Hua Dian Liaoning Energy Development CO.,LTD.(CHDKJ24-04-02-223).
文摘The increasingly serious climate issue compels urgent greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.As a budget,plentiful,renewable feedstock and major contributor to global warming,the large-scale catalytic transformation of CO_(2)has attracted widespread attention from society due to its potential as a solution to the environment and energy crises.At present,catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to organic chemicals is the primary approach in its industrial applications.In recent decades,various materials containing Cu-,precious metal-,In-,Zn-,and Ga-based catalysts have been designed for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol.Likewise,great advances have been made in CO_(2)-to-chemicals,such as olefins,aromatics,and gasoline by combining CO_(2)-to-CH3OH with methanol transformation or tandem reaction of reverse water-gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch(FT)synthesis.This review exhibits the recent advances in the hydrogenation of CO_(2)-to-CH3OH including the catalyst system,CO_(2)activation,nature of active sites,intermediate species(formate or carboxyl),structure-activity relationship,and reaction mechanism.Finally,challenges and outlooks in CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol are summarized.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90717104)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-06-0214), Ministry of Education of China
文摘Due to the highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL), tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) is often used in the field of bioarrays with the help of co-reactants. However, the generally used co-reactant, tripropylamine (TPA), is toxic, corrosive and volatile. Therefore, the search for safe, sensitive and economical co-reactants is critical. Herein, three aminocarboxylic acids, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and 2-hydroxyethylethylene diaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), have been investigated as potential co-reactants for promoting Ru(bpy)32+ ECL behaviour. A possible ECL mechanism is also presented. The experimental results suggested that the co-reactants have a different ECL behaviour compared to TPA, such as different pH- and surfactant-responses. The detection limits of Ru(bpy)32+ using NTA, EDTA and HEDTA as co-reactants are 1, 60 and 680 fmol·L-1, respectively. The results indicate that NTA has a much higher efficiency than TPA to excite Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL under their own optimal conditions. NTA could be widely used in many fields because it is less toxic, corrosive and volatile than TPA. Moreover, using Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL, a sensitive method for the detection of aminocarboxylic acids is also developed. An improvement of four orders of magnitude in detection limits is obtained for EDTA compared to the known Ru(bpy) 3 2+ chemiluminescent methods.
文摘It is well known that gravity may have a profound impact on the combustion process under certain conditions[1].The densities of the gaseous combustion products are typically 5-12 times lower than those of reactants.Under normal gravity conditions,the density difference generates buoyant forces that drive the flow,which affects the combustion process through flow-transport-chemistry interaction.For example,the buoyant convection in normal gravity causes the candle flame to be shaped like a teardrop while spherical candle flame is observed in microgravity.Recently,microgravity combustion has drawn great attention.A series of combustion experiments have been and will be conducted in the International Space Station and Chinese Space Station.In fact,significant progress has been made in microgravity combustion.For example,the discovery of steadily burning cool flames[2]in microgravity experiments was regarded as one of the"20 Breakthroughs from 20 Years of Science aboard the International Space Station".
